Epidemiology and infection control Introduction
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Transcript of Epidemiology and infection control Introduction
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Epidemiology and
infection control
Introduction
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DEFINITIONS
• What is epidemiology?
• What is an epidemiologist?
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EPIDEMIOLOGY is the study of the nature, cause, control
and determinants of the frequency and distribution of disease, disability, and death
in human populations. Epidemiology: the study of factors influencing the occurence, transmission, distribution, prevention
and control of disease in a defined population
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Classically speaking
Epi = upon
Demos = people
Ology = science
Epidemiology = the science which deals with
what falls upon people…..
Bridge between biomedical, social and behavioral
sciences
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Simple Old Definitions:Simple Old Definitions:Oxford English Dictionary THE BRANCH OF MEDICAL SCIENCE WHICH TREATS EPIDEMICS
Kuller LH: American J of Epidemiology 1991;134:1051EPIDEMIOLOGY IS THE STUDY OF "EPIDEMICS" AND THEIR PREVENTION
Anderson G. In: Rothman KJ: Modern EpidemiologyTHE STUDY OF THE OCCURRENCE OF ILLNESS
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A Modern Definition:
Study of the occurrence and distribution of health-
related diseases or events in specified populations,
including the study of the determinants influencing
such states, and the application of this knowledge to
control the health problem
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Demarcation (التخطيط)of Epidemiology
Demarcation of scientific disciplines evolves
historically as their intellectual(التثقيف),
institutional and professional environments
evolved (متطور)
Epidemiology benefits from a rich plurality(التعدد)
of scientific cultures and practices; consequently it
enjoys diverse demarcation discourses, with
diverse applications in public health policy, clinical
practice, basic research….
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An EPIDEMIOLOGIST is a public health scientist, who is responsible for carrying out all useful and effective activities
needed for successful epidemiology practice
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Epidemiologists are required to have some knowledge of:
• Public health: because of the emphasis (التااكيد)on disease prevention
•Clinical medicine: because of the emphasis on disease classification and
diagnosis (numerators)
• Pathophysiology: because of the need to understand basic biological
mechanisms in disease (natural history)
• Biostatistics: because of the need to quantify disease frequency and its
relationships to antecedents (denominators, testing hypotheses)
• Social sciences: because of the need to understand the social context in
which disease occurs and presents (social determinants of health
phenomena)
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Methods of Epidemiology
• Public Health Surveillance(اشراف)• Disease Investigation
• Analytic Studies
• Program Evaluation
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Terminology
• Endemic• Hyperendemic• Holoendemic• Epidemic• Pandemic• Epizootic• Incidence• Prevalence
Terms used for reference to various forms of
outbreaks
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Endemic: a disease or pathogen present or usually prevalent in a given population or geographic region at all times
Hyperendemic: equally endemic in all age groups of a population
Holoendemic: endemic in most of the children in a population, with the adults in the same population being less often affected
Epidemic: a disease occuring suddenly in numbers far exceeding those attributable to endemic disease; occuring suddenly in numbers clearly in access of normal expectancy
Pandemic: a widespread epidemic distributed or occuring widely throughout a region, country, continent, or globally
Epizootic: of, or related to a rapidly spreading and widely diffused disease affecting large numbers of animals in a given region
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Incidence: rate of occurrence of an event; number of new cases of disease occuring over a specified period of time; may be expressed per a known population size
Prevalence: number of cases of disease occurring within a population at any one given point in time
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Terms Associated with Disease Causation, etc.
• Host• Agent• Environment• Fomites• Vector • Carrier – active• Incubatory• Convalescent• Healthy• Intermittent
Your Assignment: Define these terms
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Broad Types of EpidemiologyBroad Types of Epidemiology
• 1-DESCRIPTIVE EPI
Examining the distribution of a disease in a population, and observing the basic features of its distribution in terms of time, place, and person. We try to formulate hypothesis, look into associations ? -Typical study design:
community health survey (synonyms(المرادفات): cross-sectional
study, descriptive study)
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2- ANALYTIC EPI
• Testing a specific hypothesis about the
relationship of a disease to a specific cause,
by conducting an epidemiologic study that
relates the exposure of interest to the
outcome of interest (? Cause-effect
relationship) Typical study designs:
cohort, case-control, experimental design
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Descriptive Epidemiology Is A Necessary Descriptive Epidemiology Is A Necessary
Antecedent(Antecedent(االولاالول) of Analytic Epidemiology) of Analytic Epidemiology To undertake an analytic epidemiologic
study you must first:
• Know where to look
• Know what to control for
• Be able to formulate / test hypotheses
compatible with a-priori lab / field
evidence
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Basic Triad of Descriptive Basic Triad of Descriptive EpidemiologyEpidemiology
THE THREE ESSENTIAL CHARACTERISTICS OF DISEASE WE LOOK FOR IN DESCRIPTIVE EPIDEMIOLOGY ARE:
• PERSON • PLACE• TIME
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Personal Characteristics (whom)Personal Characteristics (whom)
• Age• Gender• Socio-economic status
(education, occupation, income)• Marital status• Ethnicity/race/genetic profile• Behavior / habits
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Place (where ?)Place (where ?)
• Geographically restricted or widespread
(outbreak, epidemic, pandemic)?
• Climate effects (temperature, humidity, combined
effects..)
• Urban / sub-urban / rural
• Relation to environmental exposure
(water, food supply, etc)
• Multiple clusters or one?
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Time (when ?)Time (when ?)
• Changing or stable?
• Clustered (epidemic) or evenly distributed (endemic)?
• Time-trends(االتجاه___ات): Point source, propagated, seasonal, combinations