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Reinforcement sensitivity theory

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Contents

1 Behavioral Activation and Inhibition Systems

2 Origins of RST

3 Relationship between RST and Eysenck's factor space

4 Revisal of the theory (200 0)

5 Critiques

6 See also

7 External links

8 References

Behavioral Activat ion and Inhibition Systems

The reinforcement sensitivity theory (RST) is a biopsychological theory of personality first proposed by Jeffrey Alan Gray in 1970 and

based o n brain function research with animals.[1]

Gray's model of personality was based on hypothesized brain systems:

The Behavioral Activation Syste m (BAS)

BAS consists of the cortico-striato-pallido-thalamic loops and pathways sensitive to catecholaminergic action, [2 ]it is responsive to

conditioned and unconditioned cues o f rewards, and it regulates approach behav ior.[1]People with more active BAS are vulnerable to

positive emotions and tend to be more impulsive - they have a difficulty in inhibiting their behavio r when app roaching a go al.[3]

The Behavioral Inhibit ion System (BIS)

BIS is built of the se ptohippocampal system, its monoaminergic afferents from the brain stem, and its neocortical projection in the

frontal lobe. BIS is co nsidered to be responsive to cues o f punishment, novelty, uncertainty, and non-rewarding stimuli. Therefore,

people with more active BIS are vulnerable to unpleasant emotions, such as: frustration, anxiety, fear, or sad ness.[3][1]

According to Gray, p ersonality traits are result of indiv idual differences in the s trengths of BIS and BAS systems. [4 ]

RST is a continuously evolving paradigm and is the subject of multiple areas of contemporary psychological enquiry. [5 ]The theory has

developed since its inception, incorporating findings from a number of areas in psychology and neuroscience, culminating in a major

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revisal o f the theory in 2000.[6 ]The neural pathways underpinning each sys tem are now well elucidated.

Origins of RST

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help by adding to i t.

Relat ionship between RST and Eysenck's f actor space

Hans Eysenck's two original personality factors, Neuroticismand Extroversion, were derived from the same lexical paradigm used by

other researchers (e.g. Gordon Allport, James Cattell) to delineate the structure of personality. Eyesenck's major contribution was to

propose a biolog ical exp lanation for individual differences in these d imensions: Extraversion as a function of cortical arousability (via the

ascending reticular activating system), and Neuroticism as a function of the limbic system. Gray's theory, however, posited three brain

systems whose function is (ultimately) to move an organism towards sources of reward, and d ifferences in se nsitivity to

punishing/rewarding stimuli are the source of individual d ifferences in personality. While on the face of it, there seems to be little to

reconcile be tween the two theories, Gray himself did not discount the possibility of cortical arousal playing so me part. For example, he

proposed that punishing stimuli might tend to b e more arousing, and thus exp lain the higher levels o f arousal see n in introverts. In other

words, introverts, being more punishment-sensitive in general, would show overall higher co rtical a rousal.[citation needed]

The rela tionship between BIS and BAS and Extraversion/Introversion is extremely complex . However, in terms of factor space, it is

accep ted that BAS is rotated 30 anticlockwise from Extraversion, and BIS is rotated 30 anticlockwise from Neuroticism.[7 ]BIS activation

tends to be described as anxiety, and BAS activation as Extroversion, but there is considerable debate as to what the cardinal BIS and

BAS-related traits are.[8 ]

Revisal of the theory (2000)

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help by adding to i t.

Critiques

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help by adding to i t.

See also

Personality psychology

Trait theory

Extraversion a nd introversion

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External links

The BIS/BAS Scale The BIS/BAS scale with scoring instructions

References

1. ^ abcLarsen, R. J., & Buss, D. M. (200 9). Personality Psychology: Domains of Knowledge about Human Nature. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

2. ^De Pascalis, V., Fiore, A., Sparita, A. (1996). Personality, event-related potential (ERP) and heart rate (HR): An investigation of Gray's theory.

Personality and Individual Differences, 20, 733-746. doi:10.1016/0191-886 9(96 )000 16-5

3. ^ abGray, J. A. (1991). The neurophysiology of temperament. In J. Strelau & A. Angleitner (Eds.), Explorations in temperament: International

perspectives on theory and measurement(pp. 105-128). New York, NY: Plenum.

4. ^Zelenski, J . M., & Larsen, J. R. (199 9). Susceptibility to affect: A comparis on of three personali ty taxono mies. Journal of Personal ity, 67, 761-

791.

5. ^Co rr, P.J., The Reinforcement Sensitivity Theory of Personality , April 20 08 , (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), ISBN

9780521617369

6. ^Gray, J.A. and McNaughton, N., The Neuropsycholo gy of Anxiety: An Enquiry into the Functions o f the Septo-Hippocam pal System , July

200 3, (Oxford: Oxford University Press), ISBN13 978 -0 -19-8 52271-3 and ISBN10 0 -19-8 52271-1

7. ^Matthews, G., & Gilliland, K. (1999 ). The personality theories of H. J . Eysenck and J . A. Gray: A com parative view. Personality and Individual

Differences, 26, 583-626. do i:10.1016/S0191-886 9(99 )00166-X

8. ^Go mez, R., Coo per, A., & Gomez , A. (2000 ). Susceptibility to pos itive and negative mo od s tates: A test of Eysenck's, Ray's, and Newman' s

theories. Personality and Individual Differences, 29 , 351-36 5.

Categories: Psychological theories

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