Enzymes: “Helper” Protein molecules Regents Biology Flow of energy through life Life is built...
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Transcript of Enzymes: “Helper” Protein molecules Regents Biology Flow of energy through life Life is built...
![Page 1: Enzymes: “Helper” Protein molecules Regents Biology Flow of energy through life Life is built on chemical reactions.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032702/56649ce55503460f949b24c6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Enzymes:
“Helper” Protein molecules
![Page 2: Enzymes: “Helper” Protein molecules Regents Biology Flow of energy through life Life is built on chemical reactions.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032702/56649ce55503460f949b24c6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Regents Biology
Flow of energy through life Life is built on chemical reactions
![Page 3: Enzymes: “Helper” Protein molecules Regents Biology Flow of energy through life Life is built on chemical reactions.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032702/56649ce55503460f949b24c6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Nothing works without enzymes! How important are enzymes?
all chemical reactions in living organisms require enzymes to work building molecules
synthesis enzymes
breaking down molecules digestive enzymes
enzymes speed up reactions Biological catalysts
+
+
enzyme
enzymeWe can’t live
without enzymes!
![Page 4: Enzymes: “Helper” Protein molecules Regents Biology Flow of energy through life Life is built on chemical reactions.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032702/56649ce55503460f949b24c6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Enzymes are proteins Each enzyme is the specific helper to
a specific reaction Must be the right shape for the job Enzymes are named for the reaction
they help sucrase breaks down sucrose proteases breakdown proteins lipases breakdown lipids DNA polymerase builds DNA
Oh, I get it!They end
in -ase
![Page 5: Enzymes: “Helper” Protein molecules Regents Biology Flow of energy through life Life is built on chemical reactions.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032702/56649ce55503460f949b24c6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Enzymes aren’t used up Enzymes are not changed by the reaction
used only temporarily – like a taxi re-used again for the same reaction with
other molecules very little enzyme needed to help in many
reactions
enzyme
substrate product
active site
![Page 6: Enzymes: “Helper” Protein molecules Regents Biology Flow of energy through life Life is built on chemical reactions.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032702/56649ce55503460f949b24c6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
It’s shape that matters! Lock & Key model
Induced Fit Model shape of protein
allows enzyme & substrate to fit
![Page 7: Enzymes: “Helper” Protein molecules Regents Biology Flow of energy through life Life is built on chemical reactions.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032702/56649ce55503460f949b24c6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Enzyme vocabulary Enzyme
Biological catalyst: helper protein molecule
Substrate molecule that enzymes work on
Products what is produced in reaction.
Active site part of enzyme
that substrate molecule fits into
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What affects enzyme action Correct protein structure Temperature pH (acids & bases)
![Page 9: Enzymes: “Helper” Protein molecules Regents Biology Flow of energy through life Life is built on chemical reactions.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032702/56649ce55503460f949b24c6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Order of amino acids Wrong order = wrong shape = can’t do its job!
DNA
DNA
chain ofamino acids
chain ofamino acids
foldedprotein
foldedprotein
right shape!
wrong shape!
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Temperature Effect on rates of enzyme activity
Optimum temperature greatest number of collisions between
enzyme & substrate human enzymes
35°- 40°C (body temp = 37°C) Raise temperature (boiling)
denature protein = unfold = lose shape Lower temperatures
molecules move slower fewer collisions between enzyme &
substrate
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37°
Temperature
temperature
reac
tio
n r
ate
What’s happening here?!
humanenzymes
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pH (Acids and Bases) Effect on rates of enzyme activity
changes in pH changes protein shape most human enzymes = pH 6-8
depends on where in body pepsin (stomach) = pH 3 trypsin (small intestines) = pH 8
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7
pH
pH
reac
tio
n r
ate
20 1 3 4 5 6 8 9 10
stomachpepsin
intestinestrypsin
What’s happening here?!
11 12 13 14
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For enzymes…What matters?
SHAPE!