Enzyme Kinetics overheadsjsharp/enzyme.pdfEnzymes with kcat/KM values between 108 and 109 M‐1...

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Dr. Joshua Sharp Room 1088 Complex Carbohydrate Complex Carbohydrate Research Center Phone: 7065423712 Phone: 7065423712 email: jsharp@ccrc uga edu jsharp@ccrc.uga.edu E Ki ti Enzyme Kinetics

Transcript of Enzyme Kinetics overheadsjsharp/enzyme.pdfEnzymes with kcat/KM values between 108 and 109 M‐1...

Page 1: Enzyme Kinetics overheadsjsharp/enzyme.pdfEnzymes with kcat/KM values between 108 and 109 M‐1 s‐1 are often said to have reachdhed ki ikinetic perfection—that is, the enzymatic

Dr. Joshua SharppRoom 1088

Complex CarbohydrateComplex Carbohydrate Research Center

Phone: 706‐542‐3712Phone: 706‐542‐3712e‐mail: 

jsharp@ccrc uga [email protected]

E Ki tiEnzyme Kinetics

Page 2: Enzyme Kinetics overheadsjsharp/enzyme.pdfEnzymes with kcat/KM values between 108 and 109 M‐1 s‐1 are often said to have reachdhed ki ikinetic perfection—that is, the enzymatic

Catalyst does not change energy of substrate or products.  The equilibrium constant remains unchangedconstant remains unchanged.

Page 3: Enzyme Kinetics overheadsjsharp/enzyme.pdfEnzymes with kcat/KM values between 108 and 109 M‐1 s‐1 are often said to have reachdhed ki ikinetic perfection—that is, the enzymatic

To increase rate of reaction 10‐foldTo increase rate of reaction 10 fold, energy of activation must be decreasedby 5.71 kJ/mol.

Since the equilibrium constant is the same, catalysts increase the rate of both the forward and the reverseboth the forward and the reverse reactions.

Page 4: Enzyme Kinetics overheadsjsharp/enzyme.pdfEnzymes with kcat/KM values between 108 and 109 M‐1 s‐1 are often said to have reachdhed ki ikinetic perfection—that is, the enzymatic

When [sucrose] >>>When [sucrose] >>> [invertase], kinetics are independent of sucrose concentration.

Why?  All free enzyme has been converted into an enzyme‐sucrose complex.  

k1 k2E   +   S                ES                E   +   P

1

k‐1

2

k‐2

k1 k2

SES

P

k‐1 k‐2E E

Page 5: Enzyme Kinetics overheadsjsharp/enzyme.pdfEnzymes with kcat/KM values between 108 and 109 M‐1 s‐1 are often said to have reachdhed ki ikinetic perfection—that is, the enzymatic

E   +   S                ES                E   +   Pk1

k

k2

kk‐1 k‐2

So, the initial velocity of product formation can be expressed as:formation can be expressed as:

]ES[]P[ 20 k

dtdv ==dt

[ES])[ES]([S][E][ES]211 kkkd

+−= − [ES]) [ES]([S] [E] 211 kkkdt

+

Formation of ES l

Dissociation f ES l

Can we integrate this equation?

ES complex of ES complex

[ES]dIf we assume that: 0[ES]=

dtd

That is, the rate of formation of the [ES] complex equals the rate of dissociation of the [ES] complex 

Page 6: Enzyme Kinetics overheadsjsharp/enzyme.pdfEnzymes with kcat/KM values between 108 and 109 M‐1 s‐1 are often said to have reachdhed ki ikinetic perfection—that is, the enzymatic

[ES] and [E] are not readily measurable, but the initial concentration of enzyme [E]0 can be determined. [ES]dIf                              then: [ES][E][E]0 += 0[ES]

=dt

d

[ES])([S][ES])([E] 2101 kkk +=, or:

[ES])([S] [ES])([E] 2101 kkk +=− −

[S] [E] [S])( [ES] 01121 kkkk =++−

If you solve for [ES], then:

Page 7: Enzyme Kinetics overheadsjsharp/enzyme.pdfEnzymes with kcat/KM values between 108 and 109 M‐1 s‐1 are often said to have reachdhed ki ikinetic perfection—that is, the enzymatic

S][

[S] E][[ES] )( 21

0

++

=− kk 1

21

kkkKM

+=

S][)(1

+k

1k

[S][E][P] 02)( kd[S] [S] [E][ES][P] 02

200 )(+

=== =M

tK

kkdt

dv

The fastest an enzymatic reaction can go is when theThe fastest an enzymatic reaction can go is when the enzyme is saturated with substrate; thus [E]0 = [ES].  This maximal velocity is termed Vmax.

Combining the Vmax , KM, and the equation for

02max [E] kV =Combining the Vmax , KM, and the equation for determining initial velocity, we get:

[S]maxV[S]

[S]max 0

+=

MKVv

This is the Michaelis‐Menten equation, and it is the basic equation of enzyme kinetics

Page 8: Enzyme Kinetics overheadsjsharp/enzyme.pdfEnzymes with kcat/KM values between 108 and 109 M‐1 s‐1 are often said to have reachdhed ki ikinetic perfection—that is, the enzymatic

Variations of the Michaelis‐Menten Equation

[S][S]max

0+

=MK

Vv[ ]

max0

Vv =[S]1

0MKv

+=

0

max 1 S][V

VKM−

=0V

])[(0 SKV M +[S]

])[(0max

SKVV M +=

Page 9: Enzyme Kinetics overheadsjsharp/enzyme.pdfEnzymes with kcat/KM values between 108 and 109 M‐1 s‐1 are often said to have reachdhed ki ikinetic perfection—that is, the enzymatic

When [S] = Km, the velocity of the reaction v = Vmax/2

k1 k2E   +   S                ES                E   +   P

1

k‐1

2

k‐2

1

21

kkkKM

+=

− or:1

2

1

1

kk

kkKM +=

Page 10: Enzyme Kinetics overheadsjsharp/enzyme.pdfEnzymes with kcat/KM values between 108 and 109 M‐1 s‐1 are often said to have reachdhed ki ikinetic perfection—that is, the enzymatic

[S][S]max

0 =KVv

[S]+MK

When the reverse reaction is negligible:When the reverse reaction is negligible: 

[S]S][ max − VdS][

[ ]][+

==MKdt

v

[S] ])S[( S][ maxVdtKd M =+−

K )( dtVKd M max)( 1

[S] S][ −=+

tVKM )[S]]S([S][ln 0)( =+ tVKM )[S]]S([S][

ln max00)( −=−+

Page 11: Enzyme Kinetics overheadsjsharp/enzyme.pdfEnzymes with kcat/KM values between 108 and 109 M‐1 s‐1 are often said to have reachdhed ki ikinetic perfection—that is, the enzymatic

1max

0MK

Vv =[S]1 MK+

)(maxmax0

1[S]

1 1 )( VVK

vM +=

Lineweaver Burk plotLineweaver‐Burk plot

Page 12: Enzyme Kinetics overheadsjsharp/enzyme.pdfEnzymes with kcat/KM values between 108 and 109 M‐1 s‐1 are often said to have reachdhed ki ikinetic perfection—that is, the enzymatic

Hanes–Woolf plot

01

[S]11 )( VV

Kv

M +=maxmax0 [S])( VVv

1[S] Kmaxmax0

S][1[S]V

KVv

M+=

Page 13: Enzyme Kinetics overheadsjsharp/enzyme.pdfEnzymes with kcat/KM values between 108 and 109 M‐1 s‐1 are often said to have reachdhed ki ikinetic perfection—that is, the enzymatic

Eadie‐Hofstee plot

01

[S]11 )( VV

Kv

M +=maxmax0 [S])( VVv

00 )( VVKv M += max00 )( [S] VVKv M +−=

Vo/[S]

Page 14: Enzyme Kinetics overheadsjsharp/enzyme.pdfEnzymes with kcat/KM values between 108 and 109 M‐1 s‐1 are often said to have reachdhed ki ikinetic perfection—that is, the enzymatic

E   +   S                ES                E   +   Pk1

k

k2

kk‐1 k‐2

For standard one‐intermediate Michaelis‐Menten kinetics, kcat = k2.  For models where each enzyme has multiple active sites, n is the number of active sites per enzyme.

0

maxcat

[E]nVk =

0[E]n

[S] [S] [E] 0cat

0+

=MK

kv

When [S] << KM, the steady‐state [ES] is very small, so [E]0 ≈ [E].  

k [S] [E]cat0

MKkv =

Page 15: Enzyme Kinetics overheadsjsharp/enzyme.pdfEnzymes with kcat/KM values between 108 and 109 M‐1 s‐1 are often said to have reachdhed ki ikinetic perfection—that is, the enzymatic

kcat/KM = specificity constantkcat/KM  specificity constant

E + A EA E + A’E + A           EA           E + AE + B           EB           E + B’

For two reactions competing for the same p genzyme:

[A] cat )( AMK

kvA=

[B] cat )( BMK

kvB

=

So kcat/KM is a measurement of which reaction is more efficient for the enzyme, independent of the substrate concentrationthe substrate concentration.

Page 16: Enzyme Kinetics overheadsjsharp/enzyme.pdfEnzymes with kcat/KM values between 108 and 109 M‐1 s‐1 are often said to have reachdhed ki ikinetic perfection—that is, the enzymatic

21

12 catkk

kkK

kM +=

− 21 kk +If k2 >> k‐1, then kcat/KM approaches k1.  Therefore, the ultimate limit on the value of k /K is the rate of formation of the enzyme‐kcat/KM is the rate of formation of the enzyme‐substrate complex.

If the enzyme‐substrate complex forms in every instance that the enzyme encounters the substrate, k1 will still be limited by the limit of diffusion.  Depending on conditions, the limit of diffusion is generally around 108‐109 M‐1 s‐1.  

Enzymes with kcat/KM values between 108 and 109 M 1 1 f id h h d ki i109 M‐1 s‐1 are often said to have reached kinetic perfection—that is, the enzymatic efficiency is at the diffusion limit.

Some enzymes have partially overcome the diffusion limit by working together, passing off the product from one enzyme to be thethe product from one enzyme to be the substrate for the next and preventing the need for diffusion.

Page 17: Enzyme Kinetics overheadsjsharp/enzyme.pdfEnzymes with kcat/KM values between 108 and 109 M‐1 s‐1 are often said to have reachdhed ki ikinetic perfection—that is, the enzymatic

[S][S] [E] 02

0+

=MK

kv[S]+MK

E + S         ES         EP          E + Pk1 k2 k3

S Sk‐1 k‐2 k‐3

If we assume that k‐2 and k‐3 are negligible, then:2 3

[S]'[E] [S] 0

cat+

=MK

kv[ ]

23cat

kkk =32

catkk

k+

123' kkkK −+×

132 kkkK M ×

+=

If k3 >> k2 (that is, catalysis is the rate‐limitingIf k3 >> k2 (that is, catalysis is the rate limiting step), then we get the original equation.

Page 18: Enzyme Kinetics overheadsjsharp/enzyme.pdfEnzymes with kcat/KM values between 108 and 109 M‐1 s‐1 are often said to have reachdhed ki ikinetic perfection—that is, the enzymatic

Enzyme Inhibition

SES

Pk1

k‐1

k2

k‐2E E

I

k k

I

k ' k ’

ESI

k3 k‐3k3 k‐3

P

EI

S

k1'

k‐1’EI

k2'

k‐2’S 1

Page 19: Enzyme Kinetics overheadsjsharp/enzyme.pdfEnzymes with kcat/KM values between 108 and 109 M‐1 s‐1 are often said to have reachdhed ki ikinetic perfection—that is, the enzymatic

Competitive Inhibition

SES

Pk1

k‐1

k2

k‐2E E

I

k k

I

k kXESI

k3 k‐3k3 k‐3

PX

EI

S

k1

k‐1

EIXX3kKI −=

S 1

33k

kKI =

Page 20: Enzyme Kinetics overheadsjsharp/enzyme.pdfEnzymes with kcat/KM values between 108 and 109 M‐1 s‐1 are often said to have reachdhed ki ikinetic perfection—that is, the enzymatic

E   +   S                 ES                E   +   Pk1

k

k2

kk‐1 k‐2+I

k k

EI

k3 k‐3

1

21

kkkKM

+=

33k

kKI −=

The apparent KM of the enzyme is dependent on the equilibrium constant of the enzyme‐inhibitor complex and the concentration of inhibitor:complex and the concentration of inhibitor:

)( I][1' MM KKK += )(IK

[S]maxV[S] '

[S]max 0

+=

MKVv

Page 21: Enzyme Kinetics overheadsjsharp/enzyme.pdfEnzymes with kcat/KM values between 108 and 109 M‐1 s‐1 are often said to have reachdhed ki ikinetic perfection—that is, the enzymatic
Page 22: Enzyme Kinetics overheadsjsharp/enzyme.pdfEnzymes with kcat/KM values between 108 and 109 M‐1 s‐1 are often said to have reachdhed ki ikinetic perfection—that is, the enzymatic

Pharmacological Example of Competitive InhibitionCompetitive Inhibition

Disulfiram

Page 23: Enzyme Kinetics overheadsjsharp/enzyme.pdfEnzymes with kcat/KM values between 108 and 109 M‐1 s‐1 are often said to have reachdhed ki ikinetic perfection—that is, the enzymatic

Non‐competitive Inhibition

SES

Pk1

k‐1

k2

k‐2E E

I

k k

I

k k

ESI

k3 k‐3k3 k‐3

P

EI

S

k1

k‐1

EIXS 1

02max [E]kV = 02max [E] kV =

Page 24: Enzyme Kinetics overheadsjsharp/enzyme.pdfEnzymes with kcat/KM values between 108 and 109 M‐1 s‐1 are often said to have reachdhed ki ikinetic perfection—that is, the enzymatic

E   +   S                 ES                E   +   Pk1

k

k2

kk‐1 k‐2+I

k k

+I

k k

EI   +   S                EIS

k3 k‐3

33k

kKI −=k1

k 1

k3 k‐3

The apparent Vmax of the enzyme is dependent on the apparent amount of available enzyme,

k‐1

on the apparent amount of available enzyme, which in turn is dependent on the affinity of the inhibitor for the enzyme and the concentration of the inhibitor.

IKVV

]I[1' max

max+

=IK]I[1+

[S]'maxV[S] [ ]

0+

=MK

v

Page 25: Enzyme Kinetics overheadsjsharp/enzyme.pdfEnzymes with kcat/KM values between 108 and 109 M‐1 s‐1 are often said to have reachdhed ki ikinetic perfection—that is, the enzymatic
Page 26: Enzyme Kinetics overheadsjsharp/enzyme.pdfEnzymes with kcat/KM values between 108 and 109 M‐1 s‐1 are often said to have reachdhed ki ikinetic perfection—that is, the enzymatic

Uncompetitive Inhibition

SES

Pk1

k‐1

k2

k‐2E E

I

k k

I

k kXESI

k3 k‐3k3 k‐3

PX

EI

S

k1

k‐1

EIXXS 1

Page 27: Enzyme Kinetics overheadsjsharp/enzyme.pdfEnzymes with kcat/KM values between 108 and 109 M‐1 s‐1 are often said to have reachdhed ki ikinetic perfection—that is, the enzymatic

E   +   S                 ES                E   +   Pk1

k

k2

kk‐1 k‐2+I

k k

EIS 33k

kKI −=k3 k‐3

KVV

]I[1' max

max+

=IK]I[1+

K I][1

'I

MM

KKK

+=

[S]'maxV[S] '[ ]

0+

=MK

v

Page 28: Enzyme Kinetics overheadsjsharp/enzyme.pdfEnzymes with kcat/KM values between 108 and 109 M‐1 s‐1 are often said to have reachdhed ki ikinetic perfection—that is, the enzymatic
Page 29: Enzyme Kinetics overheadsjsharp/enzyme.pdfEnzymes with kcat/KM values between 108 and 109 M‐1 s‐1 are often said to have reachdhed ki ikinetic perfection—that is, the enzymatic

Substrate Inhibition

SES

Pk1

k‐1

k2

k‐2E E

k k k kXSS

ESS

k3 k‐3k3 k‐3

PX

EI k1

k‐1

ES*XX1

S

Page 30: Enzyme Kinetics overheadsjsharp/enzyme.pdfEnzymes with kcat/KM values between 108 and 109 M‐1 s‐1 are often said to have reachdhed ki ikinetic perfection—that is, the enzymatic

E   +   S                 ES                E   +   Pk1

k 1

k2

k 2+k‐1 ‐2

k

+S

k3 k‐3

ESS 33k

kKI −=3 3

v 0

[S]

1/v 0

V [S]1/[S]

IM KKVv 2

max 0

[S][S] [S]++

=

Page 31: Enzyme Kinetics overheadsjsharp/enzyme.pdfEnzymes with kcat/KM values between 108 and 109 M‐1 s‐1 are often said to have reachdhed ki ikinetic perfection—that is, the enzymatic

Some Other Modes of Inhibition

• Mixed Inhibition—inhibitor binds to both free enzyme and enzyme substrate complex, but with different affinities.  This causes an increase in the apparent KM, and a decrease in the apparent Vmax.

• Partially competitive inhibition a variation• Partially competitive inhibition—a variation of non‐competitive inhibition where the enzyme‐substrate‐inhibitor complex still has some catalytic activity, but reduced from the y y,enzyme‐substrate complex

• Product inhibition—inhibition where the d i hibi P dproduct can act as an inhibitor.  Product 

inhibition is a relatively common form of negative feedback regulation in biochemical pathwayspathways

• Irreversible inhibition—inhibition where the rate of release of the inhibitor is essentially zero.  Often involves covalent modification of the enzyme by the inhibitor

Page 32: Enzyme Kinetics overheadsjsharp/enzyme.pdfEnzymes with kcat/KM values between 108 and 109 M‐1 s‐1 are often said to have reachdhed ki ikinetic perfection—that is, the enzymatic

Problems to go over next class

bl• Problem 8.27

• Problem 8.28

• Problem 8.36

• Problem 8.37

• BMB 4110 Exam on Enzyme Kinetics from Sept. 2008