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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

"Introversion" redirects here. For the video game developer, see Introversion Software.

The traitof extraversion-introversionis a central d imension of human personalitytheories.

In Western popular usage , extraverts(also spelled extroverts[1]) are thought to be gregarious,

assertive, and interested in seek ing out externalstimulus. Introverts, in contrast,are seen as

introspective, quiet and less sociable. They are not necessarily lonersbut they tend to have a

smaller number of friends. Introversion does not describe so cial discomfort but rather social

preference: an introvert may not be shybut may merely prefer fewer social activities.

From the perspective of psychological research, however, these concepts are understood

differently. Rather than being seen as two sides of a coin, introversion/extraversion is measured interms of a scale or spectrum, where most people (about 68% o f the population) fall in the middle

ranges, showing varying degrees of extraverted or introverted traits. This middle ground has been

called "ambiversion." Research subjects characterized as e xtraverts and introverts represent the

extremes on the sca le, with about 16% representation for each.[2 ]

The terms introversionand extraversionwere first popularized by Carl Jung,[3]Virtually all

comprehensive models o f personality include these concepts in various forms. Examples include

Jung's analytical psychology, Eysenck's three-factor model, Cattell's 16 personality factors, the Big

Five p ersonality traits, the four temperaments, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, the

Myers Briggs Type Indicator, and Socionics.

Extraversion and introversion are typically viewed as a single continuum. Thus, to be high on one isnecessarily to be low on the other. Carl Jungand the authors of the Myers-Briggsprovide a

different perspective and suggest that everyone has both an extraverted side a nd an introverted

side, with one being more dominant than the other. Rather than focusing on interpersonal behavior,

however, Jung defined introversion as an "attitude- type characterised by orientation in life through

subjective psychic contents" (focus on one's inner psychic a ctivity); and e xtraversion as "an attitude

type characterised by concentration of interest on the external obje ct," (the outside world).[4 ]

In any case, peop le fluctuate in their behavio r all the time, and even extreme introverts and e xtraverts do not always act acco rding to

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their type.

Contents

1 Varieties

1.1 Extraversio n

1.2 Introversion

1.3 Ambiversio n

2 Measurement

3 Causes3.1 Eysenck's theory

3.2 Biological factors

4 Behavior

5 Implications

6 Regio nal Variation

7 Extraversion, Introversion and Happines s

8 Poss ible reasons

8.1 Instrumental View

8.2 Temperamental View

8.3 Well-being Measures as a Source of More Happiness Reported by Extraverts9 References

10 See also

11 External l inks

Varieties

Extraversion

Extraversionis " the act, state, or habit of be ing predominantly concerned with and obtaining g ratification from what is outside the self". [5 ]

Extraverts tend to enjoy human interactions and to be enthusiastic, talkative, assertive, and gregarious. They take p leasure in activities

that involve large social g atherings, such as parties, community activities, public de monstrations, and business or political groups.

Politics, teaching, sales, managing and brokering are fields that favor extraversion. An extraverted p erson is likely to enjoy time spent

with people and find less reward in time spent alone. They tend to be energized when around other people, and they are more prone to

boredom when they are by themselves.

Introversion

Introversionis " the state o f or tendency toward being wholly or predominantly concerned with and interested in one's own mental life". [5 ]

Some popular writers have characterized introverts as people whose energytends to e xpand through reflection and d windle during

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interaction.[6 ]This is s imilar to Jung's v iew, although he focused on psychic energy rather than physical energy. Few modern conceptions

make this distinction.

The common modern perception is that introverts tend to be more reserved and less outspoken in groups. They often take pleasure in

solitary activities such as read ing, writing, using computers, hikingand fishing. The archetypalartist, writer, sculptor, engineer, composer,

and inventorare all highly introverted. An introvert is likely to enjoy time sp ent alone and find less reward in time spe nt with large groups

of people, though he o r she may enjoy interactions with close friends. Trust is usually an issue of significance: a virtue o f utmost

importance to an introvert choosing a worthy companion. They prefer to concentrate on a single activity at a time and like to observe

situations before they participate, especially observed in developing children and adolescents.

[7 ]

They are more analytical beforespeaking.[8 ]Introverts are easily overwhelmed by too much stimulation from social gatherings and engagement, introversion having even

been definedby some in terms of a preference for a quiet, more minimally stimulating environment. [9 ]

Introversion is not see n as be ing identical to shyor to b eing a social outcast. Introvertsprefersolitary activities over social ones, whereas

shy people (who may be ex traverts at heart) avoid social encounters out of fear,[10]and the social o utcast has little choice in the matter

of his or her solitude.

Ambiversion

Although many people v iew being introverted or ex traverted as a question with only two p ossible answers, most co ntemporary trait

theories (e.g. the Big Five) measure leve ls of ex traversion- introversion as part of a s ingle, continuous dimension of personality, with some

scores near one end, and others near the half-way mark.[11]Ambiversionis a term used to describe people who fall more or less directlyin the middle and exhibit tendencies of both groups.[5][12]An ambivert is normally comfortable with groups and e njoys social interaction,

but also relishes time alone and away from the crowd.

Measurement

Assessing extrave rsion and introversion is normally accomplished through self- reporting. A questionnairemight ask if the test-taker

agrees or disag rees with statements such as I am the life of the partyor I think before I talk.

The following is a n examp le of such a questionnaire. It consists o f ten "agree o r disagree " statements. For the first five statements,

agreement indicates a tendency towards extraversion. For the last five statements, agreement indicates introversion. Included in the table

are hypothetical responses from five different people:

Nathan Beat rice Dave Spencer Anne

I am the life of the party. Agree Agree Agree Disagree Disa gree

I enjoy being the center of attention. Agree Disagree Agree Disagree Disa gree

I am skilled in handling social situations. Agree Agree Agree Disagree Disa gree

I like to be where the action is. Agree Agree Disagree Agree Disa gree

I make new friends easily. Agree Agree Disagree Agree Disa gree

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I am quiet around strangers. Disagree Disagree Agree Disagree Agree

I don't like to draw attention to myself. Disagree Agree Agree Agree Agree

I don't like to party. Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree Agree

I like to work independently. Disagree Agree Agree Agree Agree

I often enjoy spending time by myself. Disagree Disagree Disagree Agree Agree

Score 100% Extravert 70% Extravert

50% Extravert

50% Introvert(Ambivert )

70% Introvert 100% Introvert

In this example , Nathan and Beatrice are extraverted, Spe ncer and Anne are introverted, and Dave is ambive rted.

Self-report questionnaires have obvious limitations in that people may misreprese nt themselves either intentionally or through lack of

self-knowledge. As such, it is also common to use peer reporting or third-party observation.

Another approach is to present test take rs with various sets o f adje ctives (e.g., thoughtful, talkative, energetic, independent) and ask which

describes them most and le ast. Psychological measures o f this trait may break it down into subfactors including warmth, affiliation,

positive affect, excitement seeking, and assertiveness/dominance seeking.

Causes

Eysenck's theory

Hans Eysenckdescribed extraversion-introversion as the degree to which a person is outgoing and interactive with other people. These

behavioral d ifferences a re presumed to b e the result of underlying differences in brain physiology.[13]Extraverts see k exc itement and

social activity in an effort to heighten their arousal level, whereas introverts tend to avoid social situations in an effort to ke ep such arousal

to a minimum. Eysenck designated extraversion as one of three major traits in his P- E-N model of personality, which also includes

psychoticismand neuroticism.

Eysenck originally suggested that extraversion was a co mbination of two major tendencies, impulsiveness and sociability. He later added

several other more specific traits, namely live liness, ac tivity leve l, and excitability. These traits are further linked in his pe rsonalityhierarchy to even more specific habitual responses, such as partying on the weekend.

Eysenck compared this trait to the four temperamentsof ancient medicine, with choleric and sanguine temperaments equating to

extraversion, and melancholic and phlegmatic temperaments equating to introversion.[14]

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Twin studie sfind thatextraversion/introversion has a geneticcomponent.

Biological factors

The relative impo rtance o f nature versus environmentin de termining the level o f extraversion is

controversial and the focus of many s tudies. Twin studiesfind a genetic component of 39% to

58%. In terms of the environmental component, the shared family environment appears to b e far

less important than individual environmental factors that are not shared between siblings.[15]

Eysenck proposed that extraversion was caused by variability in corticalarousal. He

hypothesized that introverts are characterized by higher leve ls of activity than extraverts and so

are chronically more co rtically a roused than extraverts. The fact that extraverts require moreexternal stimulation than introverts has been interpreted as evidence for this hypo thesis. Other

evidence of the "s timulation" hypothesis is that introverts saliva te more than extraverts in

response to a drop of lemon juice.[16]

Extraversion has been linked to higher sensitivity of the mesolimbic dopamine system to

potentially rewarding stimuli.[17]This in part explains the high leve ls of po sitive affect found in extraverts, since they will more intensely

feel the excitement of a potential reward. One consequence o f this is that extraverts can more easily learn the co ntingencies for positive

reinforcement, since the reward itself is expe rienced as greater.

One s tudy found that introverts have more b lood flow in the frontal lobesof their brainand the anterior or frontal thalamus, which are areas

dea ling with internal process ing, such as planning and p roblem so lving. Extraverts have more blood flow in the anterior cingulate gyrus,

temporal lobes, and posterior thalamus, which are involved in sensory and emotional experience. [18]This study and other research

indicates that introversion-extraversion is related to individual d ifferences in brain function.

Extraversion has a lso b een linked to physiolog ical factors such as respiration, through its association with surgency.[19]

Behavior

Extraverts and introverts have a va riety of behavioral differences. According to one study, ex traverts tend to wear more decorative

clothing, whereas introverts prefer practical, co mfortable clothes.[20]Extraverts are likely to prefer more upbea t, conventional, and

energetic music than introverts.[21]Personality also influences how peop le arrange their work areas. In general, extraverts decorate their

offices more, keep their doors open, keep extra chairs nearby, and are more likely to put dishes of candy on their desks. These are

attempts to invite co- workers and encourage interaction. Introverts, in contrast, decorate less and tend to arrange their workspace todiscourage social interaction.[22]

Although ex traverts and introverts have real personali ty and behavio r differences , it is important to a void pigeonholingor stereotypingby

personality. Humans are co mplex a nd unique, and because extraversion varies along a continuum, they may have a mixture of both

orientations. A person who acts introverted in one sce nario may act ex traverted in another, and peop le can learn to act aga inst type in

certain situations. Jung's theory s tates that when someo ne's p rimary function is extraverted, his secondary function is always introverted

(and vice versa).[3]

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Implications

Acknowledg ing that introversion and extrove rsion are normal va riants of be havio r can help in self-acceptance a nd understanding of

others. For example , an ex travert can acce pt her introverted partners need for space , while an introvert can acknowledge his extroverted

partners need for so cial interaction.

Researchers have found a correlation between extroversion and happiness. That is, more extroverted people tend to report higher levels

of happiness than introverts.[23][24]Other research has shown that being instructed to act in an extroverted manner leads to increases in

positive a ffect, eve n for people who are trait- level introverts. [25]

This does not mean that introverts are unhappy. Extraverts simply report experiencing more po sitive emotions, whereas introverts tend to

be closer to neutral. This may be due to the fact that extroversion is socially p referable in Western culture and thus introverts feel less

desirable . In addition to the research on happiness, other studies have found that extraverts tend to report higher levels of self-e steem

than introverts.[26][27]Others suggest that such results reflect socio-culturalbias in the survey itself.[28][29]Dr. David Meyers has claimed

that happiness is a matter of possess ing three traits: self-e steem, op timism and e xtraversion. Meyers ba ses his co nclusions on studies

that report extraverts to b e happ ier; these findings have been questioned in light of the fact that the "happiness" prompts given to the

studies' subjects, such as "I like to be with others" and "I'm fun to be with," only mea sure happiness a mong extraverts.[30]Also, according

to Carl Jung, introverts acknowledge more readily their psychological needs and problems, whereas extraverts tend to be oblivious to

them be cause they focus more on the outer world.[3]

Extraversion is pe rceived a s soc ially desirable in Western culture, but it is not always an ad vantage. For examp le, ex traverted yo uths aremore likely to engage in delinquentbehavio r.[31]Conversely, while introversion is perceived as less socially desirable, it is strongly

assoc iated with positive traits such as intelligence [32]and "g iftedness."[33][34]For many years, researchers have found that introverts tend

to be more success ful in academic environments, which extraverts may find boring.[35]

Careercounselors o ften use p ersonality traits, along with other factors such as skill and interest, to advise their clients.[36]Some careers

such as computer programming may be more satisfying for an introverted temperament, while other areas such as sa les may be more

agreeable to the extraverted type.

Although neither introvers ion nor e xtraversio n is patholog ical, psychotherapistscan take tempe rament into a ccount when treating c lients.

Clients may respond better to different types o f treatment depe nding on where they fall o n the introversion/extraversion spectrum.

Teacherscan also consider temperament when dealing with their pupils, for example acknowledging that introverted children need more

encouragement to speak in class while extraverted children may grow restless during long periods o f quiet study.

Regional Variation

The examples and perspective in this section deal p rimarily with t he U.S and do not

represent a worldwide viewof t he subject . Please improve this a rticleand d iscuss the

issue on the talk page. (January 2012)

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It is asserted that Americans live in an "extraverted soc iety"[37]that rewards extravert behavior a nd rejects introversion. [38]"American

culture values extraverted qualities more, a nd peo ple o ften feel like they've been given the 'short end of the stick' a fter receiving their

results on extraversion/introversion tests."[39]Other cultures, such as Central Europe , Japan o r regions where Buddhism, Sufismetc.

prevail, prize introversion.[8 ]These cultural differences p redict individuals' happiness such that peop le who score higher in extraversion

are happier, on average, in particularly extraverted cultures and vice versa.[40]

Researchers have found that people who live on islands tend to be less extraverted (more introverted) than those living on the mainland,

and that people whose ancestors had inhabited the island for twenty generations tend to be less extraverted than more recent arrivals.

Furthermore, people who emigrate from islands to the mainland tend to be more extraverted than people that stay on islands, and thosethat immigrate to islands.[41]

In the United States, researchers have found that peo ple living in the midwestern states of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska,

Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Illinoisscore higher than the U.S. average o n extraversion. Utahand the southeastern states of Floridaand

Georgiaalso score high o n this pe rsonality trait. The most introverted states in the United States are Maryland, New Hampshire ,Alaska,

Washington, Oregonand Vermont. People who live in the northwestern states of Idaho, Montana, and Wyomingare also relatively

introverted.[42]

Extraversion, Introversion and Happiness

Extraverts are found to have higher levels o f happinessand positive affectthan introverts.[43][44][45]Specifically,Argyle and Lu (1990)[46]

found that the trait of extraversion, as measured by Extraversion Sca le of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire(EPQ), was positively

and significantly correlated with happ iness, as measured by the Oxford Happiness Inventory. Using the same happiness and extraversion

scales, Hills andArgyle (2001)[47]found that happ iness was a gain significantly correlatedwith extraversion. Also, the study by Emmons

and Diener(1986)[48]showed that extraversion co rrelates positively and s ignificantly with positive affectbut not with negative affect.

Similar results were found in a large longitudinal studyby Diener, Sandvik, Pavot, and Fujita (1992)[49], which assessed 14,407

participants from 100 areas of continental United States. Using the ab breviated G eneral Well-Be ing Schedule, which tapped p ositive and

negative affects, and Costaand McCrae's (1986) [50]short version of the NE0's Extraversion sca le, the authors reported that extraverts

experienced greater well-being at two points in time, during which data were collected: first between 1971 and 1975, and later be tween

1981 and 1984. Furthermore, Larsen and Ketelaar (1991) [51]showed that extraverts respond more to positive affect than to negative

affect, since they exhibit more pos itive-affect reactivity to the positive-a ffect induction, yet they d o not react more negatively to the

negative- affect induction.[52]

Possible reasons

Instrumental View

The instrumental view p roposes that personality traitsgive rise to conditions and ac tions, which have affective consequences , and thus

generate individual differences in e motionality.[53][52]

Personality trait as a cause of higher sociability

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According to the instrumental view, one exp lanation for grea ter subjective well-being among extraverts could be the fact that extraversion

helps in the creation of life circumstances, which promote high levels o f positive affect. Specifically, the personality trait of extraversion is

seen as a facilitator of more social interactions [54][43][52], since the low cortical arousal among extraverts results in them seeking more

social situations in order to increase their arousal. [55]

The social participation theory

According to the soc ial p articipation theory, more frequent pa rticipation in socia l situations c reates more frequent, and higher levels , o f

positive affect. Therefore, it is believed that since extraverts are characterized as more sociable than introverts, they also possess higher

levels of positive affectbrought on by social interactions.[56][57][58]Spe cifically, the results of Furnhamand Brewin's study (1990) [45]

suggest that extraverts enjoy and participate more in socia l activities than introverts, and as a result extraverts report higher leve l of

happiness. Also, in the study ofArgyle and Lu (1990) [46]extraverts were found to be less likely to avoid participation in noisy social

activities, and to be more likely to p articipate in social activities such as: party games, jokes, or going to the cinema. Similar results were

reported by Diener, Larsen , and Emmons (1984) [59]who found that extraverts seek social situations more often than introverts,

especially when engaging in recreational activities.

However, a variety of findings contradict the claims of the social participation theory. Firstly, it was found that extraverts were happier than

introverts even when alone. Specifically, ex traverts tend to be happier regardless of whether they live alone o r with others, or whether

they live in a vibrant city or quiet rural environment. [44]Similarly, study b y Diener, Sandvik, Pavot, and Fujita (1992)[49]showed that

although extraverts chose social jobs relatively more frequently (51%) than nonsocial jobs compared to introverts (38%), they are happier

than introverts regardless of whether their occupations had social or nonsocial character. Secondly, it was found that extraverts only

sometimes reported grea ter amounts o f social activity than introverts [59], but in general extraverts and introverts do not differ in the

quantity of their soc ializa tion. [44]Similar finding was reported b y Srivastava, Angelo, and Vallereux (2008) [60], who found that extraverts

and introverts bo th enjoy participating in social interactions, but extraverts pa rticipate so cially more. Thirdly, studies have shown that both

extraverts and introverts participate in socia l relations, but that the q uality of this participation differs. The more frequent social participation

among extraverts could be explained by the fact that extraverts know more people, but those people are not necessarily their close

friends, while introverts, when participating in so cial interactions, a re more se lective and have o nly few close friends with whom they have

specia l relationships. [47]

The social reactivity theory

The social rea ctivity theory alleges that all humans, whether they like it or not, are required to participate in social situations. Sinceextraverts prefer engaging in social interactions more than introverts, they also derive mo re positive affectfrom such situations than

introverts do. [46][59][44]However, it was also found that extraverts did not respond stronger to social situations than introverts, nor did

they report bigger boosts of positive affectduring such interactions. [54][60]

The social attention theory

Yet another explanation of the high correlationbetween extraversion and happinesscomes from the study byAshton , Lee, and

Paunonen (2002)[61]. They sugge sted that the core e lement of extraversion is a tendency to behave in ways that attract, hold, and enjoy

social attention, and not reward sensitivity. They claimed that one of the fundamental qualities of socia l attention is its potential of be ing

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rewarding. Therefore, if a pe rson shows positive emotions of enthusiasm, energy, and excitement, that person is seen favorab ly by others

and he or she g ains others attention. This favorab le reaction from others likely encourages ex traverts to engage in further extraverted

behavior.[62]Ashton , Lee, a nd Paunonens (2002)[63]study showed that their measure of so cial a ttention, the Social Attention Scale ,

was much more highly correlatedwith extraversion than were measures of reward sensitivity.

Temperamental View

Temperamentalview is based on the notion that there is a d irect link be tween pe ople's personality traitsand their sensitivity to pos itive

and nega tive affects.[51][43][52]

The affective reactivity model

The a ffective reactivity model states that the strength of a person's reactions to affect-relevant events are caused by people's differences

in affect.[64][51]This model is based on the reinforcement sensitivity theory by Jeffrey Alan Gray , which states that people with stronger

behavioral activation system (BAS) are high in reward responsiveness and are predisposed to the personality trait of extraversion, while

people with a stronger behavioral inhibition system (BIS) are lower in reward responsiveness and are more predisposed to personality

trait of neuroticismand introversion. [65]Therefore, extraverts are seen as having a temperamentalpredisposition to positive affectsince

positive moodinduction has a greater effect on them than on introverts, thus extraverts are more prone to react to pleasant effects.[66][67][51][68][64]For example, Gable, Reis, and Elliot (2000). [69]found in two co nsecutive studies that people with more sensitive BIS

reported higher levels of average negative affect, while people with more sensitive BASreported higher higher levels o f positive affect.

Also Zelenski and Larsen (1999)

[52]

found that people with more sensitive BASreported more positive emotions during the positivemood induction, while people with more sensitive BISreported more neg ative emotions during the nega tive mood induction.

The affective regulation

Another possib le e xplanation for more hap piness among extrave rts comes from the fact that extraverts a re able to be tter regulate their

affective states. This means that in ambiguous situations (situations where positive and negative moods are introduced and mixed in

similar proportions) extraverts show a slower decrease of po sitive affect, and, as a result, they maintained a more positive affect balance

than introverts. [70]

The set-point model aka affect -level model

According to the set- point model, levels of po sitive and nega tive a ffects are more o r less fixed within each indiv idual, hence, after a

positive or negative event, people's moods tend to go back to the pre-set level. According to the set-point model, extraverts' experiencemore happ iness be cause their pre- set level of positive a ffect is se t higher than the p re-set point of pos itive affect in introverts, therefore

extraverts require less po sitive reinforcement in order to feel happy.[68]

Pleasure-arousal relation

A study by Kuppens (2008)[71]showed that extraverts and introverts engag e in d ifferent behaviors when feeling pleasant, which could

be a potential explanation for underestimating the frequency and intensity of happiness exhibited by introverts. Specifically, Kuppens

(2008)[71]found that arousal and pleasantness are positively correlatedfor extraverts, which means that pleasa nt feelings a re more like ly

to be accompanied by high arousal for extraverts. On the other hand, arousal and pleasantness are negatively correlatedfor introverts,

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[edit]

[edit]

resulting in introverts exhibiting low arousal when feeling pleasant. In other words, if everything is going well in an extravert's life, which is a

source of plea sant feelings, e xtraverts see such situation as an opportunity to engage in active behavio r and goal pursuit, which brings

about an active, aroused pleasant state. Yet, when everything is going g ood for introverts, they see it as an o pportunity to let down their

guards, resulting in them feeling relaxe d a nd content. [71]

Well-being Measures as a Source of More Happiness Reported by Extraverts

In the majority of studies, positive affectis defined as a high-arousal state and is measured with scales assessing high arousal positive

affectand high arousal happiness.[72]For example, Sophia Dembling (2010) [73]in her contribution to the Introvert's Corner of the

Psychology Toda y, pointed out that in the study of Fleeson , Malanos, and Achille (2002).[74], which concluded that everybo dy(introverts included) a re happie r when they act in an extroverted way, the set of words used to describe hap piness (e.g. excited,

enthusiastic, proud, ale rt, interested, strong, inspired, determined, attentive, a ctive) were all "extrovert-centric", high- arousal words for

happiness. However, a variety of sources po int to the ability of gaining positive well-being also through low arousal, e .g. most religious

experiences occur in solitude, yet religion is positively associated with happiness and well-being. [47]Studies have actually found that

when types of happiness characterized by lower arousal were taken into consideration, a more positive association between happiness

and introversion was observed , since introverts prefer pleasa nt, yet low-arousal states [60], brought by their intense inner lives full of

intellectual, musical o r religious activities.[75]This relation was well-po rtrayed in the study o f Tsai, Knutson, and Fung (2006) [76], which

found that peop le in individualistic cultures , i.e. cultures which prize extraverted personality trait, value high-a rousal pos itive states (e.g.,

enthusiastic, excited, energe tic). On the other hand, peop le in collectivist cultures , cultures which ap preciate introverted pe rsonality trait,

value low- arousal positive states (e.g., calm, relaxed, serene). The calm and relaxed nature of introverts, combined with their vibrantinner lives gives them yet another advantage: they seem to be emotionally stable, and emotional stability has been found to be the

strongest predictor of happiness and life sa tisfaction.[77][47]

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Psychology portal






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See also

Analytica l Psychology

Big Five personality traits

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Personality

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TED talks - Susan Cain: The power of introverts talk by Susan Cain, author of Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't

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