Nerve cells Muscle cells Epithelial cells Bone cell Fat cells.
EOI review - Moore Public Schools€¦ · EOI Review Cells Cell Transport PS-CR Cell Cycle DNA...
Transcript of EOI review - Moore Public Schools€¦ · EOI Review Cells Cell Transport PS-CR Cell Cycle DNA...
EOI Review Cells
Cell Transport PS-CR
Cell Cycle DNA
Genetics Classification
Evolution Behavior Ecology
Cells • Prokaryotic- (Pro: NO)
– No nucleus
– Usually unicellular
– Example: bacteria
– Have DNA: not stored in the nucleus
– No membrane organelles
Cells • Eukaryotic (Eu: DO)
– Has Nucleus
– Multicelluar
– Examples: Plants & Animals
– Has membrane organelles, such as mitochondria and chloroplasts
Cells
• Organelles – Nucleus- genetic info (brain of cell) – Cell membrane- selectively permeable (allows things
in & out) – Cell wall- support & protection – Cytoplasm- hold organelles in place – Ribosome- site of protein synthesis – Mitochondria- site of cellular respiration (energy
production) – Chloroplasts- site of photosynthesis (light energy into
chemical energy)
Organization Levels
• Organism – Organ systems
• Organs – Tissue
» Cell
» The basic unit of life –
• Cell (can be broken down further) – Organelles
• Molecules – Atoms
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The eukaryotic organism described above should be classified as —
1.an animal 2.a plant 3.a bacterium 4.a fungus
Cell Transport
• Diffusion- movement of molecule from an area of [H] -> [L]
– passive transport: no energy required
– Can be liquid or gas
Cell Transport
• Osmosis- movement of H2O from an area of [H] -> [L]
– passive transport: no energy required
– water
Cell Transport • Hypertonic
– Hyper= more
– More solute in the solution than in the cell
– Water leaves cell
– Cell will shrink
Cell Transport • Hypotonic Solution
– Hypo= less
– Less solute in the solution than in the cell
– Water moves into the cell
– Cell could burst
Cell Transport • Isotonic Solution
– Iso= same
– Equal solute in the solution than in the cell
– Water moves into the cell and out of cell equally
– Cell is at equilibrium
Cell Transport • Facilitated Diffusion- movement of larger
molecules from [H] -> [L]
– passive transport: no energy required
Cell Transport • Active transport: is the movement
of molecules across a cell membrane in the direction against their concentration gradient, [L] -> [H]
– requires ATP (energy)
– Modifies protein (changes shape)
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Use the information to answer questions 4-6. A biology student wants to study how animal cells react when places in distilled water and in a salt solution. The student used the following procedure: 1) Place a small sample of cells on a microscope slide and place a cover slip over the sample. Add a few drops of distilled water under the cover slip. 2) Observe the cells in the distilled water solution under a microscope. 3) Place a small sample of cells on a microscope slide and place a cover slip over the sample. Add a few drops of 20% salt solution under the cover slip. 4) Observe the cells in the salt solution under a microscope. 4. What is the dependent variable in this experiment? A the salt concentration B the number of cells in the sample C the type of animal that the cells come from D the movement of water across the cell membrane D salts are moving out of the cells into the surrounding solution
PS-CR • Photosynthesis
– Occurs in the chloroplasts of plant
– Takes sunlight and convert to glucose (C6H12O6)
– Makes food for itself and animals
6H2O + 6CO2 +SL -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
PS-CR • Cellular Respiration
– Occurs in the mitochondria of the plant or animal
– Takes glucose (C6H12O6) and coverts it into ATP (energy)
– Energy used to grow and other process in cell
– Both plants & animals can go through CR
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6H2O + 6CO2 +ATP
PS-CR • Bromothymol Blue (BTB)
– Indicator for the presence of CO2
– BTB turns yellow in the presence of CO2
– BTB stays blue in the presence of O2
– BTB will turn green if there is both CO2 & O2
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8. Which method should a scientist use to view the site of photosynthesis in a plant cell? A use a magnifying glass to view the chloroplasts B use a magnifying glass to view the mitochondria C use a microscope to view the chloroplasts D use a microscope to view the mitochondria
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44. A scientist wants to measure how much gas is released by a plant to estimate how fast it is photosynthesizing. Which measurement should the scientist take? A meters of carbon dioxide B milliliters of oxygen C grams of carbon dioxide D centimeters of oxygen
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Elodea, a freshwater plant, releases gas bubbles when it is placed in direct light. In an
investigation, a student placed a lamp at different distances from an aquarium containing
Elodea. The student counted the number of bubbles produced by the Elodea plant. His
data are shown in the table below.
The bubbles released by Elodea contain mostly
A. Oxygen
B. Carbon dioxide
C. Nitrogen
D. Water vapor
Cell Cycle
• process in a cell leading to its division and duplication (replication) that produces two daughter cells – M phase: mitosis & cytokinesis (cell division)
• Mitosis (prophrase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase)
– G1 phase: period of cell growth
– S phase: DNA synthesis
– G2 phase: preparation for mitosis
– Interphase -includes G1, S & G2
Mitosis • Cell division
– Used for growth & repair (asexual resproduction)
– Produces 2 daughter cells that are genetically identical
– Chromosome numbers are diploid (2n)
– Somatic cells (body cells)
Meiosis • Cell division
– Used to create sex cells (sexual reproduction)
– Produces 4 daughter cells that are genetically different (genetic variation)
– Chromosome numbers are haploid (n)
– Gamete cells (sperm & egg)
In the western red lily, Lilium philadelphicum, mitosis produces 24 chromosomes in each daughter cell. How many chromosomes does meiosis produce in each gamete cell of the western red lily? A.6 B.12 C.24 D.48
DNA • Deoxyribonucleic Acid
– Double stranded
– Made up a nucleotide
• Sugar: Deoxyribose
• Phosphate group
• Nitrogen Bases- – Adenine
– Thymine
– Cytosine
– Guanine
Replication • Making a copy of DNA
– Enzyme breaks hydrogen bonds between nitrogen bases
– DNA unzips
– New strand is made
– Follows the rule of complementary pairing
• Adenine matches with Thymine
• Cytosine matches with Guanine
RNA • Ribonucleic Acid
– Single stranded
– Made up a nucleotide
• Sugar: Ribose
• Phosphate group
• Nitrogen Bases- – Adenine
– Uracil
– Cytosine
– Guanine
Protein Synthesis
• Occurs on the ribosomes in the cytoplasm
• The protein design (code) comes from the DNA
• DNA does not leave nucleus so a copy is made (mRNA)
mRNA • Form of RNA that takes genetic info from DNA to
the ribosome for protein synthesis
• If my DNA strand was ATG GCC TTA GTA
• Then the mRNA strand made would be UAC CGG AAU CAU
DNA nitrogen base corresponding RNA nitrogen base T A A U G C C G
Karotypes
• Determines the genes of an individual.
• Able to identify genetic disorders
• Trisomy – 3 chromsomes instead of 2
Genetics
Alleles – different forms of the same gene
Example: Some alleles for the eye color gene are
• B – Brown eyes
• b – blue eyes
Traits
• Dominant Trait
– Written as a capital letter to show that it is overpowering
• Recessive Trait
– Written as a lowercase letter to show that it can be covered up
• Genotype – The actual allele
combination
– Example: • AA, Aa, or aa
• Phenotype – The physical appearance
which expresses the genetic trait.
– Example:
– brown eyes or blue eyes
• Homozygous
– When the two alleles are the same
– BB or bb
• Heterozygous
– When the two alleles are different
– Bb
Punnett Squares • Predict possible
genotypes of offsprings
– A= red color
– a= blue color
• AA x aa
• 100% of offspring will have a genotype of Aa which will express as a red phenotype
Peidgree
• Tool to look at the passing of certain genetic traits on to offspring based of generations
DNA fingerprint
• Electrophoresis
• technique used to identify a person’s individual DNA
• used in paternity testing and criminal investigation
Determining Pedigree type
• Autosomal- Traits on passed on somatic cell
• Sex-linked- trait is passed on the X chromosome
Incomplete Dominance • Neither trait wants to be dominates over the
other
• Phenotypes are blended
• Red x White = Pink
Co-dominance • Both traits want to dominant
• Both phenotypes are expressed
• Red x Blue = Red & Blue
Blood types
• Follows the law of dominance and co-dominance
• Type A= IAIA or IAi
• Type B = IBIB or Ibi
• Type AB = = IAIB
• Type O= ii
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17. In a certain group of lab mice black fur is dominant and brown fur is recessive. If two heterozygous mice mate and produce 16 offspring, how many of the offspring will probably have brown fur? A 0 B 4 C 8 D 12
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15. Robert is conducting breeding experiments with mice. He crossed two brown mice and found that 25% of their offspring were white. Which conclusion from this experiment is most logical? A White color is dominant over brown color B One of the parent mice is homozygous for the dominant allele C All of the offspring carry two copies of the recessive allele D The white offspring are homozygous for the recessive allele
In a species of fly, the allele for red eyes (R) is dominant to the allele for brown eyes (r). Red eye color in the flies is not sex-linked. Students crossed male and female flies that had red eyes and recorded the eye color of their offspring. Their data are shown below.
Using the data in the table, what is the approximate ratio of red-eyed offspring to brown-eyed offspring? A. 1:1 B. 2:1 C. 3:1 D. 4:1
Classification
• groups of organisms on the basis of shared characteristics and giving names to those groups
Broad- includes many individuals
Specific- very small amount of individuals
Classification • Dichotomous Key- used to identify unknown
individuals based on specific characteristics
Which organism in the table is most similar to a tiger (Panthera tigris)?
A. Coyote
B. Grey wolf
C. Blue whale
D. Lion
The Linnean classification system places organisms in groups based on how closely they are related. The kingdom is the classification level containing organisms that are most distantly related while the species level contains organisms that are most closely related. The Linnean classification of the largemouth bass is shown below.
Which of these levels of classification contains organisms that are more
distantly related than those in the order of Perciformes? A. Actinopterygii B. Micropterus C. Centrarchidae D. salmoides
Classification of Largemouth Bass
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Chordata
Class Actinopterygii
Order Perciformes
Family Centrarchidae
Genus Micropterus
Species salmoides
Which of the following lists the levels of cell organization from least to most complex? A. Organs, cells, organ systems, tissues B. Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems C. Tissues, organs, organ systems, cells D. Cells, organs, organ systems, tissues
Evolution • Adaptation- a mutation that benefits an
individual to survive a certain environment
• Examples
– Blending in with surroundings
– Different beak structures depending on food source
Evolution • Adaptations must happen in the DNA- cannot
development because of a need
• Instead those that have the adaption survive passing on the trait to their offspirng
Wrong
Natural Selection
Evolution • Natural Selection-
organisms better suited to a particular environment survive and produce more offspring than those organisms less fit. – Green beetles more
visible. More are eaten
– Brown beetle more suited for environment- reproduce more.
Evidences of Evolution • Fossil records – see bones of organism once
living that are similar to those living today
• Embryology – see similarities in developing embryos
Evidences of Evolution
• Homologous Structures – have the same structure but not necessary the same function
• DNA analysis – Best indicator for determining are closely related two individuals are.
Behavior
• Plant behaviors-
– Phototropism: the growth of a plant toward light. Can be positive (towards sun) or negative (away from sun);
– Gravitropism: plant growth in response to gravity. Roots grow down into the soil to anchor.
Behavior
• Animal behaviors- – Innate: behavior born with (hard-wiring)
• reflex: involuntary and nearly instantaneous movement in response to a stimulus (knee jerking when hit at doctors appt)
• instinct: performed without being based upon prior experience (sea turtles returning to sea)
• courtship: performed by male and female before mating (mating dance, flashing patterns, songs/calls)
• migration: seasonal movement of animals (birds/butterfly)
• hibernation/estivation: reduced metabolism during cold/hot periods (bears/frogs)
Behavior
• Animal behaviors-
– Learned: behavior that has been modified based on experience;
• Imprinting: forms a social attachment to another object (hatchlings imprint to mother)
• Trial and error: It is characterized by repeated, varied attempts which are continued until success (nest building, riding a bike)
• Conditioning: learning by association (Pavlov’s dog)
• Insight: learning which animals use previous experiences to respond to new situations (problem solving)
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62. Joshua is studying the mating behavior of hanging flies. Female hanging flies typically require their male mates to bring them a gift, such as a moth to eat. Joshua raised a group of female and male hanging fly larvae in isolation from adult hanging flies. When these larvae became adults, the females also required a gift from their mates. Which explanation is the best for this behavior? A the behavior is acquired randomly B the behavior is learned through imprinting C the behavior is learned through experience D the behavior is inherited through genes
Variation with a species • Niche – a role a species plays in an area
– What type of food the organism eats, where it lives, how it interacts with other species.
Environmental Factors
• Abiotic Factors- nonliving factors in the environment (sunlight, soil, water, temperature, oxygen, CO2, nitrogen
• Biotic Factora- living factors in the environment (Humans, Animals, dead things, trees)
Symbiosis • The relationship between
two different species living closely together – Predation (one benefits-
one dies)
– Mutualism (both benefit)
– Parasitism (one benefits- one is harmed)
– Commensalism (one benefits- other unaffected)
Predation One organism hunts and feeds on another
organism
Mutualism both species benefit from the relationship
Clownfish live within sea anemones, which normally sting other fish. The fish gets protection, and the anemone benefits because the clownfish keep it clean of bacteria.
Commensalism one species benefits and the other is not hurt
nor helped
Epiphytes are plants that grow on other plants without harming them. They never set root in the ground!
Water Cycle Processes • Evaporation
– Water entering into the atmosphere
• Precipitation
– Water falling from the atmosphere
• Condensation
– Change from water vapor to liquid which usually forms clouds or fog
• Transpiration
– Change from liquid to water vapor usually in plants for movement of water from roots to leaves.
Carbon Cycle Processes
• Photosynthesis – Takes in carbon as carbon dioxide
– Releases carbon as glucose
• Cellular Respiration – Releases carbon as carbon dioxide
• Burning of Fossil Fuels – Releases carbon as carbon dioxide
• Decomposition – Releases carbon as carbon dioxide
Nitrogen Cycle Processes
• Ammonification – decomposers releasing nitrogen to the soil
• Nitrification – Bacteria changing ammonia into nitrates
• Denitrification – releasing nitrogen to the atmosphere from nitrates in the soil
• Nitrogen-fixation – plants taking nitrogen directly from the atmosphere and making ammonia
Autotrophs vs Heterotrophs
• AUTOTROPHS
• Two types:
• 1. Photoautotrophs use sunlight to convert energy into glucose
• 2. Chemoautotrophs use the compounds around them to survive.
• AKA producers
• HETEROTROPHS
• AKA consumers
• Organisms that eat other consumers.
Diet Types
• Herbivores – organisms that only eat producers, plants or autotrophs.
• Carnivores – organisms that eat other consumers
• Omnivores – organisms that eat both plants and animals
Ecological Pyramids
• Energy Pyramid: the producers are at the bottom with the total amount of sun energy captured.
• Each trophic level that the energy flows into only receives 10% of the energy from the previous level.
• The other 90% is lost as heat
• Immigration – movement of individuals into an area
• Emigration – movement of individuals out of an area
• Biomass – the amount of living matter in an area
• Population Density – the number of individuals in an area
• Carrying Capacity
– The maximum number of species in an area
• Limiting Factors
– The factor that restricts the growth of an organism • Ex: water, food, space
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An experiment is designed to clear an oak-hickory forest and replant the area with pines. Which of the following species would be most threatened by this experiment?
1.Cardinal 2.Hooded warbler 3.Field sparrow 4.Summer tanager
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This graph shows the sizes of lynx and hare populations between the years of 1845 and 1940. If a predator of the lynx enters the food chain, you might expect the number of —
1.lynx and hares to become equal 2.lynx to increase 3.hares to increase 4.hares and lynx to decrease
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In the graph below, what is the population of deer at the carrying capacity of the environment?
1.30 2.10 3.50 4.70
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This graph suggests that from 1840 to 1920, the carrying capacity for sheep in Tasmania was approximately —
1.0.75 million 2.1.00 million 3.1.75 million 4.2.25 million
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A mushroom and a humpback whale are alike because both are —
1.motile 2.prokaryotic 3.unicellular 4.heterotrophic