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Super Pit gold mine at Kalgoorlie in Western Australia is
Australia's largest open-pit mine
Mining in AustraliaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mining in Australiais a significant primary
industry and contributor to the Australian
economy. Historically, mining booms have
also encouraged immigration to Australia.Many different ores and minerals are mined
throughout the country.
Mining has had a substantial environmental
impact in some areas of Australia. Although
mining services, equipment and technology
are being exported, the mining sector
employs 2.2% of the total labour force.
Contents
1 History1.1 Gold rushes
2 Location3 Minerals and resources
3.1 Coal mining3.2 Uranium mining3.3 Natural Gas
4 Economics
5 Technology and services6 Lifestyle7 Environment and politics8 Mining disasters
8.1 New Australasian GoldMine
8.2 Mount Kembla8.3 Balmain Colliery8.4 North Mount Lyell8.5 Mount Mulligan8.6 Moura8.7 Bronzewing8.8 Beaconsfield8.9 Bulli8.10 Box Flat Mine
9 Australian mining in literature, artand film
10 See also11 References12 External links
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History
Mining contributed significantly to preventing potential bankruptcy for the early colonies in Australia.
Silver and later copper were discovered in South Australia in the 1840s, leading to the export of ore and
the immigration of skilled miners and smelters. The first economic minerals in Australia were silver and
lead in February 1841 at Glen Osmond, now a suburb of Adelaide in South Australia. Mines including
Wheal Gawler and Wheal Watkins opened soon after.[1]The value of these mines was soonovershadowed by the discovery of copper at Kapunda (1842),[2]Burra (1845) [3]and in the Copper
Triangle (Moonta, Kadina and Wallaroo) area at the top of Yorke Peninsula (1861).[4]
Broken Hill, NSW, one of Australia's iconic mining towns, backed by the man-made mullock heaps from theLine
of Lode
Gold rushes
Main article: Australian gold rushes
In 1851, gold was found near Ophir, New South Wales. Weeks later, gold was found in the newly
established colony of Victoria. Australian gold rushes, in particular the Victorian Gold Rush, had a
major lasting impact on Victoria, and on Australia as a whole. The influx of wealth that gold brought
soon made Victoria Australia's richest colony by far, and Melbourne the island's largest city. By the
middle of the 1850s, 40% of the world's gold was produced in Australia.[5]
Australia's population changed dramatically as a result of the gold rushes: in 1851 the population was
437,655 and a decade later it was 1,151,947; the rapid growth was predominantly a result of the newchums (recent immigrants from the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth states) who contributed
the 'rush'.[6]Although most Victorian goldfields were exhausted by the end of the 19th century, and
although much of the profit was sent back to the UK, sufficient wealth remained to fund substantial
development of industry and infrastructure.
Location
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Drilling rig at a BHP Billiton
minesite about 550 km (342 mi)
outside of Newman, Western
Australia.
Australian metal ore and mineral quarterly exports ($A millions)
since 1969.
Australia has mining activity in all of its states and territories.
Particularly significant areas today include the Goldfields, Peel
and Pilbara regions of Western Australia, the Hunter Valley in
New South Wales, the Bowen Basin in Queensland and Latrobe
Valley in Victoria and various parts of the outback. Places such
as Kalgoorlie, Mount Isa, Mount Morgan, Broken Hill and
Coober Pedy are known as mining towns.
Major active mines in Australia include:
Olympic Dam in South Australia, a copper, silver anduranium mine believed to have the world's largest uraniumresource.
Super Pit gold mine, which has replaced a number ofunderground mines near Kalgoorlie, Western Australia
For a more comprehensive list of mines in Australia, see Mines in Australia
Minerals and resources
Large quantities of minerals and
resources are extracted in Australia.
These include:
Iron ore Australia was theworld's third largest supplier in2008 after China and Brazil,supplying 342 million metric
tonnes.[7]
Nickel Australia was theworld's second largestproducer in 2006 after Russia.[8]
Bauxite/aluminium - Australiawas the world's largest
producer in 2011.[9]
CopperGold Australia is the secondlargest producer after China.[10]
SilverUranium Australia is responsible for 11% of the world's production and was the world's third
largest producer in 2010 after Kazakhstan and Canada.[11]
Diamond Australia has the third largest commercially-viable deposits after Russia and
Botswana.[citation needed]Australia also boasts the richest diamantiferous pipe with production
reaching peak levels of 42 metric tons (41 LT/46 ST) per year in the 1990s.[citation needed]
Opal Australia is the world's largest producer of opal, being responsible for 95% of production.[12]
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Australian coal, coke and briquette quarterly exports ($A millions)
since 1969.
Zinc Australia was second only to China in zinc production in 2008, producing just under 14%
of world production.[13]
Coal Australia is the world's largest exporter of coal and fourth largest producer of coal behind
China, USA and India.[14]
Oil shale
Petroleum Australia is the twenty-eighth largest producer of petroleum.[citation needed]Natural gas - Australia is world's third largest producer of LNG and forecast to be world leader by2020.
Rare earth elements
Much of the raw material mined in Australia is exported overseas to countries such as China for
processing into refined product. Energy and minerals constitute two thirds of Australia's total exports to
China, and more than half of Australia's iron ore exports are to China.[15]
Coal mining
Main article: Coal in Australia
Coal is mined in every state of
Australia. It is used to generate
electricity and is exported. 75% of
the coal mined in Australia is
exported, mostly to eastern Asia. In
2000/01, 258.5 million tonnes of
coal was mined, and 193.6 million
tonnes exported, rising to 261
million tonnes of exports in 2008
09.[14]Coal also provides about 85%
of Australia's electricity production.[16]Australia is the world's leading
coal exporter.[17]
Uranium mining
Main article: Uranium mining in Australia
Uranium mining in Australia began in the early 20th century in South Australia. Australia contains 23%
of the world's proven estimated uranium reserves. In recent decades opposition to uranium mining in
Australia has increased, resulting in many government inquiries into its extraction. The three largest
uranium mines in the country are Olympic Dam, Ranger Uranium Mine and Beverley Uranium Mine.Future production is expected from Honeymoon Uranium Mine and the planned Four Mile uranium
mine.
See also: Uranium mining controversy in Kakadu National Park
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Natural Gas
Based on 2008 CSIRO report, Australia estimated have stranded gas reserves with about 140 trillion
cubic feet or enough to fulfil the needs of a city with one million people for 2,800 years.[18]
Economics
A number of large multinational mining companies including BHP Billiton, Newcrest, Rio Tinto, Alcoa,
Chalco, Shenhua (a Chinese mining company), Alcan and Xstrata operate in Australia. There are also a
lot of small mining and mineral exploration companies listed on the Australian Stock Exchange (ASX).
Overall, the resources sector represents almost 20% of the ASX market by capitalisation, and almost one
third of the companies listed.[19]
Mining contributes about 5.6% of Australia's Gross Domestic Product. This is up from only 2.6% in
1950, but down from over 10% at the time of federation in 1900.[20]In contrast, mineral exports
contribute around 35% of Australia's exports. Australia is the world's largest exporter of coal (35% of
international trade), iron ore, lead, diamonds, rutile, zinc and zirconium, second largest of gold anduranium, and third largest of aluminium.[21]Japan was the major purchaser of Australian mineral exports
in the mid 1990s.[5]
Of the developed countries, perhaps only in Canada and Norway does mining play as significant a part
in the economy; for comparison, in Canada mining represents about 3.6% of the Canadian economy and
32% of exports,[22]and in Norway mining, dominated by petroleum, represents about 19% of GDP and
46% of exports.[23]By comparison, in the United States mining represents only about 1.6% of GDP.[24]
Despite its export importance, the mining sector employs only a small proportion of the workforce
roughly 129,000 Australians, representing only about 2.2% of the total labour force.[25]
Technology and services
Australia's high labour costs and first-world safety regulations, distinctive geology, and the importance
placed on mining research by successive governments and businesses has meant that the Australian
mining sector is quite technologically advanced. A large proportion of mines worldwide make use of
Australian-developed computer software, such as specialised Geological Database and Resource
Estimation Modelling software by Micromine and geology/mine planning software by Runge Ltd and
Maptek Pty Ltd. Mines in Australia are leading the market globally deploying mine production data
management software such as Corvus developed by Intov8 Pty Ltd, which displays real-time production
data from multiple source systems on dashboards, and includeds comprehensive dynamic analysis andreporting, driving process and cost efficiencies at the shift level. Australia's mining services, equipment,
and technology exports are over $2 billion annually.[26]
The world first large scale remote operations centre for operation of the Rio Tinto mines in the Pilbara is
located in the airport precinct in Perth operating mines sites, ports, rail and logistics from a central
remote location.
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The town of Mount Isa is surrounded
by vast mineral deposits.
The mountains near Queenstown,
Tasmania, completely denuded of
vegetation through effects of mining
Lifestyle
Many mines in remote areas have a traditional company town (for example Roxby Downs or Leigh
Creek), or support towns that used to be company towns such as Broken Hill and Mount Isa.
Most mines in remote areas are operated on a fly-in-fly-out basis
where the miners' "home" and family remains in a major city,and the miners fly out to their mine for two weeks of solid work,
then fly home for one week of rest.[citation needed]The roster may
vary from site to site. 3 weeks on / 1 week off rosters are not
uncommon and the working away period can be for much longer
than 2 or 3 weeks. A fly-in-fly-out roster is common on offshore
oil platforms, as well as minesites located inland of Australia,
such as Century, Challenger, Bronzewing and Yandicoogina
minesites.
Free meals and accommodation are provided for employees as a
means to offset the time spent living away from home. Breakfast, lunch and dinner are consumed andcollected from the 'mess hall' at the mining camp. Living quarters provided at camp sites range from 2
by 4 metre portable homes to permanent 6 by 8 metre rooms with ensuites. Fridges, single beds,
television, electricity and water are also provided with rooms.
Environment and politics
Mining has had a substantial environmental impact in some areas
of Australia. Historically, the Victorian gold rush resulted in
substantial deforestation, consequent erosion, and arsenic
pollution.[27]The effects on the landscape near Bendigo andBallarat can still be seen today. Queenstown, Tasmania's
mountains were also completely denuded through a combination
of logging and pollution from a mine smelter, and remain bare
today.
Uranium mining has been controversial, partly for its alleged
environmental impact but more so because of its end uses in
nuclear power and nuclear weapons. The Australian Labor Party,
one of Australia's two major parties, maintains a policy of "no
new uranium mines". As of 2006, the increased world demand for uranium has seen some pressure, both
internally and externally on the ALP, for a policy change.[28]Australia is a participant in international
anti-proliferation efforts designed to ensure that no exported uranium is used in nuclear weapons.[29]
Mining disasters
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Memorial for the workers who
lost their lives at Mount Kembla,
1902
New Australasian Gold Mine
Creswick in the Victorian goldfields was the site of The New
Australasian No.2 Deep Lead Gold Mine. At 4:45am, Tuesday 12
December 1882, 29 miners became trapped underground by flood
waters that came from the flooded parallel-sunk No.1 mine shaft,
only five men survived and made it to the surface. Despite two daysof frantic pumping the waters filled the mine shaft. The trapped men
scrawled last notes to their loved ones on billy cans before they
drowned. Some of these have been kept and still bear the messages.
The men that perished left 17 widows and 75 dependent children.[30]
Mount Kembla
In 1883 a coal mine was opened near Mount Kembla in the
Illawarra District of New South Wales. In 1902 there was an
explosion in the mine and 96 men and boys lost their lives, either
while at work or in the course of trying to save the lives of others.Every family in the village lost a relative. A service of
commemoration is held annually on 31 July at the Mount Kembla
Soldiers and Miners Memorial Church. This is the worst mining disaster in Australias history. [31]
Balmain Colliery
Balmain Colliery was located in Birchgrove, New South Wales and produced coal from 1897 until 1931
and natural gas until 1945. During this period, 10 miners lost their lives in three separate incidents:
1900On 17 March 1900, six miners were being lowered down the Birthday shaft. At 1,424 feet the
bucket they were travelling in caught on a projection, tipped over and five of the six men fell to their
death in the shaft. As a result of this accident, theMining Actwas amended to provide guide rails in
shafts to prevent bucket swinging or overturning.[32]
1932In 1932, a year after the mine closed, a six inch bore was sunk below the Birthday shaft to pipe
Natural Gas to the surface. During the sinking of the bore, two men were killed when the gas ignited and
exploded.[32]
1945During the sealing of the Birthday shaft on 20 April 1945, a rudimentary test was being undertaken
which ignited escaping gas and caused an explosion below the seal. The company manager and two men
were killed in the accident and another two men injured.[32]
North Mount Lyell
On 12 October 1912, the North Mount Lyell Fire caused the death of 42 miners, and required breathing
apparatus to be transported from Victorian mines at great speed, to rescue trapped miners. The
subsequent royal commission was inconclusive as to the cause.
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Mount Mulligan in Far North
Queensland.
Headworks over a shaft at
Beaconsfield gold mine in Tasmania.
Mount Mulligan
The 1921 Mount Mulligan mine disaster occurred in Far North Queensland. These explosions, caused by
using naked flame for lighting, killed seventy-five men.
Moura
Four serious accidents have occurred at mines in the Central
Queensland town of Moura, Queensland|Moura. The first
accident took the lives of 13 men in September 1975. In July
1986 there was an explosion at Moura Number 4 Mine. 12 coal
miners lost their lives in this disaster that sparked controversy
after experts claimed the accident was avoidable. Another
explosion killed two men in January 1994 and just eight months
later another explosion deep underground took the lives of 11
men.[33]
Bronzewing
On 26 June 2000, at the Bronzewing Gold Mine in Western Australia (400 kilometers from Kalgoorlie),
18,000 cubic meters of sand-slurry, sludge, mud and rock broke through a storage wall. Three men
(Timothy Lee Bell, 21, Shane Hamill, 45 and Terrence Woodard, 26) were killed and eight escaped the
'accident'. It took over a month to retrieve the men from the site.
Beaconsfield
Main article: Beaconsfield mine collapse
On 25 April 2006, part of an underground gold mine at
Beaconsfield in Tasmania collapsed. One miner, Larry Knight,
was killed by the rock fall, and two others, Brant Webb and Todd
Russel, were trapped, leading to a rescue mission that took two
weeks to get them out alive.
Bulli
1887At 2.30pm on 23 March 1887, an explosion at the mine in
Bulli in New South Wales killed 81 people.[34]A special
commission was set up to investigate the explosion andconcluded:
..that the explosion was caused by marsh gas orcarbonic hydrate that had accumulated at theface. That the immediate cause was probably theflame from an overcharged shot fired by a minerin the coal in No. 2 Heading.
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This gas explosion propagated a coal dust explosion and travelled towards the fresh air at the surface.
The commission was also of the opinion that the Deputy, Overman and to a lesser extent the Manager,
were all guilty of contributing negligence.[35]
1965On 9 November 1965, a pocket of gas ignited in a panel several hundred yards from the main shaft
and killed four miners. Ten mining rescue teams and the Southern Mines Rescue Station worked all
night to extinguish the fire.
[36]
Box Flat Mine
At the Box Flat Mine in Swanbank, South East Queensland, 17 miners were lost after an underground
gas explosion occurred on 31 July 1972.[37]Another man died later from injuries sustained in the
explosion. The mine tunnel mouths were sealed and the mine closed shortly after.[37]
Australian mining in literature, art and film
Henry Lawson,His Father's Matefrom While The Billy Boils,1896 (short story)
Nickel Queen movie based on the West Australian late 1960s nickel boomColin Thiele, The Fire in the Stone(book which became a film)Wendy Richardson, Windy Gully1989 Currency Press (play)Conal Fitzpatrick, Kembla- The Book of Voices2002 Kemblawarra Press (poetry) ISBN 0-9581287-0-7
Henry Handel Richardson, The Fortunes of Richard Mahony: Australia FelixTakes place in thechaos of the early Ballarat goldrush.
Richard Lowenstein, Strikebound(1984 film).Tim Burstall, The Last of the Knucklemen(1979 film, based on the play by John Power, who alsowrote a novelisation of the film).
See also
Economy of AustraliaList of disasters
References
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^"Table 17: Iron Ore: World Production, ByCountry" (http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/iron_ore/myb1-2008-feore.pdf) . 2008
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Archived from the original (http://www.trademinister.gov.au/parlsec/speeches/060503_acbc.html) on 15June 2006.http://web.archive.org/web/20060615083435/http://www.trademinister.gov.au/parlsec/speeches/060503_acbcRetrieved 18 June 2006.
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^"The Importance of Coal in the Modern World Australia" (http://web.archive.org/web/20070208111031/http://gc3.cqu.edu.au/modern-world/index.php#australia) . Gladstone Centre for Clean Coal. Archived from the original(http://www.gc3.cqu.edu.au/modern-world/index.php#australia) on 8 February 2007.http://web.archive.org/web/20070208111031/http://gc3.cqu.edu.au/modern-world/index.php#australia.Retrieved 17 March 2007.
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^"ASX and Australianmining" (http://web.archive.org/web/20060422141538/http://www.asx.com.au/investor/industry/mining/asx_iAustralian Stock Exchange. Archived from the original(http://www.asx.com.au/investor/industry/mining/asx_involvement.htm) on 22 April 2006.http://web.archive.org/web/20060422141538/http://www.asx.com.au/investor/industry/mining/asx_involvemRetrieved 4 June 2006.
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^"Mining CapabilityOverview" (http://web.archive.org/web/20060214104214/http://www.austrade.gov.au/overseas/layout/0,,0_S-1_3zo-2_-3_PWB110704527-4_-5_-6_-7_,00.html) . Austrade. unknown. Archived from the original(http://www.austrade.gov.au/overseas/layout/0,,0_S3-1_3zo-2_-3_PWB110704527-4_-5_-6_-7_,00.html) on14 February 2006.http://web.archive.org/web/20060214104214/http://www.austrade.gov.au/overseas/layout/0,,0_S3-1_3zo-2_-3_PWB110704527-4_-5_-6_-7_,00.html. Retrieved 18 June 2006.
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^Patrick Walters and Joseph Kerr (4 April 2006). "PM threatens ALP on China uraniumdeal" (http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,18703281-2702,00.html) . The Australian.http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,18703281-2702,00.html. Retrieved 19 June 2006.
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^Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (2005). "Weapons of Mass Destruction: Australias Role inFighting
Proliferation" (http://web.archive.org/web/20060526230045/http://www.dfat.gov.au/publications/wmd/) .Government of Australia. Archived from the original (http://www.dfat.gov.au/publications/wmd/) on 26 May2006. http://web.archive.org/web/20060526230045/http://www.dfat.gov.au/publications/wmd/. Retrieved 19June 2006.
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^Gold-Net Australia Online - May 1999 (http://www.gold-net.com.au/archivemagazines/may99/9905150000.htm#9)
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^Stuart Piggin and Henry Lee, The Mount Kembla Disaster, Oxford University Press, Melbourne, 199231.
^ abcPeter Reynolds,Balmain Places 2 The Coal Mine Under The Harbour, Architectural HistoryResearch Unit, University of New South Wales, 1996, ISBN 0-908502-54-0
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^Barwick, John (1999).Australia's worst disasters: mining disasters. Port Melbourne, Victoria: HeinemannLibrary. pp. 2425. ISBN 1-86391-886-8.
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^Wollongong City Library, Bulli History(http://www.wollongong.nsw.gov.au/library/localinfo/bulli/history.html) , Retrieved on 2/11/06.
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^Illawarra Coal, Bulli Colliery Gas Explosion- 1887 (http://www.illawarracoal.com/bullidisaster.htm) ,Retrieved on 2/11/06.
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^Illawarra Coal, Bulli Colliery Underground Fire 1965(http://www.illawarracoal.com/bullidisaster2.htm) , Retrieved on 2/11/06.
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^ abCraig Wallace (4 June 2009). "Q150 bridge naming kicks off with Box FlatBridge" (http://www.cabinet.qld.gov.au/MMS/StatementDisplaySingle.aspx?id=64205) .Ministerial MediaStatement. Department of the Premier and Cabinet.http://www.cabinet.qld.gov.au/MMS/StatementDisplaySingle.aspx?id=64205. Retrieved 25 October 2010.
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External links
ABARE Australian Mineral Statistics (http://www.abareconomics.com/)"Australian Atlas of Mineral Resources, Mines & ProcessingCentres" (http://www.australianminesatlas.gov.au/?site=atlas) . Geoscience Australia.http://www.australianminesatlas.gov.au/?site=atlas. Retrieved 6 June 2006.
Minerals Council of Australia (http://www.minerals.org.au/)
Coal Mining Services in Australia (http://www.coalservices.com.au/)WAs mining boom: where does it leave the environment? (http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=EC133p12.pdf)
Australian Mining (mining news/publication) (http://www.miningaustralia.com.au/)interactive map of oil and gas infrastructure(http://www.oilandgasinfrastructure.com/home/oilandgasoceania/australia)
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