YACYRETÁ 1I

ENVT.ONMEIrrAL ASSESSMT

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. ttw~~~~~~XCUTIV SZMMLARY

DEPARTMENT OF RESETTLXEXNT AND ENVIROMENT

YACYRETA BINATIONAL ETITY

APRIL 1992

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wb406484Typewritten Text E2921

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMET

ECU?rnE SUMURY

Table of Contents

Table of Contents .......................................................... 1

Introduction .............................................................

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Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework ................................. 3

Prcject Description ........................................................ 4

Baseline Data ............................................................. 5

Enviro=ental ImDacts ................................

Analysis of Alte=atives ................................ 18

Mitigation ............................... 20

Management Responsibilities ............................... 28

Mo itor-ng anid Evaluation .31

Attachmenet: Bibliography of Enviro=uental Studies ........................ 33

YACYRE5A II

ENVIRONNESTAL ASSESSMENT

EE=TVE SUYMARY

Introduction

1. The B'OIM~Yacyret&árProj b*paraná_RivezO'which forms the international border between Paraguay andArgentina. Vzidér3 thévYá yeit&!Treaty.?ofE 19j73'lySthe -rntidad Binacional Yacyretá(EBY) was created to design, build and operate the project. Thtwmajo'r-f¿at4ateq»tthe.proj ectwi5¿ ay 65:-ks wlongkearOht elevation ábovesdea levei*toa80nvwhich will create a reservoir roughly 250 km long and a surface area ofapproximately 165,000 ha (1,650 km2) making it one of the largesthydroelectric reservoirs in Latin America. At completion, the project isexpected to produce an average of 18,940 GWh of electricity a year, helpcontrol annual flooding, improve navigation and create the potential forir-igation in both Argentina and Paraguay.

2. In,1979'the- Bank-ápprovedza.VS$210 million 'loan -( n-s176I-AR), forYacyretá. Between-tl979, and-1984 ,; the.eproject,,-suffered-significant-99.' ke"R' However, financial problems worsened as macroeconomic instabilityincreased and sound sectoral policies were affected by political expediency.zIn l991a,new,gove-nment,-again*re-assessed the'project and determined.thatwith correction- ofY recurrent- problems -including poor.. proj ect managementi,(,financial oversight' and'- contractual -disputes- 'it would be-more' expensive tocancel,the-projectrthan to complete iowa.This2decision has led to the proposed

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Yacyhtá:I'-loan.' Currently the civil works (dai, powerhouse, spillways,navigation lock, fish passage facility) are approximately 80 ccmplete,assembly cf the first four generation units is underway and electricalequipment is being procured. Dueçto-the delay,in'-iconstruction,of, the, civilworks7f expec`ed 'environmental'&.» impactsÍ and the need. for -'resettlement, ofaffected,populations bhave,; also- been,delayed .

3. Ervironmental r,impact studies,zwere first,undertaken,in 1976.Various governmental and nongovernmental organizations have over the yearscarried out environmental studies. A bibliography of the environmental work.comeleted tO date is attached to this Executive Summary.

4. The Informe de Evaluación Ambiental dated 1992 or.Envi'ronmental4fss eEA)tpand the Plan de Accion para el Reasentamiento y Rehabilitaciónalso dated '992 or RE 95el'ement7andvRehabílitation--Action-Plan,eRRAP.J# bringtogether, sunmarize and update the plans and findings of all prior studies andidentifv mi.igation and compensation plans and actions which constitute the)Environmen.aE Management. P2an -(EMP4 to address environmental impacts due tothe project. ThefdrafttEA3tEMP.and-R.AP..were-.the, subjects: offo&mAl0 ,publichearingstrnees ngs,, and-¿briefings4for.,interestedg:provincialy and municipal:s.govermentalvinstitutins'z as -wel as severalVlocal nongovernmental-s-

ForgacizatioMitiónd565d65P§EBY^iS FebruazyA.1992 .etri Copies of the draft ZA, E.5and RRAP were also submitted for deta-lled review and formal comment tonterested non-governmental organizations, the cooperating munnicipal andprovincial governmental institutions in Posadas and Encarnación, and toresponsible national envi-onmental insticutions in Argentina and Paraguay, theSecretariat of Natural Resources and Human Envircnrent and the Subsecretaryfor Natural Resources and the Environment, Ministry of Agriculturerespectively. The comments and sugges.ions of these organizations are beingincorporated into the final EA, =- and RRAP. Formal Bank review of the finalEA, EMP and RRAP is expected in May 1992 to ensure that they conform fully toBank policv guidelines concerning environment, involuntary resettlement andindigenous peeples.

Policv. Legal and Adfministrative Framework

5. In Argentina the Secretariat of Natural Resources and HumanEnviro=2ent (SRNAX) was created by Presidential Decree Number 2419-91 issuedon November 18, 1991. The new Secretariat consolidates numerous sectoralenvironmental units, some of which have been in existence for a number ofyears, under the Office of the President of the Republic. These include theformer National Commission on Environmental Policy, National ParksAdministration, National Directorate of Natural Resources, National Instituteof Hydrological Sciences and Technology, and the National Directorate ofEnvironmental Regulation. The new Secretariat is presently conducting atechnical review of the EA and EMP and participating in public hearings atwhich they are discussed.

G. In Paraguay, the Subsecretary for Natural Resources and theEnvironment (RNMA) is situated within the Ministry of Agriculture. Withinthis Subsecretary is housed the Environment Impact Evaluation Unit, which is

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charged with evaluating development projects. The Envirornent ImpactEvaluation Unit is presently conducting a technical review of the EA and EIGand participating in pubic hearings at which they are discussed.

Proiect Descrintion

Proiect Co=onents

7. When completed the project corponents wlll be as follows:

(a) An earth dam, approximately 65 km long, with a uniformelevation above sea level of 86 m, añd a maximum height of 42 m,creating a reservoir of 1,650 km2 (165,000 ha);

(b) Two spillways with a total discharge capacity of 95,000m3/sec;

(c) A power house with 20 turbines of 155 MW, 20 generators of172.5 MVA, transformers, control equipment, etc.;

Id) Fish passage facilities to facilitate fish migration up theParaná River;

(e) Navigation locks alloving the passage of ships with a minimumdra'ft of '12 ft.;

(f) Irrigation intakes, one in each country, to permit developmentof irrigated agriculture in areas bordering the reservoir;

(g) A barrage ac-oss the Arroyo Aguapey, with the same elevationas the main dam, to avoid flooding some 40,000 ha in Paraguay. Itincludes discharge channels to transfer the water downstream of thereservoir. Also, the Tacuary coastal dike to protect urban areasof Carmen del Paraná city in Paraguay;

(h) A housing colony to accomodate supervisory personnel duringconstruction and, afterwards, the operational personnel;

Ci) 90 km of access roads which will be incorporated into thepermanent road systems of both countries;

(j) A bridge, 1,500 m long, over the Ana Cua branch of the riverneeded for access to the construction site;

(k) Relocation of infrastructure such as railways, ports,highways, sanitation facilities and electric and telephoneinstallations;

(1) Resettlement of about 50,000 persons on both riverbanks whowill be displaced by creation of the reservoir;

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(m) An environmental management plan, including protected areas,water auality protection, management of native fisheries,protection against the spread of water-borne diseases, culturalproperty salvage, environmental monitoring, and training; a-d

(n) A 500 Kv transmission system to transmit the energy producedto consumption centers.

Maior Environmental Im=acts of Proiect Com=onents

8. The.zmajorwenvironnentalWconseauences of the-project..-stem.fr r.hedamsandi theyreservoir ittvwill-Xtcreate.. At full development (and assuming theconstruction of the Arroyo Aguapey ba-rrage discussed below), the rese-voirwill have a surface area of about 165,000 ha (1,650 k]m2), comprising some107,600 ha of land and 57,400 ha of exis:ing river area involving the ?a.ranáand its tributaries. Ofatheitotz eflooded:landl,areaw,approximately-78 a,200 hatar-in .Parguay and:29,400 ha-are>-iR.-Argentina., Them'great,majority-oo'the. area} toNb efloodedjisgr sparsely-popu1atedkwildi.ands- including, grasslands,freshwater.marshes and.otherXw¿tlands.as:well.'as2~riverine;forest. This wilíhave major impacts on flora and fauna in the affected areas. The reservoirwill also transfocr habitats for fish and other aquatic life now prese=t inthat section of the Paraná River to be i-undated. Water quaiity conditi:ons inthe section of the river impounded by the reservoir will deteriorate c=aaredto conditions in the river today, due to accumulation of toxic mater-al.s 'romagricultural runoff and municipal anad i-dustrial discharges in the Paranáupstream in Brazil and Argentina as well as municipal sewerage discharges fromthe cities of Posadas and Encarnación near the tail end of the reservcir.Aquaric weed proliferation, algae blooms and eutrophication will be amcng therisks anticipated. Schistosomiasis, malaria, yellow fever, dengue fever andgastrointestinal diseases are expected to be the major human health r'sks,each exacerbated by worsenrng water c-aality conditions and/or improved habitatfor insect and snail vectors. The cult-vated area to be flooded is about1,500 ha, while cities and towns cover about 500 ha. The flooding will causethe involuntary resettlement of about 50,000 people mostly from the cíties ofPosadas and Encarnación.

Baseline Data

Wildlands and Biodiversitv

9. The principal habitat types that would be permanently inundated bythe reservoir are (i) freshwater marshes and other permanent and seasonallyflooded wetlands, (ii) natural grasslands (extensively grazed by cattle, butwith most of their native biodiversity still intact), (iii) riverine forest,and (iv) Parana-type rainforest (upriver of Posadas and Encarnación) . Theplant and animal species present in these areas have been the subject ofvarious studies over the years.

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lo. The reservoir area covers extensive wetlands and natural grasslandswhich provide habitat for a rich diversity of plant species. Two largeriverine islands named Yacyretá and Talavera harbor the greatest variety ofplant species. Som'eCil92:;~species-of plants have been identifré?¿d&in wetland andgrassland areas. Of these, the following are considered to be of conservationconcern: (i) Alsonhvla atrovirens; (ii) Psvchotria brevicollis; (iii)Tabelbuia pulcherrima; (iv) Xvlooia brasiliensis; and (y) Caloohvllumbrasiliense. The latter species, a tree known locally as "Arary", is the mostendangered of these species within Argentina and Paraguay, although it isstill wídespread and not threatened in Amazonia. Riverine forests arecomposed of some 64 species of trees, bushes, herbs and epyphytes, none ofwhich are considered threatened or in danger of extinction.

11. Anima epopul-ationssin thSrsezvo&r%area çinclude "atj least 1212species;. of birds , mand 8 apecies of->reptiles.Although some of these species are in danger of extinction, none are expectedto become globally extinct as a result of _his project, nor to lose asignificant (more than 5 perce.-) f-actien o- -he_. remainina habitat.

12. Of the 121 bird species known from the reservoir area, 4 areglobally threatened with extinction (as listed in The ICBP World Checklist ofThreatened Birds, published in 1988 by the International Council for BirdPreservaton). cf these, 3 (MUantled Xawk, Leucorternis polionota; HelmetedWoodpecker, Drvoconus caleatus; and Azure Jay, Cvanoco-ax caeruleus) o- rthe remaining parches of rainforest (Selva Paranense) which occur along bothbanks of the Paraná River, upriver of Posadas and Encarnación. The maximumarea of possible habitat for these species that would be inundated by theYacyretá reservoir is about 3,600 ha at EL 83 (none at EL 76 or 78), mostlyfragmented in small patches. The fourth species, Saffron-cowled Blackbird(Xanrhoosar flavus), is presently (within the prcject area) only known _romthe Arroyo Aguapey valley, an area which would remain largely unaltered by theproject unless the planned barrage is not built (in which case it would bepermanently flooded, as discussed below) . In addition, several other birdspecies (such as the Greater Rhea, Rhea americana; Red-winged Tinarnou,Rhvnchotus rafescens; Bare-faced Currasow, Crax fasciolata; and Toco Toucan,Ramohastos toco) occur on the islands to be flooded and are of localconservation concern, but not globally threatened.

13. Among large manmnals in the reservoir area, the most threatenedspecies are considered to be the Tatouay Armadillo (Cabossous tatóuav), ManedWol' (Chrvsocvon brachvurus), Pampas Deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus) , Marsh Deer(Blasocerus dichotomus), and South American River Otter (Lutra loncicaudis).These species all have relatively wide ranges in southeastern South America,and are probably declining more from direct hunting and human persecution thantro= habitat loss. Although it supports viable populations of these species,the Yacyretá reservoir area does not represent a significant portion of theirtotal available habitat. Lesa well known are the small mammals (particularlybats and rodents) of the Yacyretá project area. Data are lacking as toexactly which small mammal species occupy the project area, which may beendangered, and whether any have a significant portion of their worldpopulation in the area to be flooded by the reservoir.

and Corrientes. Risks of accurriulation of phosphates and nitrogen in thefuture reservoir are high.

20. Pestici'des and.organic-toxins present;.todayzin the:-ParanA-R'fiEirsfrom, agricultural.: rnoffalreadyzexceed: thée' safety standardsi. fors drincing-.water and-:protection offaquaticj life' which obtain. in Argentina. Examples ofthose which exceed acceptable standards for drinking water are aldrin, DDT,heptaclorine and cadmium; in addition, lead, chromium and malathion exceed theofficial levels of safety for aquatic life. Other parameters such as levelsof suspended solids, phosphates, etc. are low to very low.

Public Health

21. The major inifectious diseases endemic in the future reservoir areaare hepatitis and varicus gastrointestinal infections and parasites.Contaminated water due to deficient waste disposal and sanitation systems,such as lack of sewage systems and trash disposal systems, constitutes asignificant public health risk in the region today especially in the urbanareas. B bui1tmon theWbanks'of IseveraP large

_ jPy R iver.which serveXas collector'of solid-ad& wkiquidriiatetasKwell,astrash-which areiperiodically,flushed.. inrtot;e ParazáRive:=duringXthe.rainy;seasons;,'s Various kinds of gastrointestinal infectionsand intestinal pa_asites, usually diagnosed simply as "diarrea", are common cnboth sides of the river. They are by far the most significant pub'ic hea'thproblem,' reported by clin.ics to number several thousands each year compared toa few scattered cases of typhoid fever and a score of cases of hepatitis eachyear.

22. Water-borne7 di sease vectors present-:in. the'region include severalvarieties1 of,mosquito. which transmit malaria.

Cultural Pronerties

23. Present?.knowledgee'of-archeologicalí sites and historical sites,thatwillz be affected by,the project=. is-incomplete, and work to complete. necessary.surveysiand studies-isr,underway. SystemAtic field surveys and investigationshave been completed to date on the Argentina side of the Paraná River.Irformation from the Paraguay side is only indicative because systematic fieldsurveys have not been completed. 'n-rArgentina,. some:,l4 archeological-.sites,representing:th& Um ú^bpreceram ic-, ithic,--,tradition-of hunters and gatherers,hay becn -identified, which is distributed throughout riverine areas ofParaguay and Brazil. One of these was a village, which was excavated by theUr.iversidad Nacional de Misiones, and the remainder were only lithic remains.Anotbentr13.t siresa,w,ere~,,,,identified;,representingq-the- Tupiguaran. verai ctradition¡.of4tropical-Forest-agricu turalists;,which like the Umbú traditionis widely distributed throughout riverine areas of Paraguay and Brazil. Thesites, which are located on low-lying terraces near clay deposits, have beenheavily af_ected by erosion and sedimentation due to the rise and fall of theriver. A parzicularly rich site ofE long occupation by people of thistradition has been excavated on the Caña.e Island. Prelimina_y data f_omParaguay indicates the presence of similar archeological remains.

24. ThePçh t'erl-andTregizenAgofePosadaswand"Encarnaciónt,contain numerousSpaneshaco1onia1~.ruinu~s ofiE stob?lc mnóortance. Remains of missions foundedby the Society of Jesus (Jesuits) beginning in 1600 and lasting to 1767, whenthe Jesuits were expelled from Span.ish America, are densely distribured onbo-h sides of the river, generally en high plateaus. The major missio-n sitesare well known, and some such as Trinidad in Paraguay and San Ignacio inArgentina are major tourist attractions, but surrounding areas are less wellresearched. Sites near the river on the Paraguay side include San Cosme and.__nidad, the main raission areas of which are above the future reservoir leve!but whose outlying areas are less well known. The city of Encarnaci6n wasfoended by Jesuits in 1615, but today retains no trace of its origins. COrtheother-. hand, histo:-ical"''búildings' dating from the begining--of this-centur-y in,Enca-nación;" such-,asjthe Customs,House,; the Post Office,¡ and the-old

,go=ercial district,- are located in the zone to be flooded by the futurereservoir. On the Argentine side there are no known Jesuit mission sites nearthe future reservoir. However, the old Railroad Station and Workyard datingfrom the end of the last century will be inundated by the future reservoir.

Indigenous Communities

25. In 1987 it was discovered that argroupfo indigeus Mbya peepleliving on the Yacyretá Island had left the island in 1974 at the time theYacyretá Treaty through which the project was created was in preparation. Afield investigation by a non-governmental organization (Episcopal Conference)concluded that the indigenous group, composed of about 10 families or 40people, might have left the island to avoid problems with the authorities andthus the construction of the project would have caused the involuntaryrelocation of these people. With the assistance ,of the Bank and the EpiscopalConference, EBY acquired a property of 370 ha in a forested area and providedit to the indigenous group for their resettlement. The area was accepted by

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the Mbya families. They were provided assistance in resettling to the areaand given collective title to the property.

Involuntarv Resettlement

26. Therreservoir createdtby^.the-.-Yacyretá Darn will affect about 10Oe685---familiesa(50-,420-;pers'ons), their economic activities in the agricultural,industrial and commercial sectors, and community facilities such as schools,churches and parks as well as infrastructure such as railways, ports, roads,electricity lines and government buildings. -According to the-population-and*propertyicensus^.conducted.by

clay found atalluvial fans alongthe river as raw Total Total FamUlies Famil¡esmaterial which will Persons Families Resettled to bebe inundated as 'f f-e-ed Affected to 1992 9º93=1£dwell. TSe citywater supply Ar;entinafacility, portinstallations and Urban. 26,640 .5.,.330 1,262 4.,068railway station at .Rural .955 190 16 174Posadas will alsobe submeerged, as Total ..24.,5.5 5,520 .1,278 .4,24-2will 30 km of mainrailroad track, 10 Parac. a-km of roads, theElectricity Company Urba. 18,850 3.,770 98 3,672of Misiones .ural -,975 1,395 326. 1,069() Province thermalpower plant, and Total. 25,825 .5:,1.5 424 4,741portions of the .. _ : _.:.:;telephone, -Gandelectricity and Total . ... -D,42 085. .1,702 ,983water supply

------._networks. Bozl 1: Affected Population

30. PoDulation Affected in Paracuav. Zn:r&agy7theaaffectedwu-ban¿pplto=jt bribujs8,-850 personstishYcte oaEcr aiS:n::Ca e=de}1eParaná ->Te remaining 6,975 persons are in the rural and periurbanareas surrounding these two cities. &Unlike:tbhe».Argentine2 side,;; the a.afected.urban- populationcont+the'Paragguayan side is,largely (67Y); from the midd1e andhigher incme-strata of-.the- comnmity, The central business district of thecity of Encarnación will be f1ooded, with a total number of about 600commerc'al establishments requiring relocation. About 280 industrialenterprises which process fa:m cnmmodities of the region will also have to beresettled, such as rice mills, a tannery, sawmills, grain silos, vegetable oilfactories, etc. In addition, several hundred tile and brick kilns, somemechanized and employing a total of about 1,000 workers, will either beinundated or lose their traditional sources of raw material. The.rural`-areaaffected iniParaguay-is,,overwhelmingly- (95V) from the lower income stratum and-is'.composed mostly-of-subsistence-level-farmers dependent upon 120 ha offarmland and 1,190 ha of natural pasture that will be affected.

31. Infrastructure that vill be affected on the Paraguay side includethe major Paraguayan government buildings for the Department of Itapua (ofwhich Encarnacion is the capital), three schools, two churches, militaryinstallations, the city dock and wharves, 106 km of railroad track, the cityelectric power plant, sore 70* of the electricity distribution network, 0S ofthe telephone service lines, the water supply facility and much of the water* supply distribution network.

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Envirornental I=nacts

Wildlands and Biodiversity

32. Ofx.the z,pprox lymateyt107.7,60. ha-iof land,swhi ch,;would be-permanent yzinundated*byL7thetreervroirisat.sEL-,83iabout) l15' 300C:ha',(98epercent>ncari--beclassifiedrastw"i.ldlands.,or.: natural-.-ecosystems which have.,been,-relatively,-unmodifíd0ithumnan'activities,. These land areas retain the great majority oftheir native animal and plant species. Of the 105,300 ha of wildlands thatwould be lost to the reservoir, about 70,900 ha are freshwater marshes orother types of permanent or seasonally flooded wetlands, 18,600 are naturalgrasslands of various types, and 15,800 are river-edge forests (including some3,660 ha Paraná-type rainforest upriver of Posadas and Encarnacl6n).

33. At the initial operating level of the future reservoir (EL 76), itssurface would reach so=e 110,000 ha of which sore 52,600 ha correspond to landflooded and 57,400 ha to existing river bed. Almost all of the land areainvolves wildlands, corresponding to an estimated 8,393 ha of riverine forestsand 44,207 ha of wetlands and natural grasslands.

34. esusltesu wthe permanentxflooding.q.ofçt.he se

Environ=ental I=nacts

wildlands and Biodiversitv

32. Of the approximately 107,600 ha of land which would be pernanentlyinundated by the reservoir ar EL 83, about 105,300 ha (98 percent) can beclassified as "wildlands" or natural ecosystems which have been relativelyunrodified by human activities. These land areas retain the great majority oftheir native animal and plant species. Of the 105,300 ha of wildlands thatwould be lost to the reservoir, about 70,900 ha are freshwater marshes orother types of permanent or seasonally flooded wetlands, 18,600 are naturalgrasslands of various types, and 15,800 are river-edge forests (including some3,660 ha Paraná-type rainforest upriver of Posadas and Encarnac'ión).

33. At the initial operating level of the future reservoir (EL 76), itssu-race would reach sore 110,000 ha of which sore 52,600 ha correspond to landflooded and 57,400 ha to existing river bed. Almost all of the land areainvolves wildlands, corresponding to an estimaced 8,393 ha of riverine forestsand 44,207 ha of wetlands and natural grasslands.

34. As a result of the permanent flooding of these wildlands by theYacyretá reservoir, all of the plants (except those taken 5or nurseries orprivate collections) and many of the animals present in the reservoir areawill perisS. Certain highly mobile animal species, particularly birds, willreadily escape the rising waters of the reservoir on their own. Other animalspecies, including most mammals, will be unable to leave the existing ParanáRiver islands (which will be totally submerged at EL 83) on their own. Ananimal rescue component (discussed below) is planned to reduce wildli-Femortality. Those animals which successfully relocate to land areas above theEL 83 water line, whether or not with human assistance, will face increasedcompetition and predation fro= animals already present. Ma=y of the relocatedanimals may not survive or successfully reproduce. However, in the specificcase of large mammals, most of the areas which will receive these additionalarimals are believed to be below their ecological carrying capacity due tohuman hunting pressure, so that the relocated animals can be expected tothrive if hunting is successfully controlled.

Fish and Other Acuatic Life

35. The Yacyretá Project will transform some 57,400 ha of existingriver and stream area into a reservoir lake habitat covering about 165,000 ha.On the positive side, some of the native fish species present in the rivertoday are expected to adapt to and thrive within the waters of the futurereservoir (except for those areas which become anaerobic due to biomassdecomposition, discussed below) . However, many other fish species are notexpected to adapt to the altered aquatic envirornent; these species woulddisappear from the inundated sections of the river and streams. However,these species would still be present in suitable habitats of the Paraná Riverand its tributaries above and below the future reservoir. This scenario hasgenerally been the experience with other large reservoirs in South Arnerica.

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36. The Yacyrezá Dam is expected to pose a significant barrier to fishmigrations. To facilitate passage of migratory fish upriver, the dam designinciudes 2 fish transler stations, each with 2 elevators, intended to liftmigratory species (including those which lack the jumping ability to utilize afish ladder) past the dam into the reservoir. One of the elevators is alreadyin operation, having success'ully transported nearly 1 million fish of manydifferent species during the past half year. Fish mortality within theelevator has been well under 5 percent, except in rare instances whencommercial fishermen illegally gained access to the elevator and harvestedlarge volumes of fish. However, there appears to be considerably highermortality just after the fish are released, as large predatory Dorado fish(Salminus maxillosus) have learned to wait by the release a-ea for ar. easymeal. A major unanswered aues.ion is how the ntigratory fish, whichinstinctively swim up curren.s, will react to the relatively still waters ofthe future reservoir.

37. The fish elevators are intended to provide for fish passageupriver, but not downriver. To go downriver, migratory fish species will haveto use either the spillways (when they are operating), turbines, or navigationlocks. Since the dree from the reservoir level at EL 83 to the river belowthe dam will be about 20-25 m, considerable fish mortality may result from theimpact. Migration through tle turbines will be even more hazardous--Marticularly for the larger 'ish, which are likely to be cut by the turbineblades.

Downriver Im=acts

38. One other major elfect of the project on fish and other aquaticlife (as well as other enviro=mental impacts) would be inof the Paraná River, which is about 25 km long and 2 km wide. The Aña CuaBranch will be subject to annually recurring dessiccation, unless enough wate_is released 'rom the spillway during the dry season to keep this secticn ofthe river wet (as discussed below) lf the Afa Cua Branch were allowed to dryout every year and then refill during the wet season, it could funCtion as amajor recurring deathtrap for fish u=able to escape its drying pools.Dessiccation of the Afña Cua Branch would also pose water supply problems forthe nearby town of Ayolas, Paraguay.

39. Asideafromíthe serious.issue.of- tthe -A a

which now serves as a major "silt trap" for the river. As a result, theriver's sediment load just downriver of the Yacyretá damsite is presentlyquite low, compared to what it would be under conditions without Ita_pú.Because the river's sediment load is low, the additional reduction -4 sedimentafter the Yacyretá dam is completed is not expected to be significant, interms of its potential for increasing riverbed and bank erosion ratesdownriver of the dam.

41. Concerns have been expressed that operation of the Yacyretá Damwould cause significant ecological changes in major downstream wetland areas,particularly the Pantanal de Neembucu in Paraguay and the Esteros de Ibera inArgentina. However, this threat does not appear very likely for two reasons.First, these wetlands are now believed to derivDe most of their'water fromsources other than the annual flooding of the Paraná River. Second, operationof the Yacretá Dam would not significantly alter the natural flooding regimeof the river, in te=ms of average maximum annual flow. Only extraor-na-yflooding, such as creater than lO-year floods, would be controlled 'y the dam.A more serious threat to these wetlands may be their drainage for irrigationdevelopment programs, discussed below.

.ndirect Environmental Im=acts

42. In accordance with the World Bank's environmental requirements, the

8tYacyretAsPioj ñpói L FfeiRf l ipctsre We to

a?pears that flth ora d ironmenta Jmpacts-of theYacyret&áProjeçcty wuld,sbi-tél'ated- to'píos'bbI irrigationodevelopmenit Underan existing binational agreement, the Yacyretá Project will include theconstruction of 2 irrigation water intakes (one each for Paraguay andA-gentina), which would make it possible to use water from the Yacyretáreservoir for some type of irrigation development project. The irri_ationintakes have not yet been bu'lt, but are planned for construction a.fzer initalreservoir filling to EL 76 and before its final filling to EL 83.

43. Taking into account the agricultural and economic conditicns onboeh margins of the Paraná River, a large-scale irrigation project in theYacyretá area appears more likely in Paraguay than in Argentina in theforeseeable future. Any large-scale irrigation development would obviouslyhave important environmental impacts. Of particular concern is a proposal foran irrigation project encompassing about 200,000 ha in Paraguay, which woulddepend on water made available by the Yacyretá reservoir at EL 83. -.hisproject would involve drainage, land clearing, irrigation, and much new humansettlement in what are presently mostly sparsely-settled wildlands in the areabroadly known as the Panatanal de Neembucu. The proposed irrigationdevelopment area also encompasses all of the Arroyo Yabebyry watershed, whichis recommended as one of the main compensatory protected areas for theYacyretá project.

44. However, constructing' the irrigation intakes as planned would notnecessarily imply that the above-mentioned project would indeed be developed.A variety of alternative, less environrentally sensitive, sites in Paraguay

14

could be used for new irrigation development that utilizes Yacyretá reservoirwater. The irrigation intakes would provide the Governments of Paraguay andArgentina with options for new irrigation development, but the decision toproceed wirh any particular irrigation project would be made independently ofthe Yacyretá Project. The financing for any such new development would alsobe completely independent of the Yacyretá Project.

water Oual¡tv

43. 1 ly s_-a¿'i f ed,with upper reaches heated to higher than today's surface water temperarurebecause of the large surface area exposed to the sun's radiation and lowerreaches cooled to temperatures lower than today because of the-increased depthof' the water compared to the river at present. Yegetationzwhic±iniwenotrn,«

clearedX,f~q thewioxarEl&i decom ovpoótrxIA,;.periodo'reasffollowingsreser-oi.2izi'ing. Part of tne vegetation consists of substancesthat will decompose relatively slowly or remain essentially unaltered throughtime, such as tree-trunks and main br-anches of trees, which will inhibit watermovement if not removed. *Te such as leaves,flowers, small branches as well as grasses, bushes, vines and other s=allervegetation wi.AEl beginZdecop asid--g-fap faew dayu; after-'reservoir.fi'-l'ing~IWhidChu&,¡l aff,ec ttwiterza?i%b*asumDntfíssoyeyxgRrTi

Sodhtriomietminthe~future,. e hresult_wouldobetaifmassiveafishtkil l and extremely poozwater_conditions:a: the.surface~and,

44. Eutrophication of the reservoir could result from enrichment of thewater with nutrients from decomposing vegetation and dissolution of metalscontained in the soils, such as iron and manganese. The discharge cfuntreated sewage or dumping of trash in tSe reservoir will fur.her e=nance thenutrient content of the water, particularly phosphorous and nitrogen.Sunlight~acting»-upon:. the- nutrient-enr-ichedawater will-: sti=ulatiethe-growth,ofalgaes-and aquatic weeds on-thesurface of-the reservoir. Algaes will beparticularly stimulated by phosphorous and nitrogen enrichment from sewage.Some of this will provide food for fish and other aquatic life. But ink certain areas such as arroyos or deeper zones close to the shoreline, wherethe water will be super-enriched with nutrients and will be slow moving orstagnant, floating mats of aquatic weeds will probably develop. Inparticular, Eichhornia crassines is established but scarce today in the Paraná2iver Basin, but it can be expected to thrive in the future reservoir.Floating~mats^of aquatic-weeds. provide good habitats for mosquitoes and snailsvhich; function;as'twater-borne disease vec:ors for malaria, yellow-fever,dengue fever and"schistomsomiasis ^ In addition, dense mats of floatingvegetation can block navigation and irrigation intakes, and decomposition oflarge quantities of aquatic vegetation can release chemicals such as hydrogensulfide which will harm electromechanical equipment.

Public Health

45. The future reservoir will provide good habitat for aquatic weedsand water-borne disease vectors, as mention above. The risks of human

exp6surretomalariáa,dengue'fever-and schistsos=iasis~ are .expected to;be ,-rconsideraby7inc-r!easéd by the futureY-reser-voirWd .- In*addition,z.-sewage;.nowdi-sohá d 'gedm-tt-áeted:into7'theŽ.ParanaRPiver by citiessm'rand tSe citiesofe Posadas~and.wEncar ación at~tSeétedge: of_the future"reservoirt:wi-llinocrase.publicwhealthrisks-of inLectious'diseases.' Conditions could be particularlybad at the mouths of streams enteríng the reservoir at its tail end, wherewater will be relatively slow moving or stagnant. Unfortunately, Posadas andEncaznación, with a combined population of about a half million people, arelocated at the tail end of tShe reservoir precisely at the mouths of majortributaries of the Paraná River. Public health risks for infectious disease,unless corrected, can be expected to be much greater in the future tSan theyare today in these two major cities.

Cultural Pro=erties

46. Prehistoric and historic aroheological remains identified abovewill be inundated .by the future reser-voiz.

indioenous Communities

47. The impactsÑof thetYairyrItáProj ectl uponi. thev Mbyanindigenousoc=smity haveSa:ready taken,placesduring,ithez.early».phasesfof -construction,wp entheybwere splacedtfr=mbYacyreváaIsland. TheMbyahafavefexpressedPsatisfactionVwith--the^.resettlemen-*locazion.given to them, and, inr par-icular,the fact that for tShe first time in memory they have legal title to land. Inthe past, unable to defend their rights to use land upon which they dependedfor their livelihood, they were forced to flee from place to place byimmigrant Europeans ending up finally on an island in the Paraná River wherefew immigrants wanted to settle. The Nb,ya now state that they feel relativelysecu-re and view the future with more cptimism. One indicator of this is theirinterest in education, including adult literacy classes, and their decision totake advantage of the all-weather highway passing near their land by plantingsome crops for sale in the market of Encarnación.

Involuntarv Resettlement

48. The4international bridge, linking Posadas and Encarnación constructed as.part of. the-overallSproject..design,-.was completed in 1989.o About 1,700families (about 8,500 people) have been r.esettled from areas affected by theb_idge between 1984 and 1992. Theuresettlement".operation for'thS'bridge provides;some-eimportant experience with involuntary resettlement, fror whichEBY has derived a number of lessons that have been used in strengthening theAction Plan for Resettlement and Rehabilitation for the remaining and muchlarger population to be displaced by the reservoir. These_lessons,a=re.as,*follows.

49. Affected families owning property were given a choice between cashindemnification and relocation to one of the resettlement areas prepared byEBY. In resettlement areas affected families were provided new houses inex_hange' for those taken by the project, or, if the value of the replacementhouse was greater than the house taken, the affected family was required topay back over a 20-year period the difference between the indemnification

amount and the value of thenew house. Affected Arrentina Paracuavfamilies who did not ownproperty expropriated by the Urban Resettled 976 60project were provided theoption of relocation to a Rural Resettled 15 61resettlement area and a 30-year mortgage to pay for the Urban Cashreplacement house. Both Compensation 286. 38populations were providedthe same services, including 2ural Cash 'tubed water supply, Ccompensation 1 2.65elect-ricity, septic tank, _drainage, paved access andinter3al roads as well as Totals 1:,.278 424cozMunity buildings, ._,-_-_.__schools, recreaticn centes..and orher coarunity Grand Total 1,702,-'rastructure.

50. tHouseszbüilt*bY'EBY, Box 2: Fam.ilies Resettled Throught,,,en,d,"e,ffi^tQ^LbjdExce's'sivelys Februa=y 1992=,xp, nsis e xa>Q t si v eled t -

theWneeosEoD^aE fctedçp'ooráfamilties'or affordable, low maintenancestructures. Affe-cted fam liesowithouUSprspertyXtitles Xamcng _rneypoo=esz ofli9,aj-he!qCc-edp,opulat yn-whav,elfoundzlitpi mpossib.lel:.toTmak'e.monthl 3mott3gepayme=ts on.comparati slyKigh-value,-eplacement-,-housesitt .s a result, fewhave received titles to the new houses and land. Those with property titieshave done better, but some have refused to pay their (mruch smaller) mortageson grounds that the pocrer famnilies are not required to pay. In addi ion,.legal.^.fees affected. families,Iare-reqauired to pay-to, obtain:.titles.-areexpensive, {another reason few titles have been issued to date). It was alsodciscovered that special.problems...face-.a__ected fermale-headed-households.aswell as households comsposed of elderly cr disabled persons living alone. Anadditionalí.-lesson iszthat, evacuation- of;,areas.. to be affected bymsthezprojectshould occur.,only shortly before the land is -to- be taken byv EBY; Large tractsof land evacuated for the bridge const-rction and not fully utilized by E3Ywere subsequently resettled by new families. Therefore, a second resettlementoperation must be launc-hed in the same area earlier vacated. Finally;,:an,*important lesson-.centers on.the organization and management. of -theresettlement operation.,, .Until-recently,-'-managementet of- the-resettlementoperation, was, excessively"centralized" W'Ithin EBY and the Department cfRese::lement and Environnient, which atten=ted to impiement directly a'laspects of the resettlement operation, causing inefficiency and-delay;stemmingfr=s failure..tolenlist the participation of relevant-institutions.-of-.local-government, non-gove =ental'organizations as wellY'as''the-settlerscthkemselves.These lessons have been incorporated into an Action Plan for Resettlement andRehabilitation discussed below (see section on Mitigation)

17

Anal1sis of Alternatives

51. Because of the fiat terrain, the-*Yacyretá Project has a. low :ratioof-..Iydropower generated per land area flooded> (30 kW/ha or, in annual energyte=ms, 175 GWh/ha). 'It'alao reqgires the resettlementez2'tof aThrge nimber-of,people,.-because the reservoir created by the dam involves the pa=tial floodingof 2 large cities.

52. Despite the project design and site selection decisions that weremade in the past as part of a global optimization process, it is important toanalyze under present conditions the relatively limited range of alterrativesthat remain available. alternativesrwhi-chwtil.lremain. availableeforconsi.deratioa. arei.( i)oper ane tzoperation of:'the¿Yacyzetáreservoir- at;,1lower;.-le_el.than;EL- 83, andi.(ji) comp1eting-thewprojecn: vithout'the' Arroyo- Aguapeye-barrage.

53. Permanent-soperationtof'the>Yacyretá& reservoir-at a -lower levelfi(suchs as EL 76v. or's 78 )~ fwould-fsi iifi'cantlyçreduce..enyirormiental mitigation,costst These can be summarized as follows:

(a) The additional number of people to be involuntarily resettledat El 76 m would be 7,000 or at EL 78 m 16,000 (some 8,500 peoplehave already been resettled) instead of about 42,000 at EL 83 m(seé pa=a. 78-80 below).

(b) At EL 76, the reservoro would not create slow-moving orstagnant waters in urban areas. As a result, the potertial. 'crsevere water quality problems (in the absence of adequatemitigatory measures) for EL 83 would not materialize at EL 76.These problems include the sewage and industrial pollution- orelatively stagnant urban bays, increases in mosquito and snai1populations in urban areas, and a= increase in vector-borne andgastrointestinal diseases (see para. 70-75 below)

(c) The wildland area flooded at EL 76 would be only about halfthe amount lost at EL 83: 52,600 ha rather than 105,300 ha.Wildlif e losses would also be proportionately less (see pa-a 60-65below).

(d) At EL 76, the Parana-type rainforest (with its va_'iousendangered species) upriver of Posadas and Encarnacion would becompletely unaffected; at EL 83, over 3,600 ha would be flooded(see para. 61b below).

(e) At EL 76, the Ana Cua Branch of the Parana River would receivea substantial amount of water all year long, since the Aña Cuaspillway would operate on a (more or less) continuous basis (seepara. 57-58 below).

(f) At EL 76, irrigation development associated with the YacyretáProject would not be likely (due to high water pumping costs).Thus, both the econo«ic benefits and the enviro=mental costs oflarge-scale irrigation development would not be realized.

54. Despitesitss-significant:advantages fro= an environ=ental.and,resettlement standpoint,. permanent:'operation of the reservoir at any,levelbelow 83 would:imply significantly lower electric power generation., Under thescenario of permanent operation at EL 76, 03ly about half as much pcwer wouldbe generated per year as at EL 83: 9,700 instead of 18,700 GWh/year. Sinceit is anticipated that the additional 9,000 GWh/year will be needed inArgentina in the immediate future, ope-ating rthe reservoir-at-' a lower levelthan EL 83 would imply, the need for.additional, higher-,cost,,aourcesi.ofelectric power. Any other source (or combination of sources) that couldgenerate 9,000 GWh/year would have much higher economic costs than thecompletion of Yacyretá with operation at EL 83. This is the case even whenthe adAitional costs of resettlement and ervironmental mitigation (needed forEL 83 bu: not for -EL 76) are taken irnto account.

55. Thebijalternativero:ft,completing;-xhe:-Yacyret:áProject:.(with-'peration"atZELÁ 83) ., wirhout'.the" planned Arroyo'~Aguapey barrage"would be-jenvironmen:allymuch less desir able' (alrhoughP'i tWñi ghtVwell, bew advan:ageousSfro-m.aa:ri5c:lyeconomic:,s,tandpoint):-. Without the planned barrage (which js required underthe'existing binational Yacy-retá treaty but is not yet under construc_ion),t.e Arroyo Aguapey valley in Paraguay would be pe=iane=tly flooded. Thiswould imply the loas of an additional (very roughly) 40,000 ha of naturalgrasslands, wetlands, and riverine forests, raising the total land area lostto the Yacyretá Project from 107,600 ha to about 147,600 ha. As noted above,a; least 1 endangered species of bird (SaLffron-cowled Blackbird) occ_rs it thearea that would be flooded if the barrage were not built. An additi_3alapproximately 1,000 rural people would need to be resettled if the barragewere not built. tsl=add datara- 'epara:el'énvironmen:alimpac:study of the A-royo Aguapey barrage will be, carried out-witrhin the7nex- year.This studv will focus- indetail upon the implications of the Yacyretá, Projectwith and without- this barrage-.-

56. Although alternative sources of energy-could be used to satisfyArgentina's,projected increase in electricity demand,' the economic analysisinaicates that completing Yacyretá would provide electricity at-a lower oeconomic cost than any other combination of new electricity sources. Thequestion of whether improved energy efficiency and demand management couldforestall the need to complete the Yacvretá. has been raised. If the powerdemands projections prove to be optim:s_ic, as has happened during the decadeof the 1980s, for example, or if electricity rates to consumer are a: the longrun marginal cost, growth in power demand could be slowed. Nevertheless, even,with- slower demand growth than that projected at present the need for Yacyretawould not be avoided; moreover,, even,under slower demand growth conditiona,the project would make it economically possible to replace exising thermalplants burning gas and thereby avoiding global warming effects.,

Mitigation

ManageTfent of Water Releases

57. One-of .themost -important-.envirozmental mitigation tools availableáf!Yacyreta4is proper. management of

releases typically imply a reduction of potential power generation, suchreleases should, for economic reasons, be kept to a necessary minimum. Toreduce the required amount of water releases from the Aha Cua spillway, EBY isstudying the possiblity of building 3 mini-dams on the Afa Cua Branch. Thesesmall dans would help to ensure that no section of the Aña Cua Branch belowthe dam would ever be without so=e minimally acceptable depth of water. Themirni-dams would form barriers to fish movements up and down the Aña C-_aBranch. However, most fish migrations are expected to take place n theParaná River's Main Branch, on which all of the fish elevators are s_tuated.

Wildlands and Biodiversitv

60. The most important measure available-for. mitigatingsthe,-lossóofnatural ecosystems through reservoir innundation is;the establishmen, of. a.,network of compensatory,protected,, a.reas.- These compensatory reserves shouldbe ecologically as similar as possible to the ecosystems that will be a'fectedby the Yacyretá project. ;Seven~reserves, totalling:-about': 80;OO- bha, are w

tpropS- compentationifor he wildlands which would be lost due tothe Project. Five of these reserves still need to be established; twc alreadyexist but should have their onr-tne- ground management strengthened. 0- ny one(Campo San Juan) of the seven reserves is likely to require land purchase byrBY. For the other reserves, the land is either (i) already Goverrme-r-owned;or (ii)

smaller forest fragments which occupy the area to be flooded)Campo San Juan is owned by 1 individual, who is likely to log theforest unless the land is purchased.

(c) IRincón Santa Maria is an area of about 2,500 ha (above EL 83),owned entirely by EBY and located just upriver of the Yacyretá dam.Comprising mostly natural grasslands, this small proposed reserveis considered suitable as a temporary home for many of the animalswhich are to be rescued from the rising waters of the reservoir.It should also serve as an interesting sample of a naturalgrassland ecosystem which is not grazed by cattle (unilike virtuallyall of the surrounding grasslands on private ranches) . Themanagement plan for this area will eake into accounr the probableresettlement of about 30 rural families on EBY-owned land adjacentto the proposed reserve.

(d) VTeyu-Cuare#is an existing Provincial Reserve of 78 ha, underthe jurisdiction of the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resourcesof the Province of Misiones. It mostly comprises a large, scenicrocky outcropping along the banks of the Paraná River, wi-.i unusualxerophytic vegetation in a high-rainfall zone. The Teyu-CuareReserve presently is only a "paper park", with no physicaldeniarcation or other on-the-ground protection or management.Although a relatively small portion of Teyu-Cuare would be floodedat EL 83, this would be com=ensated through suppor. from theProject for its demarcation, necessary infrastructure andequipment, and the development of a management plan.

62. Thethree:,other-propose&dcompensatory reserves::would?be -inParaguay, as follows:

(a) The west end of Isla Yacvretá (along with several adjacentsmaller Paraguayan islands;j: including Yegros) lies immnedi atelybelow the Yacyretá da= (although the rest of Isla Yacyretá will beflooded by the reservoir). Comprising about 10,000 ha cf mostlyGovernment-owned land, this area has riverine forests, wetlands,and natural grasslands which are highly representative of the areasto be flooded; it also harbors a good population of the locallyendangered Arary Tree (CaloDhvllum brasiliense). Althouch sore ofthis potential reserve has been disturbed by the digging of borrowpits for dam construction, these areas will become good wildlifehabitat (especially for marsh and water birds) after they arephysically rehabilitated by the civil works contractor (so as tohave gently sloping sides).

(b) The Arroyvo Yabebvrv Watershed is a relatively flat areaencompassing more than 40,000 ha. A mixture of wetlands, riverineforests, and natural grasslands, the area has been identified byParaguayls Conservation Data Center as ecologically very similar tolarge island areas te be flooded by the Yacyretá reservoir. Mostof this land is part of large private cattle ranching estates,

22

where traditional extensive grazing patter=s are highly compatiblewith biodiversity conservation; and

(c) ~Atincuvis an.existing EBY-owne,d faunal reserve of a.out 100ha, most of which is riverine forest. This small reserve wasestablished by EBY's enviro=nental staff primnarily to serve as atemporary hore for the animals to be rescued from the reservoirarea. The reserve's small but attractive zoo has potential forlocal tourism and environmental education.

63. It:-is'proposedt hat the investments needed-to''protect,and manageadeaáuately these...7 reserves. would-be,,fiznanced through-theYacyretá.-Project.-hese investments would include physicai demarcation, protection-rela.tedinfrastructure, field and office esuipment, and the development of 'ong-termmanagement plans. The recurrent costs,of mnanaging these protected,a-.eas-í(salaries,, fuel-, spare parts, and supplies) would-be,supported bya-special'llocationr of the revenues'-earned fro= electricity.sales (discussed furtherbelow).

i 64. Iniaddition tothe.above-mentioned protected areas,;:thá YacyretáProject wouldesupport>,. efforts to:protect. native.forests: growing alon= tSe edgeof: the, future- reservoir, both, toreduceesedirntation.'and'. to pro'r'iLVd1ife.habitat. mn those areas where EBY would not own the reservoir-edge land, itwould solicit agreements with the landowners to leave a ,buffer;st-offo_est_orother natural,vYegetatiozV'at->least-~-lOC'rmeters wide.h Fores_r sta.f4(whose activities would be financed out of an allocation from electr:city salerevenues) would help to enforce forest conservation in these buffer st_ips.Those areas at the edge of the future reservoir which are naturally uz.forestedwill1 probably naturally develop a cover of riverine forest orr other -ensenatural vegetation. For this reason, manual tree-planting along the -eservoiredge will probably not be justified.

6S. To reduce mortality of animals trapped by the rising wate-s of thereservoir (particularly on the riveríne islands to be flooded), an a-imalrescue component is planned. This component would focus primarily o= thosespecies (listed in the EA) which (i) lack sufficient mobility to escape ontheir own and (ii) are considered rare or threatened. Most of the a-i alscaptured are likely to be relocated to one of the compensatory reservesmentioned above; some would be sent to zoos. As noted above, the con=ensatoryreserves are generally considered to have populations of mos: large mammalspecies that are well below their natural carrying capacity. The relocateda.nimals of many species will therefore have a generally good chance cfsr.uviving and reproducing success'ully, assuming that the protected areascoamonent of the project is effective in controlling illegal hunting.F.sh and Other Aouatic Life

66. Aside.from the careful management of wáter releases.fro=-the,Yacyretá damr(discussed-'above),.rmitigation of the"project''seffects'on-fishwill initially involve two main components: C(i)- Systematic monitoring offish populations and movements.and (ii) control of fishing below the' dam.

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67. Because the fish transfer stations (and even the dam itself) areessentially a large scientific experiment involving migratory fish, carefulmonitoring ia necessary. The Project would support a program of systematicmonitoring of the populations and movements of economically important fishspecies, both above and below the dam. The monitoring program will beassisted by a fish research laboratory which currently exists (but will beupgraded under the project) in Ayolas, Paraguay, as well as a second suchfacility planned for construction in Misiones, Argentina, near the ta_l end ofthe reservoir. Such fish monitoring data will help to determine the optimumoperation of the dam's spillways (as discussed above), as well as the fishelevators themselves.

68. Although subsistence, commercial, and sport fishirng-are animportant way of life in the Project area, the unnatural concentrations ofmigratory fish below the dam (and especially in the fish elevators) makefishing in these areas exceptionally easy, leading to potentially disastrousoverfishing. For this réason, EBY will demarcate the area of river ',000meters below the dam where (under existing Paraguayan law) a21 fishi5g iSprohibited. Any EBY staff who are caught engaging in, or permiiting, 'ishingwithin the eleva_ors will be summarily fired.

69. Arthough fish;batcserieswere l-n4ti&iiy. pianned; for. thesYacyretáprojec-t,^they -dotnorappearDto,beneeded:-atrthisns-ie.} This is becauseadequate populations of economically desirable fish species are' likeiv tobeco=e naturally established wit-in tSe Yacyretá reservoir. Even i' whis isnot the case, hatcheries would be needed to establish and maintain such fishpopulations only if conditions in the reservoir were conducive to theirsurvival, but not to their breeding. The Project's systematic fish monitoringprogram will help to deter=ine whether fish hatcheries would indeed be ajustified invesrment; however, this is not likely to be known until a- leasttwo years after final reservoir filling. To avoid major ecological risks, nonon-native fish species would be introduced into the reservcir ncr cthersections cf the Paraná River of its tributaries.

Water Oualitv

70. At present,a the fast-flowing Paraná-River is able to assimiiate'fairly quickly much. of the organicmindus-trial pollution which it receives.,However,' at'reBervoi' EL 83,' urban^. bays ar the edge of,Posadas-and Enca-naciónwould have very-limited-ássimilative capacity(due to ver- low wateíivelbcity)for. this- typé'~of --ollution-. To mitigate this impact, the Yacyretá Projectwill include a- component of technical- assistance to the. responsible Argentineand Paraguayan' agenciés' for improved regulation of2 industrial 'water poilutióon.

71. To improve reservoir water quality, EBY will selectively deforestcertain areas to remove the biomass bef ore flooding. Clearing of the biomasswill concentrate upon removal and salvage of tree tr-unks and cutting andburning of the rest of the vegetation in situ along the river banks andtributary streams as well as on the riverine islands where stands of forestare found. To prevent erosi4on of the riverbanks, biomass clearing will belimited to the areas below the minimum level at which the future reservoirwill be operated. The filling of the reservoir in stages (EL 76, EL 78 and EL

24

83) will permit substantial biomass removal in the critical areas where risksof thermal stratification and eutrophication are greatest, namely, tSe centraland western part of Yacyretá Island, the south of Talavera Island, and theArroyos Yaca.rey, Rincón Santa Maria and Ombú.

72. Biomasi'"removal, together with the construction of seweragecollection-and-treatment systems in' the-'cities of Posadas and Encarnación(discussed-below,under Public Health) will help maintain the water quality ofthe future reservoir at acceptable levels. Even with the planned biomassremoval, it will not be possible to avoid excessive nutrient errichment inso=e parts of the future reservoir. Therefore, as noted above, the operatingregime of the reservoir will take into aczount the management of water qualityand control of water-borne disease vectors by trading off energy generazionwith the need to reduce environmental risks. Specifically, in order tocontrol the proliferation of water weeds and to flush excess nutrients out ofthe reservoir, the reservoir will be periodically lowered for several veeks.This will dry out and kill floating mats of acjuatic weeds and the rapidrelease of surface water will assist in flushing out nutrient-rich wazer.

Public Health

73. Populátions.>'diísplaced 'rom the... banks:oftthe-. Paraná'River and -ts,.tributaries rare' leia¿ving..areas; where:publi'c4:health,-conditions- re-poor, tne*i 0W- iying;;areas, aloná'the. erdge_of: waterways-.;T TheseX7areas -ido,^notvxhave,Rpctablewa.e= sources.. drainageusystemszo vseptic_tankswandff.receiYexconta'm ha-e*-unof: 'rom.higher pats;ofztSe.cities:rThe poor living in these areas are-aso unlikely to have received vaccinations against diseases whi«h areavailable more readily to other socioeconomic groups. Resettlement cc these -people wiii result in a marked imorovement in public health conditions for tworeasons. Fizst, all resettled people a-e provided complete vaccinaticrs at nocost. Second, resettlement areas are prcvided with potable water sys-ens,drainage systems and septiz tank or sewerage systems.

74. Protecting the public health of the rest of the population wvilrequire conistruction of sewage collection systems, installation of sewacetreament facilities and construction of potable water systems for both thecities of Posadas and Encarnación. It it believed that these systems will no.be needed until the reservoir is raised to its full level of EL 83, but znorder for these systems to be built in time the work must begin under YacyretáII. Provision has been made for-the necessary studies of alternative designs,selection of final designs and preparation of detailed design studies fcrthese systems beginning under Yacyretá II in 1993.

75. Public health monitoring of water-borne disease vectors and ofcl_nical cases of vector-borne and infeczious diseases will be carried outunder Yacyretá 1I. The monitoring system will include collection of insectand snail samples for laboratory analysis to detect the presence of diseases.Clinical surveys will examine actual cases of infectious and vector-bornediseases to assess trends and evaluate the effectiveness of control programs.

Cultural Prooerties

76. Archeological remains excavated from the future reservoir area onthe Argentine side have been catalogued, recorded and are now curated at theDirección de Cultura of the Municipalidad de Posadas. Scientific s.udy ofthese is ongoing. -Under,the Yacyretá II Project, the remaining archeologicalsurvey,.excavationr, cataloging, recording, analysis and conse-vation work. willbe completed., This work will be contracted by EBY with an international team,headed by an inter=ationally recognized professional archeologist acceptableto the Bank, that will include professionals from the Catholic University ofEncarnación and the National University of Misiones in Posadas. Arrangementsfor the cu-ation of the arti'acts will be made with the Direccón de Cultura inPosadas and the Catholic University.of Encarnación.

Indiaencus Communities

77. -Anuindigenous community development plan is part of the overallAction- Plan. forRes et 1-ne't'n.d Rehab'ilitarion. It includes inves tments incomponents recuested by the Mbya themselves to improve their levels oflivelihood. Elect-ificatizn was requested by the community --o pe_m- adultliteracy programs as well as other school functions in the eve-ing hours afteradults retu=n home fro= work. . A tube well and electric pump to serve theco=unity's school building was requested to replace the present hand-dugwell, because the latter is dAy fcr ?art of the year. Ongcing proo=ams towhich the Mbya have agreed include vaccinations and medical service providedby EBY and agricultural extension assistance to assist production of highervalue crops. The Mbya also place importance upon beginning _ruit treecultivation and milk cow production, both new activities for which theyrequire financing and tec=nical assistance fro= EBY to get starred.

involuntarv Resettlement

78. The resettlement operation is divided into two phases correspondingto the schedule of reservoir fillingT. The firstsphase-will1resettle allfamilies affected by reservoir filling totEL 76 m (1994) and EL 78 m (1995),and the second phase will resettle all families affected up to the finaldesign level-of EL 83 m.- The first phase will be implemensed during the lifeof the proposed Yacyretá I1 loan, and the second phase will be implementedprior to vhen the reservoir is eventually raised to its design level (expectedin 1998). A total of 3,250 families (16,250 people) or about 35* of the totalaffected population-will be-resettled in the first phase: 1,390 families willbe resettled before the reservoir rises to EL 76m in 1994 and 1,860 familieswill be resettled before the reservoir rises to EL 78 m in 1995. Inundationwill begin in June of each year, so the population must be mobili_ed andtransferred to their new locations between-January and June. Const-uction ofhousing, installation of infrastructure, preparation of new farnland and soforth will take place one year prior to the mobilization and transfer ofpeople. Therefore, preparation of new settlement areas must begin in January1993 and be completed by January 1994 for the fiyst 1,390 families, and mustbegin in January 1994 and be completed by January 1995 for the next 1,860families being resettled in phase one.

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79. The resettlement legal framework and policies of EBY have beenmodified to correct'problems encountered in the past, (see para. 50 above).These new policies are summarized as follows:

(a) The'a'fected population is defined as all persons who- losetheir home,` means of livelihood or both as a--result of-the'construction-of the Yacyretá project civil, works, whether o_ notthey are owners of the home and/or land expropriated by theproject, and were identified in the census conducted by-the projectin 1989-1990.

(b) The subgroup of families who appear in the census of affected'persons of 1989-90 have the right to participation i.n the EBYresettlement,tincluding entitlement to replacement housing and/orreplacement land (minimum production unit in rual areas) togetherwith necessary in.'rastructure such as tubed water, electricíty,sewerage and drainage systems to enable them to improve thei-levels of livelihood and to restablish their periurban or Lbanproduction systems.

(c) .The'- subgroup pf families recently taking up residence in---theaffected`zone-after the census of-1989-1990,-'will be..resettled bytheir:respectiveit,local'.-government,with--assistance-from--EBY

in aform to be defined which _s acceptable to the Bank.

(d) Al k costsiof-.replacement housing.and land for.affectecfamilies-who do not have titles to property;affected which theyoccupy will be- borne by BEY,-including all housing, infras=-uctureand facilities, without-a=ycostetwle.pasdrbymthiFa^fectedfamilies.

(e) The costs of replacement housing and land for affectedfamilies who have title to property affected, and, therefcre,receive monetary compensation for the loss of that property, willpay 35Y of the total cost of the replacement housing and landover a period of 30 years at G% interest if the cost of replacementhousing is greater than monetary compensation paid, or will bewithout cost if the former is more valuable than the replacementand EBY will reimburse the difference in value to the affectedfamily.

(f) Affected families resettled in the past who are today unableto pay the cost of replacement housing and land allotted to themwill be given the option to trade the previously allottedproperties for those made available at no cost as in para 74(d)above. Families who are able to pay the cost of replacementhousing and land allotted in the past will be required to pay as inpara 74(e) aboye or give up their rights to the property allotted.

(g) Costs of legal and administrative'procedures to secure andissue ownership titles to affected families for replacement housesand land will be paid by EBY.

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(h) Replacement faxmlands will be provided in an amount equal tothat which is acquired by the project up to 20 ha in the case ofowners with legal title, above which only monetary compensationwill be paid, with a minimum of 7.5 ha to all rural familiesregardless of the amount acquired by the project and irrespectiveof whether they have title to land acquired or not.

(i) Contracts for management, supervision, monitoring and cost andquality control of the construction of physical wo-ks, such as,housing and infrastructure, will be made with local governments.Similarly,,the p=ovision of. social,- health- and-literacy programs toaf'ected 'amilies will be contracted with institutions of-localgovernment that- 1il be--responsible&for-théií'-inplementation.

1 Ineach case EBY will provide incremental costs.

80. iEBY-has located sufficient''acceptable land for replacement urban,housing-at-fou- sites on the Argentine side''and three sites on the Parguayanside; -These sites are adjacent to or within the urba.n limits of,the twocities, so resettled urbar lamilies will in no sense be isolated fro= theirsources of employment. U=ban transport. and ?communications systems a_re beingrevised- to provide complete and.- affordable services to these new settlementareas. Land for rural resettlement has been identi£ied on the Argentine sideand soils studies and detailed engineering studies for infrastructure andunderway. On the Paraguayan side, sufficient land is estimated to beavailable but the procedures for buying the land have only just been definedand actual acquisition has not started. Purchase of replacement lar=land onthe Paraguayan side, therefore, is a critical activity which must be intitatedin the first year of Yacy-re:á II.

Manaoement Resoonsibilities

Ma,naaernent of water Releases

81. Management of water releases 'from the Yacyretá dam to satisfy a.variety of environmental objectives (as.;wellsas the principal objective ofelectric power generation) would be the responsibility of EBY, the binationalagencyr which will operate the Yacyretá project. The head of E3Y's Departnentof Resettlement and Environ=ent (DR-) , or another designated EBYenvironmental specialist, will be guaranteed a major voice in al' EBYdecisions concerning the management of water releases.

Wildlands and Biodiversitv

82. EBY is presently requesting the establishment of the proposed IslaApipe Grande, Campo San Juan, Isla Yacyreta, and Arroyo Yabebyry compensatoryreserves through appropriate Gover=nental channels. The Teyu-Cuare andAtinguy reserves already exist; the R.inc6n Santa Marla reserve will bedeclared unilaterally by EBY, since it owns all of the land. It istentatively expected that the Governnent agencies with principalresponsibility for managing each reserve will be as follows: Isla Yacyretáand Arroyo Yabebyry--Paraguay National Parks and Wildlife Directorate (in the

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Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock); Isla Apipe Grande--Subsecretariat ofNatural Resources, Province of Corrientes (Argentina); Teyu-Cuare--Mixnistry ofEcology and Renewable Natural Resources, Misiones (Argentina); Campo San Juan,Rincon Santa Maria, and Atinguy---EBY. To varying degrees (most pronounced intbe case of EBY), these agencies are likely to contract out the long-te=mmanagement functions for these reserves to gualified NGOs (such as theFundación Vida Silvestre in Argentina and the Fundación Moises Bertoni inParaguay). As noted above, EBY will finance the recurrent costs of managingthese protected areas, as well as the protection of other reservoir-edgeforests, through the allocation of a small portion of electrici.y salerevenues. The animal rescue component will be planned and executed by anexperienced international contractor, assisted by EBY's enviro=mental staffand by local volunteers.

Fish and Other Acuatic Life

83. Monitoring of -fish populations and movements .will be carried out byELBY's environmental staff, assisted by consultants during the next 3 years ofthe Project. The fish elevators-will be-operated by" EBY workers,, unde tShesupervision and guidance of EBY's environmental staff and consultants. -Since,most of the Parana PRiver immediately below the Yacyreta dam is legally a partofbú Paraguay,, the- Paraguayan Navy has the police-power to enforce theprohibition- on fishing 1, 000 meters below the damn. (Fishing in the watersiimediately above the dam is not a sericus concern, because boaters are=nwilling to risk being sucked into tSe dam's turbines or spillways.) Undercor.venios (legal agreements) with the Paraguayan Navy, both the Argentine Navyand ELY would assist by reporting _ishing violations to the Paraguayan Navy.

Water Oualitv

84. Reservoir clearing will be conducted by EBY through conve-_os withthe Department of Public Works of the Province of Misiones and the Departmentof Public Works of the Municipality of Encarnación. ELY will also providetechnical and financial resources to strengthen their capacities for this workbv hiring exper-ts consultants and co=tractors. Regulation of industrial waterpollution is the responsiblity of the (i) Ministry of Ecology in Misiones,Argentina and (ii) the National Environmental Sanitation Service (SENASA) inParaguay.

Public !lealth

85. Detailed design work for the sewerage and potable water systems forPosadas will be -carried out by EBY through convenios with the Province ofMisiones, Ministry of Public Health, and Province of Misiones Sanitation WorksAgency (APOS) ., On the Paraguay side, the same work will be carried out by ELYthrough a convenio with National Corporation for Santitary Works (CORPOSANA).EBY will also provide technical and financial resources to enable therespective government institutions to strengthen their capacities for thiswork by hiring expert consultants and contractors. The Department of Public

Health of the Municipality of Encarnación annd the Ministry of Public Health ofthe Province of Misiones will carry out epidemiological monitoring.

Cultural ProDerties

86. Prehistoric and historic archeology work will be carried by aninternational team head by a professional archeologist in collaboration withthe Catholic University of Encarnación and the National University ofMisiones.

Indiaenous Coutmiunities

87. The indigenous development planlyill be implementedas part of theAction Plan for Resettlement and Rehabilitation by EBY through a convenio withthe Ministry of Agri culture for technical assistance and- extensionrl services,the Department of Public Health:of the unmicipality of Encarnaciónwfor healthservices, and the Department of Public Works of the Mticipality ofEncarnación-for delivery of tubed-water^and-electricity-services. Explicitprovision has been made for the direct participation of the Mbya peoplethemselves in the design and implementation of these components.

Involunta-vr Resettlement

88. Responsibility-for-r-esettlementSremains with EBY:bu. explicitprovision is. made for-direct'-participation of- the7affected-population; localgovernment 'institutions and local nongovernmental-- organizatiozs nin the designand implementation of the Resettlement and Rehabilitation Action Plan. Allconcerned parties have contributed ideas and comments on the draft version ofthe plan in 1992, and the final plan reflects these contributions. EBY willmaintain skilled technical staff throughout the implementation phase toprovide guidance, quality control and technical assistance to localgovernmental and nongovernmental organizations collaborating in theimplementation of the project. But EBY will not attempt to staff itself withsufficient personnel to carry out all aspects of the implementation, relyinginstead upon strengthening the capacity of local organizations to carry outthe programs.

89. Within the Department of Resettlement and Environment of FEY, aResettlement Coordinator will be responsible for program plann-ing, contractmanagement, training, and cost and quality control. This position will beassisted by a senior social science specialist with experience in resettlement.operations. The Resettlement Coordinator will draw upon the Technical andWorks Control Division of the same department for engineering exper_ise andupon the Data Center of EBY for creating a systematic data base regardingreset.lement operations. In the area of socioeconomics, a division will becreated consisting of a senior urban social worker, a senior rural socialworker and a senior agricultural extension specialist, supported by 6specialist consultants (3 for each side) in management of social work andagricultural extension services.

90. The Province of Misiones has established a Technical SteeringComnaittee under the chairmanship of the Vice Governor,. in cooperation with an

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analogous conmíittee formed by the Mayor of the Municipality of Posadas, tocoordinate local government services to the resettled population on theArgentine side. Similarly, the Muicipality of Enca-nacion has established aTechnical Steering Committee under the chairmanship of the Mayor to coordinatea similar effort on the Paraguayan side. These committees will bestrengthened by contracts with nongovernmental expert consultants (engineers,work inspectors, monitoring specialists, etc.) to carry out theirresponsiblities for supervision, monitoring, contract management and cost andquality control under te=ms of re'erence approved by the Bank prior tocontract signing. Cooperating ministries and departments of local governmentresponsible for delivery of social work, health and education services willlikewise be strengthened by contracts with private sector experts andspecialists to deliver these services. Te-ms of reference for these expertswill be approved by the Bank prior to contract signing.

91. EBY will provide during the first two years of the proposedYacyretá II project a series of training programs in contracr negotiazing andmanagement, control of costs and quality control, accounting and mon.i oringsystems to all collaborating local government and nongover=mentalorganizations.' Two training courses per yea.r arre planned for the Argentineside and two per year for the Parguayan side, or a total of eigh_ trainingcourses.

Monitorina and Evaluation

92. Implementation of the EMP and the APRR will be evaluated a=nuallyby-an independent nongovernmental scientific research institution cor_ractedby EBY.t Terms of reference will be agreed between the Bank and EBY.Qualified institutions will offe= multidisciplinary professionals in all_elevant fields cf biological, phvsical and social sciences. Annualevaluation reports will be reviewed by EBY and the Bank jointly andrecommendations formulated to address the outco=es reported.

93. Monitoring of environmental and socioeconoomic conditions in theproject area of influence will be car-ied out by EBY and relevant institutionsof local government. EBY will provide continuing financial support of theseactivities out of the power generation revenues of the Yacyretá Project toensure that monitoring will be continuous and of high quali:y. Box 3 displaysa matrix of the monitoríng activities and institutions responsible.

ArQentina Paracuav

Reservoir Entidad Birnacional Entidad Binacional'Water Quality -Yacyretá Yacyretá.

.Disease Vectors Min. of Public .Health Dept. of Public HealthProvince of Misiones Mun. of Encarnación

Clinical Disease min. of Public -Sealth Dept. of Public HealthrPovince of Misiones ."un. of Encarnacíón

.:Ur:han DrL4ncking APOS CORPOSANAWVater :Quality

P-.ish.Populations Entidad Binacional Entidad Binacionaland Migrarions Yacyret . 'Yacyre:&

.:Resettlement and Technical. Steering .Technical SteetingReba'ilitation Cciittee,. Province Corc(i.tee,,Mun. of

Misiones Enca=nación

Box 3: Environment and Resettleaent Monitoring Arrangeoents

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Attachmnent

Yacyretá IIEnvironmental Assessment

Executive Surnmarv

Bibliocraohv of Envirorntental Studies Conducted for Yacvretá Prciect

Author Title Date

Centro de Ecología Aplicada Estudios Sobre Ecologia y 1976(Buenos Aires) Salud en el Proyecto Yacyretá

Centro de Ecología Aplicada Estudios Ecologicos en el Area 19779 de Yacyretá, Informe 2Harza and Associates investigación Sobre el Medio 1977(Chicago) Ambiente: Situación Actual y

Tareas Futuras

Harza and Associates Protección y Desarrollo de 1977Recursos Humanos y Naturalesen el Area de ProyectyoYacyretá

Harza and Associates Beneficios Derivados de la 197,Navigación, Turismo y Pesca

Harza and Associates Am=liación de los Informes a 1977los Bancos: Impacto Ambientaldel Proyecto Yacyretá (Planosde la Obra)

4~ Harza and Associates Especificaciones para los 1977Programas de Control de Calidadde Aguas, Fitoplancton y Bentos

Harza and Associates Programs de Investigación y 1977Administ_ación a Largo PlazaSobre el Medio Ambiente

Centro de Ecología Aplicada Estudios Ecologicos en el Area 1979de Yacyretá, Informe 3

Entidad Binacional Yacyretá Principales Unidades de Suelos y 1978(Ituzaingó) Vegetación en el Area de Yacyretá

33

Entidad Binacional Yacyretá Calidad de Aguas y Descarga de 1978

Influentes en el Area de Proyecto

de Yacyretá

Entidad Binacional Yacyretá Importancia y Control de la 1979Calidad de las Aguas en losEmbalses de las Represas de la

Cuenca del Plata

Centro de Investigaciones Informes Sobre Estudios de 1980-1981Toxicológicas (Buenos Aires) Calidad de Aguas en la Zona de

la Represa de Yacyretá

Universidad de Informe Sobre el Plan de 1979-1980Misiones Evaluación Econ6mico y(Posadas) Biológico Pesquero en el

Rf o Paraná entre el ArroyoItaembé y San Ignacio

Centro de Ecologia Aplicada Estudios Ecologicos en el Area 1980de Yacyretá, Informe 4

Entidad Binacional Yacyretá Linologla Anlicada y 1981Acuicultura para el ProyectoYacyretá

Entidad Binacional Yacyretá Normas de Saneamiento Area 1982Rural

Harza and Associates Informe de Instalaciones 1982para la Transferencia de Peces

Instituto Nacional de Informe 1: Entomologia 1983Entomologla de Salta

(Salta)

Entidad Binacional Yacyretá Metodologia Para el Desmonte 1984

del Area Afectada por la Futu=a

Represa de Yacyretá

Instituto Nacional de Informe II: Entomología 1984Entomología de Salta

Biosonics, Inc. (Seattle) Proyecto Técnico No. 1: 1984

Estudio Hidroacústico paraExaminar los Patrones Migratoriosde Peces en el Río Paraná en laZona del Proyecto del DiqueYacyretá

Instituto Nacional de Informe III: Entomología 1985Entomologia de Salta

34

Instituto Nacional de Informe IV: Entomologia 1985Entoologia de Salta

Bisonics, Inc. Proyecto Técnico No. 2: 1925Estudio Hidroacústico paraExaminar los Patrones Migratoriosde Peces en el Rio Paraná en laZona del Proyecto del DiqueYacyretá

Harza and Associates Informe de Diseño 120-0-002, 1986Instalaciones para Transferenciade Peces. Actualización de Dise5o

Bisonics, Inc. Proyecto Técnico No. 3: 1986Estuidio Hidroacústico paraExaminar los Patrones Migratoriosde Peces en el Rio Paraná en laZona del Proyecto de DiqueYacyretá

Entidad Binacional Yacyretá Estudios Ecologicos y 1986Ambientales: Pol£ticas yResúmen de los EstudiosEjecutados y en Ejecución

Entidad Binacional Yacyretá -lan Maestro de Gestión 1987Ambiental - Documento Basea Manejo Ambiente

Campbell, T. Socioeconomic Aspects of Yacyretá 1987

Quirós, R. and Associates I--ormes de Avance e Informe 1987-1988(Buenos Aires) Final: Campafias I a IV, Programa

I-.ensivo de Marcación de Pecesel Río Paraná y Campaffas 1 a III,3 Caotura de Peces por Unidad deEsfuerzo Pesquero

Roca, Alfredo and Informe de Avance: Programa '987Associates de Fauna(Buenos Aires)

Roca, Alfredo and Informe de Avance: Programa 1987Associates de Estudio, Protección y

Conservación de Fauna Silvestre

Roca, Alfredo and Informe de Avance: Fauna 1988Associates Silvestre del Area del Proyecto

Yacyeretá: Sintesis deAntecedentes

35

Roca, Alfredo and Programa de Fauna: Cronograma 1988Associates de Tareas - Plan de EstudioCiervo de los Plantanos - MapaEcológico - Programa de Creaciónde Reservas

Centro de Tecnologia Diseño de la Red de Monitoreo 1988del Uso del Agua de Calidad de Agua en el Area(Buenos Aires) del Proyecto Yacyretá

Universidad Nacional Proyecto de Estudio de Calidad '.988de Asunción de Agua del Rio Paraná y sus

Afluentes Comprendidos en elArea del Presa de Yacyretá

Entidad Binacional Yacyretá Memoria Sobre El Programa de 1988Relocalizaciones

Universidad Nacional de Patriomonio Cultural Afectada 1988Misiones (Posadas) en el Area del Proyecto Yacyretá

Gomez, C. and Macelo Programa Impacto Ambiental para 1989Carro la Ciudad de Posadas

Coelho dos Santos, S. Reassentamento das Populacoes 1989(Santa Catarina) Afetadas Pelo Projeto Yacyretá

Brornberg, P., M. Scombati y Plan de Accion y Programa de Medio 1990D. Munoz (Buenos Aires) Ambiente, Relocalizaciones y Desarrollo

Social (four volumes)

Muñoz, D. Proteccion del Medio Ambiente en 1590Yacyretá: 1990-1996

Fernandez da Motta, Consultoria na Area de Saude 1990ki E. G. Publica

Branco, S. M. Relatorio de Viagem a Yacyretá 1990para Avaliacao dos ProblemasPotenciais de Qualidade de Aguas

Universidad Nacional de Informe Final Sobre Las Campafñas 1991Misiones de Pesca Experimental en el Rio

Paraná Entre Los Arroyos Yabebiryy Itaembe

Clara Mejia, Marfa Plan de Acción para el 1992(Posadas) Reasentamiento y Rehabilitación:

Iñforme Preliminar

Quintero, Juan David, Informe de Evaluación Ambiental 1992Ricardo A. Ronderos y Proyecto Yacyretá: Versión

E. Campos Cervera Preliminar(Posadas)

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