Environmental Protection in the European UnionVolume 3

EditorsMichael Schmidt and Lothar Knopp, Cottbus, Germany

Environmental Protection in the European Union

Volume 1M. Schmidt, L. KnoppReform in CEE-Countries with Regardto European Enlargement2004, XII, 205 pagesISBN 978-3-540-40259-6

Volume 2M. Schmidt, E. João, E. AlbrechtImplementing StrategicEnvironmental Assessment2005, XXXII, 742 pagesISBN 978-3-540-20562-3

Volume 3M. Schmidt et al.Standards and Thresholdsfor Impact Assessment2008, XXIX, 493 pagesISBN 978-3-540-31140-9

Volume 4M. Schmidt, G. Caldeira Bandeira de Melo,K. Fischer KuhResponse to Climate Change2008, in preparation

Michael Schmidt · John GlassonLars Emmelin · Hendrike HelbronEditors

Standards and Thresholdsfor Impact Assessment

123

Professor Dr. Michael SchmidtDepartment of Environmental PlanningBrandenburg Universityof Technology (BTU), CottbusP.O. Box 10 13 4403013 CottbusGermanymichael.schmidt@tu-cottbus.de

Professor John GlassonOxford Institute for SustainableDevelopmentSchool of the Built EnvironmentOxford Brookes UniversityGipsy LaneHeadingtonOxford, OX3 0BPUnited Kingdomjglasson@brookes.ac.uk

Professor Lars EmmelinDepartment of Spatial PlanningBlekinge Institute of Technology (BTH)SE-371 79 KarlskronaSwedenlars.emmelin@bth.se

Dipl.-Ing. Hendrike HelbronDepartment of Environmental PlanningBrandenburg Universityof Technology (BTU), CottbusP.O. Box 10 13 4403013 CottbusGermanyhelbron@tu-cottbus.de

ISBN 978-3-540-31140-9 e-ISBN 978-3-540-31141-6

DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-31141-6

Environmental Protection in the European Union ISSN 1613-8694

Library of Congress Control Number: 2007942755

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Foreword

From the beginning of environmental regulation and environmental impact as-sessment, debates have raged about standards and thresholds. This book adds a great deal of light to such discussions. It will provide important guidance to those who must confront these issues.

The earliest pollution laws either banned activities outright (such as King Ed-ward I’s ban on the burning of sea coal in London in the fourteenth century) or provided only vague guidance to courts or administrators (such as opacity stan-dards for smokestack pollution). The earliest environmental impact assessment law (the National Environmental Policy Act of the United States, 1969) simply applied to actions “significantly affecting the quality of the human environment,” without more definition and used such terms as “the environmental impact of the proposed action,” “long-term productivity,” and “irreversible and irretrievable commitments of resources.”

How far we have come! Now nearly every country has legislation providing specific standards for contamination or harm to the environment be used for envi-ronmental decisions. Most countries use numerical or similar thresholds for trig-gering an EIA and for evaluation of activities. Of course, the standards themselves may or may not be scientifically defensible or adequate to take into account the values of the society where they are used. The chapters in this book help to un-cover the assumptions used in various contexts and offer a unique opportunity to view standards and thresholds in a comparative context. It is sure to become a standard reference work for environmental professionals of all kinds. John E. Bonine, Professor of Law in the LL.M. and J.D. Programs, University of Oregon; Founder, Environmental Law Alliance Worldwide Oregon, November 2007

Preface

Practitioners – responsible for decision-making in impact assessment in different sectors and at different planning levels – need on the one hand a lot of expertise, and on the other hand case studies as well as legal standards and scientific thresh-olds as benchmarks for decision-making. With new requirements for impact as-sessment and dynamically changing environmental conditions, there exists a sus-tained need for guidance to practitioners. Therefore the main motivation for editing this Handbook on standards and thresholds for impact assessment was to give guidance to practitioners for good practice on environmental impact studies (EISs), which are often very complex and comprehensive. The editors of this Handbook have attempted to partly fill the existing gap of scientific advice to practitioners in the field of assessment values and to meet the need for additional guidance. Standards and thresholds are applied in several stages of the environ-mental impact assessment (EIA) process – such as screening, scoping, impact pre-diction and assessment, as well as monitoring.

Many standards and thresholds are politically set to classify ranges of high risk or likely harm to human health and the environment. Assessment standards and thresholds are not defined in the EC EIA or SEA Directives, but national envi-ronmental policy, EIA Acts plus Spatial and Sectoral Planning Acts supply many such standards. However, legal obligations alone cannot guarantee high quality environmental assessments; expert knowledge and common efforts by all stake-holders involved in decision-making are needed. Non-binding assessment thresh-olds have to be derived from environmental objectives and operationalised as guidance values for the assessment of impacts affecting a specific area. Such case-by-case decisions at policy, plan, programme and project level require sophisti-cated knowledge on the significant effects of many development actions on the one hand and on a wide range of environmental media on the other hand. Practi-tioners need considerable expertise and high quality data to achieve an efficient and environmentally sound assessment process. Competent and licensing authori-ties additionally have to understand and approve quantitative and qualitative val-ues, which are applied to and influence the results of assessments. They generally have to accept statistics from analyses and evaluations of environmental consult-ants or planners in charge of the environmental impact study (EIS). Delivered data, applied assessment methods and values are often not sufficiently transparent.

In EIS, estimates have to be made on the significance of impacts and the carry-ing capacity of the state of environment in the affected area. Prevention requires a long-term time schedule for future decades, which may not be achieved with the mitigation of the significance of impacts of one single project activity, but which requires an overall review of different types of environmental assessment in all sectors and at all planning levels – leading often to a cumulative and/or strategic approach. The book gives examples of the methodological derivation and practical application of environmentally relevant standards and thresholds in EIA. It seeks in particular to serve as guidance for competent authorities and licensing authori-ties to better: identify significant impacts in the scoping process, evaluate the qual-

VIII Preface

ity of assessments of area-related environmental conflicts in the EIS, and to under-stand the effect quantitative and qualitative values have on final decisions.

The book is divided into five Parts, which present a wide variety of approaches from different technologies and sectors affecting different environmental media, future environmental issues and implementation processes. Part I introduces legal, procedural and political fundamentals, which deliver standards and threshold val-ues of varying strengths and status. Part II discusses standard and threshold values for different types of projects, with examples for both site-specific and spatially dispersed projects. Part III evaluates thresholds and standards from the perspective of the environmental media and their carrying capacity. Part IV discusses emerg-ing fields of application and Part V concludes with implementation steps. A vari-ety of different case studies presented in the book link to possible practical appli-cation fields at different levels of planning and in different sectors. The book also includes some future oriented issues, where the implementation of new standard and threshold values will be necessary quite soon if good practice and high quality EIA is to be further promoted.

We wish to thank all authors from the various countries for their valuable arti-cles, which made possible this comprehensive publication. We do also accept that despite this wide scope there are even more examples of project types and envi-ronmental media which might have been included. We also express our acknowl-edgment to the PhD students from the international network for Education and Re-search in Environmental and Resource Management (ERM) at BTU Cottbus, who were invited to contribute as future staff members in science and practice, and who will be soon in charge of promoting a sustainable use of our planet’s re-sources. We also thank Mr. Dmytro Palekhov for his unwavering support in the final stages of formatting all manuscripts.

This Handbook is the result of cooperation between the Brandenburg Univer-sity of Technology (BTU) Cottbus in Germany, the Oxford Brookes University in Oxford in the United Kingdom and the Blekinge Institute of Technology in Karlskrona in Sweden. We hope practitioners, researchers, academics, students and central and local government officials will find the content enlightening in both its practical application and its theoretical explanation of the function and importance of the use of standards and thresholds in impact assessment.

Michael Schmidt, John Glasson, Lars Emmelin and Hendrike Helbron Cottbus, Oxford and Karlskrona, November 2007

Table of Contents

Foreword ...............................................................................................................V

Preface ................................................................................................................VII

List of Contributors..........................................................................................XIX

Part I – Environmental Policies and Key Drivers for Setting Standards and Thresholds ........................................................................................1

1 Principles and Purposes of Standards and Thresholds in the EIA Process...3 John Glasson

1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................3 1.2 Thresholds and Standards – Definitions and Dimensions .......................4 1.3 Environmental Impact Assessment .........................................................6 1.4 Standards and Thresholds in the EIA Process .........................................7 1.5 Thresholds and Standards in the Screening Stage – a More in Depth Review.......................................................................10 1.6 Conclusions and Recommendations......................................................16

2 Standards and Thresholds in German Environmental Law.........................19 Eike Albrecht

2.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................19 2.2 Functions of Thresholds and Standards in German Environmental Law .......................................................................................................20 2.3 Main Limitations of Standards and Thresholds in German Environmental Law...............................................................................21 2.4 Sources of Standards and Thresholds....................................................23 2.5 Standards and Thresholds in Federal Emission Control Law................26 2.6 Standards and Thresholds in Federal Soil Protection Law....................27 2.7 Conclusions and Recommendations......................................................30

3 Standards and Thresholds for EA in Highly Polluted Areas – The Approach of Ukraine ................................................................................33

Dmytro Palekhov, Michael Schmidt and Gennady Pivnyak 3.1 Introduction ...........................................................................................33 3.2 Basic Directions in Development of Ukrainian Environmental Policies..................................................................................................34 3.3 Standards and Thresholds in Ukrainian Practice ...................................35 3.4 Norms for Quality of the Atmospheric Air ...........................................39 3.5 Conclusions and Recommendations......................................................44

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4 Poverty and Disease Remediation in the Millennium Development Goals: Time for Kenya to Set Standards and Thresholds? ......................... 49

Vincent Onyango and Michael Schmidt 4.1 Introduction........................................................................................... 49 4.2 The Millennium Development Goals .................................................... 50 4.3 Implementation of MDGs in Kenya: Target Setting ............................. 51 4.4 Need and Justification for Standards and Thresholds ........................... 54 4.5 Discussion ............................................................................................. 58 4.6 Conclusions and Recommendations...................................................... 59

5 Widening the Scope – Sustainability Indicators, Legal Thresholds and Standards in Portugal ............................................................................... 63

Anastássios Perdicoúlis 5.1 Introduction........................................................................................... 63 5.2 Standards and Thresholds...................................................................... 64 5.3 Indicator and Information Systems ....................................................... 66 5.4 Analysis................................................................................................. 70 5.5 Discussion ............................................................................................. 72 5.6 Conclusions and Recommendations...................................................... 73

6 Problems in Setting Thresholds ...................................................................... 75 Reinhart Bartsch

6.1 Introduction........................................................................................... 75 6.2 Assessing Target Functions, Benefits and Costs of Ecological Measures Incorrectly ............................................................................ 76 6.3 Conclusions and Recommendations...................................................... 84

Part II – Thresholds and Standards for Different Types of Projects.............. 87

Part IIa – Thresholds and Standards for Site-Specific Projects ..................... 87

7 Requirements on EIA Quality Management.................................................. 89 Joachim Hartlik

7.1 Introduction........................................................................................... 89 7.2 Quality Requirements on EIA-Procedure.............................................. 90 7.3 Quality Requirements on EIS................................................................ 93 7.4 The Role of Standards and Thresholds within Quality Management.. 101 7.5 Conclusions and Recommendations.................................................... 102

Table of Contents XI

8 Environmental Impact Assessment Standards and Thresholds for Sanitary Landfills ...........................................................................................103

Cem B. Avci and Erol Güler 8.1 Introduction .........................................................................................103 8.2 Regulatory Overview ..........................................................................103 8.3 EIA Standards and Thresholds ............................................................104 8.4 Conclusions and Recommendations....................................................110

9 Standards and Thresholds for Waste Water Discharges in Mexico ..........113 Constantino Gutiérrez

9.1 Introduction .........................................................................................113 9.2 Standards Antecedents ........................................................................114 9.3 Standards for Discharges into Surface and Groundwater....................117 9.4 Standards for Discharges into Municipal Sewerage............................119 9.5 Standards for Reuse Treated Wastewater ............................................121 9.6 Standards for Sludge Disposal.............................................................122 9.7 Experiences in Ten Years of Application............................................123 9.8 Conclusions and Recommendations....................................................124

10 Standards for Wastewater Treatment in Brazil ........................................125 Marcos von Sperling

10.1 Introduction .......................................................................................125 10.2 Quality Standards for Water Bodies in Brazil ...................................127 10.3 Discharge Standards in Brazil ...........................................................130 10.4 Progressive Implementation of the Standards ...................................131 10.5 Conclusions and Recommendations..................................................132

11 Standards for and Evaluation of Small-Scale Dam Projects in Yemen ...133 Michael Schmidt, Fadhl Al-Nozaily and Amer Al-Ghorbany

11.1 Introduction .......................................................................................133 11.2 Need for Dams in Yemen..................................................................133 11.3 Dams' Water Uses and Guidelines ....................................................134 11.4 Dams and Water Quality Deterioration .............................................137 11.5 EIA Practice at PWP in Yemen.........................................................140 11.6 Conclusions and Recommendations..................................................143

12 The Need for Developing Thresholds for the Recycling Rate of Products in Thailand ...................................................................................145

Angkarn Wongdeethai and Jürgen Ertel 12.1 Introduction .......................................................................................145 12.2 Challenges and Opportunities............................................................147 12.3 Which Products Should be Concerned? ............................................150 12.4 Who will be Affected from the Implementation?..............................151

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12.5 Methods to Fulfil the Requirements for Developing Thresholds for Recycling Rate of Products ......................................................... 152 12.6 Conclusions and Recommendations.................................................. 155

13 Guidelines for SEA in Marine Spatial Planning for the German Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) – with Special Consideration of Tiering Procedure for SEA and EIA ..................................................... 157

Juliane Albrecht 13.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 157 13.2 Legal Peculiarities of Marine Spatial Planning in the German EEZ . 158 13.3 The Importance of Offshore Wind Use for Marine Spatial Planning in the EEZ.......................................................................... 159 13.4 The Requirements of SEA of Spatial Structure Planning in the EEZ......................................................................................... 160 13.5 Methodology and Standards for Application of the SEA in the EEZ......................................................................................... 161 13.6 Criteria for Avoiding Duplication of SEA and EIA: the Example of Offshore Wind Energy Use (Tiering) ...................... 165 13.7 Conclusions and Recommendations.................................................. 168

14 Standards of Implementing Renewable Energy Technologies in Cameroon ..................................................................................................... 171

Ernestine A. Tangang Yuntenwi, Victor Ngu Cheo and Jürgen Ertel 14.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 171 14.2 Institutional Framework of the Ministry of Energy and Water and EIA Procedures in Cameroon..................................................... 174 14.3 Global Efforts to Mitigate Problems Caused By RET ...................... 178 14.4 Standards and Thresholds for Mitigating Indoor Air Pollution from Biomass Use ............................................................................ 179 14.5 Conclusions and Recommendations.................................................. 182

15 Standards for Mining and Quarrying ........................................................ 185 Stanislaw Gruszczy ski

15.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 185 15.2 Factors of Impact............................................................................... 186 15.3 Symptoms of Significant Environmental Threat ............................... 190 15.4 Mining and EIA................................................................................. 196 15.5 Conclusions and Recommendations.................................................. 199

Table of Contents XIII

Part IIb – Thresholds and Standards for Spatially Dispersed Projects........203

16 Thresholds and Standards for Tourism Environmental Impact Assessment....................................................................................................205

Ralf Buckley 16.1 Introduction .......................................................................................205 16.2 EIA for Different Types of Tourism..................................................206 16.3 Holiday Housing Clusters..................................................................209 16.4 Tourism and Protected Areas ............................................................210 16.5 Conclusions and Recommendations..................................................213

17 Spatial Planning: Indicators to Assess the Efficiency of Land Consumption and Land-Use .......................................................................217

Harry Storch and Michael Schmidt 17.1 Introduction .......................................................................................217 17.2 Land Consumption: Actual Trends in Germany................................217 17.3 Efficiency Indicators for Land Use and their Impacts.......................220 17.4 Linking Indicators to Urban Development Models ...........................224 17.5 Conclusions and Recommendations..................................................225

18 EIA Performance Standards and Thresholds for Sustainable Forest Management in Ghana ................................................................................229

Edward K. Nunoo 18.1 Introduction .......................................................................................229 18.2 Country Background .........................................................................230 18.3 EIA and Institutional Framework in Ghana.......................................231 18.4 Standards and Thresholds of Significance.........................................232 18.5 Conclusions and Recommendation ...................................................237

Part III – Thresholds and Standards for Environmental Media ..................241

19 Critical Loads and Levels Concept for Ecosystems...................................243 Robert Mayer

19.1 Introduction.......................................................................................243 19.2 Research in Dynamic Environmental Systems..................................245 19.3 New Instruments in Environmental Policy........................................246 19.4 The Concept of Critical Loads and Levels ........................................247 19.5 Advantages of Using the Critical Loads and Level Concept............248 19.6 The Deduction of Critical Loads and Legislation in Germany..........250 19.7 Conclusions and Recommendations..................................................251

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20 Soil Standards and Thresholds.................................................................... 253 Robert Mayer

20.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 253 20.2 Standards for Soil Protection............................................................. 253 20.3 Standards for the Protection from Soil-Mediated Hazards................ 255 20.4 Soil Standards and Threshold Values under Various Acts in Germany............................................................................................ 256 20.5 Conclusions and Recommendations.................................................. 260

21 Soil Background and Reference Values for PAH and PCB...................... 263 Jürgen Ritschel

21.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 263 21.2 Determination of Terms and Fundamentals of Assessment .............. 264 21.3 Taking Samples and Status Report on Soil Site Parameters.............. 265 21.4 Implementation of Pot Trials and Taking Samples in the Field ........ 266 21.5 Results............................................................................................... 267 21.6 Conclusions and Recommendations.................................................. 275

22 Standards and Indicators for Monitoring Impact of Disturbance on Biodiversity in a Post-Mining Area Using GIS ......................................... 277

Effah Kwabena Antwi and Gerhard Wiegleb 22.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 277 22.2 Materials and Methods ...................................................................... 280 22.3 Data Acquisition and Spatial Database ............................................. 280 22.4 Results............................................................................................... 284 22.5 Diversity and Interspersion Metrics .................................................. 286 22.6 Discussions........................................................................................ 286 22.7 Conclusions and Recommendations.................................................. 288

23 Air Pollution and Climate: Standards for Particulate Matter ................. 291 Matti Johansson

23.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 291 23.2 Integrated Assessment....................................................................... 292 23.3 Air Quality Guidelines ...................................................................... 296 23.4 Conclusions and Recommendations.................................................. 298

24 Standards and Thresholds of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD) – Phytoplankton and Lakes ........................................................... 301

Brigitte Nixdorf, Atis Rektins and Ute Mischke 24.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 301 24.2 WFD — Aim and Present State of the Implementation .................... 302 24.3 Main Objectives of WFD and Intercalibration .................................. 303 24.4 Biological Quality Elements and Ecological Status .......................... 305

Table of Contents XV

24.5 Phytoplankton Assessment System ...................................................307 24.6 European Standards (CEN) for Alpine and Lowland Regions for Lake Assessment and Sampling Procedure................................311 24.7 Conclusions and Recommendations..................................................312

25 Landscape and Protected Areas – Polish Experiences ..............................315 Tadeusz J. Chmielewski

25.1 Introduction .......................................................................................315 25.2 Landscape Quality Objectives: Problems of Identification and Conservation in Europe.....................................................................316 25.3 Natural Landscapes of Poland and System of their Protection..........317 25.4 Polish Standards for Environment Impact Assessment in Protected Areas .................................................................................322 25.5 Conclusions and Recommendations..................................................324

26 The Use and Misuse of Noise Standards.....................................................327 Riki Therivel and Chris Bennett

26.1 Introduction.......................................................................................327 26.2 Components of Noise Standards .......................................................327 26.3 Examples of Noise Standards............................................................330 26.4 Use of Noise Standards in Practice: Stansted ‘Generation 1’ Environmental Impact Statement......................................................333 26.5 Conclusions and Recommendations..................................................339

27 Assessing Environmental Impacts on Human Health – Drinking-Water as an Example..................................................................341

Ingrid Chorus 27.1 Introduction .......................................................................................341 27.2 Societal Perception and Scientific Understanding.............................341 27.3 Deriving Guideline Values and Setting Standards for Hazardous Agents in Drinking-Water .................................................................343 27.4 Assessing Human Health Risks: Can We Quantify or at Least Prioritise them?.................................................................................347 27.5 How do we Effectively Protect Human Health from Environmental Hazards – Process Control .......................................351 27.6 Water Quality Targets for Human Health and for Aquatic Ecosystems........................................................................................352 27.7 Conclusions and Recommendations..................................................353

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28 Management of Dams in Trans-National River Basins – a Preliminary Sustainability Impact Assessment for the Upper Elbe River Basin ........ 355

Martin Socher, Stefan Dornack and Hans Ulrich Sieber 28.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 355 28.2 The Method of SIA ........................................................................... 356 28.3 Dam Systems of the Upper Elbe River Basin, the Moldau Cascade and Saxon Dams in Tributaries from the Ore Mountains and the Saxon Switzerland................................................................ 358 28.4 Screening and Scoping ...................................................................... 364 28.5 Preliminary Assessment .................................................................... 365 28.6 Conclusions and Recommendations.................................................. 367

Part IV – Examples of Emerging Issues .......................................................... 369

29 Environmental Impact of Nano Technology on Human Health............... 371 Amoah Benedicta and Jürgen Ertel

29.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 371 29.2 Research Approach ........................................................................... 372 29.3 Application of Nanotechnology ........................................................ 372 29.4 Impact of Nanotechnology on Human Health................................... 373 29.5 Technical Suitability of Nanotechnology.......................................... 375 29.6 The Need for Environmental Impact Assessment ............................. 376 29.7 Conclusions and Recommendations.................................................. 377

30 Ecotoxicological Risk of Human Pharmaceuticals in Brandenburg Surface Waters?........................................................................................... 379

Werner Kratz 30.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 379 30.2 For Which Pharmaceutical Active Substances Can a Risk Assessment be Accomplished? ......................................................... 380 30.3 Which Concentrations are to be Expected from these Active Substances in Brandenburg’s Surface Waters and Which are Already Proven? ............................................................................... 380 30.4 Which Active Agent Concentrations Adversely Affect the Aquatic Ecosystem? ......................................................................... 382 30.5 For Which Pharmaceutical Active Substance Does an Ecotoxicological Risk Exist? ............................................................ 385 30.6 Conclusions and Recommendations.................................................. 388

31 Environmental Oxygenology and Related Thresholds and Standards.... 391 Witold Stepniewski and Agnieszka Rozej

31.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 391 31.2 Thresholds and Standards Related to Dioxygen (O2) ........................ 392 31.3 Thresholds and Standards Related to Thrioxygen (O3) ..................... 396

Table of Contents XVII

31.4 Water .................................................................................................398 31.5 Soil ....................................................................................................399 31.6 Conclusions and Recommendations..................................................401

32 Quantitative Threshold Values for Strategic Environmental Assessment....................................................................................................405

Hendrike Helbron and Michael Schmidt 32.1 Introduction .......................................................................................405 32.2 Assessment Methodology..................................................................406 32.3 Environmental Quality Objectives (EQO) and Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) ..................................................................410 32.4 Quantitative Threshold Values and Conflict Intensity Classes..........413 32.5 Conclusions and Recommendations..................................................417

Part V – Implementation ..................................................................................419

33 A Method to Monitor the Implementation of Mitigation Measures in Infrastructure Projects – Exemplified with a Project in the Republic of Yemen.......................................................................................................423

Reinhart Bartsch and Dirk Hein Westerveld 33.1 Introduction .......................................................................................423 33.2 The Infrastructure Project..................................................................424 33.3 The Monitoring Method ....................................................................425 33.4 Result: The Mitigation Measure Monitoring Plan.............................429 33.5 Conclusions and Recommendations..................................................430

34 The Role of Environmental Management Systems in Enforcing Standards and Thresholds in the Context of EIA Follow-Up ..................433

Aleh Cherp 34.1 Introduction .......................................................................................433 34.2 EMPs and EMSs................................................................................437 34.3 SEA Follow-Up: Similarities and Differences with the Project-Level.....................................................................................439 34.4 The Role of Standards and Thresholds..............................................443 34.5 Conclusions and Recommendations..................................................444

35 Consequences of EIA Prediction Uncertainty on Mitigation, Follow-Up and Post-Auditing .....................................................................447

Aud Tennøy 35.1 Introduction .......................................................................................447 35.2 Uncertainty and Handling of Uncertainty in EIA Predictions ...........448 35.3 Mitigation, Follow-Up and Post-Auditing.........................................452

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35.4 Consequences of EIA Uncertainty on Mitigation, Follow-Up and Post-Auditing ............................................................................. 453 35.5 Conclusions and Recommendations.................................................. 458

36 Environmental Quality Standards as a Tool in Environmental Governance – the Case of Sweden.............................................................. 463

Lars Emmelin and Peggy Lerman 36.1 Introduction....................................................................................... 463 36.2 Types of Environmental Quality Standards ...................................... 465 36.3 The Swedish Implementation System ............................................... 465 36.4 Some Theoretical Considerations...................................................... 474 36.5 Discussion: Factors Influencing the Effectiveness of Standards and Thresholds in Environmentally Rational Governance ............... 476

Subject Index ..................................................................................................... 487

List of Contributors

Eike Albrecht is senior lecturer at the Centre for Law and Administration, Bran-denburg University of Technology Cottbus (BTU) since 1999. In 2002 he has re-ceived his Doctorate Degree at the University of Leipzig, Germany, in soil protec-tion law which is still his main research area beside international law and product related civil and administrative law. Centre for Law and Administration, Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU) Cottbus, P.O. Box 101344, 03013 Cottbus, Germany Tel: +49 (0)355 69 27 49; Fax: +49 (0)355 69 35 02; Email: albrecht@tu-cottbus.de; Web: http://www-1.tu-cottbus.de/ZfRV/JuniorprofessorAlbrecht2006.pdf

Juliane Albrecht is research associate at the Leibniz Institute of Ecological and Regional Development in Dresden since 2005. In 2006 she has received her Doc-torate Degree at the Technical University of Dresden, Faculty of Law. Her re-search interests are in environmental and planning law, especially in European wa-ter law. She developed her work on environmental requirements on spatial planning in the German Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) as a contribution to a re-search project of the Federal Environmental Agency. Leibniz Institute of Ecological and Regional Development Dresden (IOER), Weberplatz 1, 01217 Dresden, Germany Tel.: +49 (0)351 4679 223; Fax: +49 (0)351 4679 212; Email: j.albrecht@ioer.de

Amer Al-Ghorbany is the deputy general director of Environmental Policies and Programmes in the Ministry of Water and Environment in the Republic of Yemen. He holds a MSc degree in Environment and Resources Management from Bran-denburg University of Technology Cottbus, Germany. His Master's thesis was on "Post EIA Indicator-based Monitoring System for Water Quality Assessment in Small Scale Dam Projects in Yemen”. General Directorate of Environmental Policies and Programme, Ministry of Water and Environment Sana'a, Republic of Yemen, P.O. Box 19204, Fax: +967 1 418 296; Email: alghorbany_amer@hotmail.com

Fadhl Ali Al-Nozaily is an Associate Professor in Environmental Engineering at the Faculty of Engineering, Sana'a University. He is also working as a training di-rector and a coordinator for IWRM MSc programme at the Water and Environ-ment Centre (WEC) of the University. He is as an environmental consultant con-ducting EIA for the World Bank project executed by the Public Works Projects (PWP) in Yemen since 2006. His main career is on water and wastewater engi-neering. He awarded his PhD from TU University Delft, The Netherlands in 2001. Faculty of Engineering (FoE) and Water and Environment Centre (WEC), Sana'a University, Sana'a, The Republic of Yemen. P.O. Box 13790, Sana'a, Yemen Tel.: +967 777381627; Fax: +967 777381628; Email: d-fadl@maktoob.com

Amoah Benedicta Jacqueline is a PhD student. She was the first female African student from Ghana awarded a Master of Science Degree in Environmental and

XX List of Contributors

Resource Management at the Brandenburg University of Technology – BTU Cottbus in July 2003. Mrs. Benedicta Amoah Fei-Baffoe also holds a BSc (Hons) degree in Food Science and Nutrition from the University of Ghana, Legon-Accra

sion of collembolan in the post mining landscape of Lower Lusatia”. She is cur-rently an Administrative manager at the Research and Business Development Cen-tre-Ghana and a co-author of the Quarterly Cocoa Monitor series. Her expertise and research interest are in sustainability of natural resources, Biodiversity con-servation and Ecosystem modeling along side Occupational health and women re-lated issues. Erich-Weinert-Str. 5, Zi 506, 03046 Cottbus, Germany or P.O.Box A/N 11231 Accra-North, Ghana Tel.: +49 (0) 1792841252; Email: pastor1228@yahoo.com

Antwi Effah Kwabena is a PhD. Student Presently Working on the Topic, “Inte-grating GIS and Remote Sensing for Assessing the Impact of Disturbance on Bio-diversity and Land Cover Change in a Post-Mining Landscape”. Antwi was awarded a Master of Science Degree in Environmental and Resource Management at the Brandenburg University of Technology – BTU Cottbus in November 2003. He Supervised a Group of MSc. Students in a GIS and Remote Sensing Based Study Project at the Brandenburg University of Technology in summer 2005. Department General Ecology, Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU) Cottbus, P.O. Box 101344, D-03013 Cottbus, Germany Tel.: +49 (0) 3 55 86 91176; Fax: +49 (0) 3 55 69-2225; Email: antwieff@tu-cottbus.de

Cem Avci is Professor of Water Resources in the Department of Civil Enginee-ring, Bogazici University Istanbul Turkey. He received his B.Sc. degree from Bogazici University Turkey. He received his M.Sc. degree from Princeton Univer-sity U.S.A. and PhD degree from Purdue University U.S.A. His research interests include soil and ground water contamination investigation and remediation, land-fill designs with emphasis on containment barriers. He serves as a consultant to many soil and groundwater remediation projects and participated in the design of major landfill projects in Turkey. Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Bogazici University Bebek 34342 Istanbul Turkey Tel: (90) 212 359 6410; Fax: (90) 212 287 2463; Email: avci@boun.edu.tr

Reinhart Bartsch is a senior agricultural economist working in development aid projects. His last assignment was for the GFA group in Yemen. He has a Doctor-ate Degree in Economics from the University of Hohenheim and works as a guest lecturer at the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus (BTU) since 2002, teaching mainly project planning methods. Römerstrasse 23 in 72213 Altensteig, Germany Tel: +49 (0)7453 8986; Fax: +49 (0) 7453 8986; Email: rr.bartsch@t-online.de

Chris Bennett is Chairman of the Noise Group of Stop Stansted Expansion (SSE). His special interest is the use of alternative methods of describing and il-

.She was a research assistant for the SUBICON project (BTU-Cottbus) “Succes-

List of Contributors XXI

lustrating noise impacts caused by aviation. He is the author of a paper on this topic given at the 2004 Airport Regions Conference in Brussels. Email: hadstockmail-ssenoise@yahoo.co.uk

Ralf Buckley is Chair and Director of the International Centre for Ecotourism Re-search, and Research Director of the Climate Response Program at Griffith Uni-versity, Australia. He has published over a dozen books and 200 articles (see: www.griffith.edu.au/centre/icer, >Publications); has contributed to several previ-ous books on EIA; and has given evidence to a number of government inquiries into EIA and related topics. Griffith University, Parklands Drive, Gold Coast 9726, Australia Tel: +61 (0)7555 28675; Email: r.buckley@griffith.edu.au

Victor Ngu Cheo is a PhD candidate in the chair of Environmental Issues in the Social Sciences, BTU Cottbus, Germany. He is a holder of a Master of Arts De-gree in Communication Studies from the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Since 1999, he had been lecturing in the University of Buea, Cameroon where he rose to the position of Senior Lecturer in 2005. He has contributed book chapters and se-veral scholarly articles in internal Journals. His current research interest is Com-munication and Environmental Sustainability. Department of Environmental Issues in the Social Sciences, Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU) Cottbus, Postfach101344, 03013 Cottbus, Germany Tel: +49 17620627143; Fax: +49 355693037; Email: vncheo@yahoo.com

Aleh Cherp is associate professor in environmental sciences and policy at Central European University, Budapest, Hungary and a guest professor at Lund University and Blekinge Institute of Technology, Sweden. He is also the Coordinator of the Erasmus Mundus Masters Course in Environmental Sciences, Policy and Man-agement (MESPOM, www.mespom.eu). His research interests include environ-mental assessment, strategies for sustainable development and sustainability issues in countries in transition. International Institute for Industrial Environmental Economics at Lund University, Box 196, 22100 Lund, Sweden Tel: + 46 46 222 0280; Fax: +46 46 222 0240; Email: aleh.cherp@iiiee.lu.se

Tadeusz J. Chmielewski is Professor of Landscape Ecology and Nature Conser-vation in Lublin Agriculture University in Poland. His research interests include: analysis of landscape structure and function (especially peatland and lakeland landscapes); methods and techniques of nature and economy harmonization (in lo-cal and regional scale); National & Landscape Parks planning; ecosystem (espe-cially wetland) restoration. His most important publication is two volumes book: Spatial Planning Harmonizing Nature end Economy, Lublin 2001. He is designer of the Polesie National Park, the West Polesie Biosphere Reserve, the Roztocze Biosphere Reserve, Ponidzie Region Landscape Parks Cluster and many others protected areas in Poland.

XXII List of Contributors

Lublin Agriculture University, Department of Landscape Ecology and Nature Conservation, Dobrzanskiego 37 St., 20-262 Lublin, Poland Tel: +48 (0) 81 461 00 61 (321); Email: tadeusz.chmielewski@ar.lublin.pl

Ingrid Chorus is head of the section Drinking-Water Resource Protection and Treatment and deputy head of the Department Drinking-Water Hygiene at the Federal Environment Agency of Germany. Her focus is on protecting drinking-water resources (particularly from eutrophication) and on toxic cyanobacteria. Federal Environment Agency, Corrensplatz 1, 14195 Berlin, Germany Tel: +49 (0) 30 8903 1346 (1305); Email: Ingrid.chorus@uba.de

Stefan Dornack is senior advisor at the Department of Surface Waters and Flood Protection at the State Ministry of Environment and Agriculture in the Free State of Saxony. His focus is on dams and their multifunctional use in Saxony. State ministry of environment and agriculture, Department of surface waters and flood protection, P.O. Box 10 05 10, D-01076 Dresden, Germany Tel: +49 (0) 351 564 2317; Fax +49 (0) 351 564 2070; Email: stefan.dornack@smul.sachsen.de; Web: http://www.umwelt.sachsen.de

Lars Emmelin is professor of environmental assessment in the Spatial planning programme, Blekinge Institute of Technology at Karlskrona. He has researched and taught on environmental issues in Sweden and Norway, worked with conser-vation and tourism in the Arctic and Scandinavian mountains and worked for ma-jor international organisations such as the UNESCO, UNEP and OECD on envi-ronmental education. At present he is programme director of a major research pro-gramme on tools for SEA funded by the Swedish Environment Protection Agency and directs a MSc on European Spatial Planning. Spatial planning, BTH, SE 371 79 Karlskrona, Sweden Email: lars.emmelin@bth.se

Jürgen Ertel is the founder and head of the Department of Industrial Sustainabi-lity at the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus, Germany since 1994. Previous to his university career, he worked for Siemens AG and established rela-tions to various industry associations. His focus is on environmentally benign de-sign of industrial goods, the rating methods and in particular the recycling proper-ties Head of Department of Industrial Sustainability, Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU) Cottbus, P.O. Box 101344, D-03013, Cottbus, Germany Tel: +49 (355) 69 4385; Fax: +49 (355) 69 4700; Email: ertel@tu-cottbus.de; Web: www.tu-cottbus.de/neuwertwirtschaft

John Glasson is Professor of Environmental Planning and Co- Director of the Ox-ford Institute for Sustainable Development (OISD) at Oxford Brookes University, where he also leads the Impact Assessment Unit (IAU). He is also a Visiting Pro-fessor in Planning at Curtin University of Technology in Perth, Western Australia. His research interests are in environmental impact assessment, strategic environ-mental assessment and sustainability appraisal, the socio-economic impacts of ma-

List of Contributors XXIII

jor projects (especially energy projects), impact monitoring, and tourism impact studies. He has managed over seventy major research and consultancy projects, largely in EIA / SIA, for a wide range of bodies including the European Commis-sion, UK Government Departments and Agencies, energy companies, ESRC and various local authorities. Oxford Institute for Sustainable Development, School of the Built Environment, Oxford Brookes Uni-versity, Gipsy Lane, Headington, Oxford OX3 0BP Tel: +44 (1865) 483401; Email: jglasson@brookes.ac.uk

Stanislaw Gruszczynski is Professor at the Department of Management and Pro-tection of Environment, Faculty of Mining Surveying and Environmental Engi-neering, AGH University of Science and Technology in Kraków, Poland. His re-search interests include soil protection, land reclamation, geoinformatic, EIA (especially on mining terrains) and application of the artificial intelligence meth-ods in spatial soil modelling. Department of Management and Protection of Environment, Faculty of Mining Surveying and Envi-ronmental Engineering, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Kraków, Poland Tel: +48 (12) 617 22 89; Fax: +48 (12) 633 17 91; Email: sgrusz@agh.edu.pl

Erol Güler is Professor of Geotechnical Engineering in the Department of Civil Engineering, Bogazici University Istanbul Turkey. He received his undergraduate and graduate degrees from the Technical University of Istanbul Turkey. He has served as the Director of the Environmental Institute of Bogazici University and is currently the Chairmen of the Civil Engineering department. He is also the found-ing chairman of the Turkish Chapter of the International Geosynthetics Society (IGS). His research interests include geosynthetics, landfill design and liner de-signs. In addition to his academic research, he has participated in the design of major landfills in Turkey. Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342 Istanbul Turkey Tel: +90 (212) 359 6452; Fax: +90 (212) 287 2463; Email: eguler@boun.edu.tr

Constantino Gutiérrez is a full time lecturer and researcher at the Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering in the Master and Doctoral Engineering Programme at National Autonomous University of Mexico. He was Environment Engineering Manager at National Found for Tourist Development. Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering; Master and Doctoral Engineering Programme, National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) Circuito Exterior Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico D.F. Mexico Tel: +01 (555) 622 30 02; Fax: +01 (555) 622 30 00; Email: gupc@servidor.unam.mx, cgping@yahoo.com; Web: http://dgep.posgrado.unam.mx/ambiental/

Joachim Hartlik is Founder and Director of the Company for Environmental As-sessments and Quality Management. He is Foundation member of the German EIA-Association, since 2004 member of the execution board and chairman of the EIA quality management working group.

XXIV List of Contributors

Dr. Hartlik - Company for Environmental Assessments & Quality Management, Kreuzkamp 5s, D-32175 Lehrte, Germany Tel: +49 (0)5175 9291003; Fax: +49 (0)5175 9291003; Email: j.hartlik@hartlik.de

Hendrike Helbron is a scientific research assistant and lecturer at the Branden-burg University of Technology of Cottbus, Department of Environmental Plan-ning. She was responsible for the development of an assessment methodology and indicator system in a two year pilot project on strategic environmental assessment in regional planning. The topic of her PhD thesis involves an analysis, evaluation and application of environmental indicators and assessment thresholds in strategic environmental assessment of regional land use planning. Department of Environmental Planning, Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU), Cottbus, P.O. Box 101344, D-03013 Cottbus, Germany Tel:+49 (0) 3 55 69 23 52; Fax: +49 (0) 3 55 69 27 65; Email: helbron@tu-cottbus.de

Matti Johansson is Environmental Affairs Officer in the secretariat to the Con-vention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution in the Environment, Housing and Land Management Division, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. His research has ranged over several air pollution modelling themes, in particular ecosystem critical loads and integrated assessment modelling, with later focus on particulate matter. He holds a Doctorate Degree in Technical Physics from Helsinki University of Technology. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland Tel: +41-22-917 2358; Fax: +41-22-917 0621; Email: matti.johansson@unece.org; Web: http://www.unece.org/env/lrtap

Werner Kratz was a professor/lecturer for general ecology, soil ecology and ecotoxicology at the Free University Berlin and the Martin-Luther-University Halle. His research focuses on the impact of chemicals (heavy metals, PCP, BaP, Pesticides etc) on biota and eco-systematic processes primarily in terrestrial eco-systems. In 2000 he entered the Brandenburg State Office for Environment (LUA), Potsdam. From 2000-2004 he was the leader of the department Environ-mental Chemistry (a lab with 130 employees), Environmental Survey (12 employ-ees) and Environmental Risk assessment (9 employees). Since 2004 he is the leader of the group Environmental Survey and Environmental Risk Assessment. He is also the research coordinator of the LUA and a member of several federal adviser groups for environmental chemistry, human-toxicology and ecotoxicol-ogy. He still occasionally lectures at the Free University Berlin in ecology, global climate change and sustainability. Brandenburg State Office for Environment (LUA), Department of Environmental Survey and Ecotoxi-cology, Seeburger Chaussee 2, 14476 Potsdam Tel: +49 (0) 33201 442 282/283; Fax: +49 (0) 33201 43677; Email: Werner.kratz@lua.brandenburg.de

Peggy Lerman is a legal counsel working in the field of environmental and plan-ning law. She has been assistant judge at The Court of Appeal for southern Swe-den. She was formerly head of legal affairs at the National Housing, Building and

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Planning Agency and national expert in the EU commission expert group for EIA and SEA involved in the preparation of the SEA Directive. She has been a legal expert and consultant to a number of national government or parliamentary com-missions on diverse topics such as the development of the Environmental Code, on sustainable development, environmental assessment, disposal of nuclear wastes, infrastructure, biodiversity, and served as coordinator for Nordic coopera-tion on EIA and planning. Lagtolken AB, Jordosundsvagen 29, SE 370 24 NATTRABY, Sweden Tel: +46 (457) 352 80; Email: peggy@lagtolken.se; Web: www.lagtolken.se

Robert Mayer is retired professor for Landscape Ecology and Soil Science, Uni-versity of Kassel. His research focuses in environmental cycling and impacts upon soil, water and vegetation; soil science in planning and soil protection. University of Kassel, Department of Architecture, Urban and Landscape Planning, Gottschalkstrasse 28, 34109 Kassel Tel: +49 (0) 5 61 3160071 (private); Fax: +49 (0) 5 61 80 43 558; Email: rmayer@uni-kassel.de; Web: www.uni-kassel.de/fb6/fachgebiete/bodenkunde.htm

Ute Mischke is senior scientist at Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Fisheries in Berlin. She received her doctor degree at Free University Berlin about microbial food web interaction in 1995. Further research areas focused on plank-ton communities in acidic mining lakes, drinking water reservoirs and hypertro-phic lakes. Since 2000 she essentially contributed to the German assessment methods for lakes and rivers by means of phytoplankton for WDF and its inter-calibration on European level. Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Dept. of Shallow Lakes and Lowland Rivers, Müggelseedamm 310, D-12587 Berlin Tel: +49 30 64181690; Web: http://www.igb-berlin.de/abt2/mitarbeiter/mischke

Brigitte Nixdorf is the head of the Department of Freshwater Conservation at the Brandenburg University of Technology, Cottbus since 1993. Previous to her uni-versity career she worked for scientific institutions on basic research of freshwater ecology, esp. shallow lakes and eutrophication. Her focus is on plankton succes-sion in natural and acidic mining lakes, water quality assessment acc. to the Water Framework Directive and lake restoration. Head of the Department of Freshwater Conservation, Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU) Research Station Bad Saarow, D - 15526 Bad Saarow, Seestraße 45 Tel: +49 33631 8943; Fax: +49 33631 5200; web: http://www.tu-cottbus.de/BTU/Fak4/Gewschu

Edward K. Nunoo is an environmental scientist, economist and an instructor with a plethora of research interests in EIA, EMS, SFM, tourism and river basin man-agement. Prior to his enrolment at BTU where he obtained his M.Sc. in Environ-mental and Resource Management, he was the project officer of Ghana United Nations Association, Cape Coast. During his PhD at the Department of Environ-mental Planning (BTU) he is currently researching measures of SFM in Ghana. Papitzer Str. 4, WNR 315-2, 03046 Cottbus Tel: +49 179 7775865; Email: Nunooedward@yahoo.com

XXVI List of Contributors

Vincent Onyango is a PhD student in the Department of Environmental Planning, Brandenburg University of Technology, Cottbus, Germany. His PhD research is about “Evaluating the extent SEA process lends itself to quantitative analysis and behaves systematically”. He completed his MSc in Environment and Resources Management with a thesis on “developing an SEA approach for assessing World Trade Organisation (WTO) rules in developing countries”. He has also written several articles on SEA in Kenya. Wilhelm-Kulz Str. 50, 03046 Cottbus, Germany Email: vin_onyngo@yahoo.com

Dmytro Palekhov is currently doing PhD research at the Department of Envi-ronmental Planning, Brandenburg University of Technology, Cottbus, Germany. He holds a MA in Law from the National Mining University, UA (2003) and BSc in Environmental and Resource Management from the BTU Cottbus (2003). His research interests are on environmental assessment (EIA and SEA) and environ-mental law. His PhD thesis is about implementing SEA in Ukraine as a regional planning instrument. Neue Str. 58, 03044 Cottbus, Germany Tel: +49 179 120 8237; Email: palekdmy@tu-cottbus.de, dmitry_pal@mail.ru

Anastássios Perdicoúlis is an assistant professor at the University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Portugal, and a visiting research fellow at Oxford Brookes University, UK. He holds a PhD from the University of Salford, UK (1997) and a BS from the University of Washington, USA (1990). His research in-terests are on Sustainable Development, with particular emphasis on SEA, EIA, and Environmental Management Systems. He is currently the coordinator of the Landscape Architecture degree at UTAD, Portugal, and has been the founder and first leader of the Environmental SIG of the System Dynamics Society (SDS). Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Apartado 1013, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal Tel: +351 259 350 728; Fax: +351 259 350 480; Email: tasso@utad.pt; Web: home.utad.pt/~tasso

Gennady Pivnyak is Rector of the National Mining University, Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine, Academician of the National Academy of Science of Ukraine. He is a member of various national and international professional and academic organisa-tions, including the Ukrainian Committee on State Prises in the Field of Science and Technology, State Commission for Academic Degrees and Titles, Interna-tional Society for Engineering Education, European Society for Engineering Edu-cation, expert on sustainable energy at the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. He holds Dr. h.c. titles from the AGH University of Science and Tech-nology, Krakow and Moscow State Mining University. Karl Marks Av., 19, 49005 Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine Tel: +380 56 7446219, +380 562 470766; Fax: +380 562 473330 ; Web: http://www.nmu.org.ua

Atis Rektins has completed his BSc from Brandenburg University of Technology (ERM, BTU) in Cottbus. Title of his Thesis: “Challenges to develop common

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freshwater ecological status assessment according to the requirements of the Wa-ter Framework Directive” Ozolu 13, Jurmala LV – 2008, Latvia Email: atis.rektins@gmail.com

Jürgen Ritschel has been an assistant in the division for Contaminated Sites and Soil Protection of the Brandenburg State Office for Environment in Potsdam. He mainly deals with extensive harmful soil changes, in particular with the develop-ment of protective and restrictive measures to avoid hazards as well as the defini-tion and implementation of soil quality objectives within the framework of pre-ventive soil protection. Brandenburg State Office for Environment, Department for Technical Environmental Protection, Divi-sion for Contaminated Sites and Soil Protection, 2 Seeburger Chaussee, 14476 Potsdam, Germany Tel: +49 (0) 33201 442 356; Fax: +49 (0) 33201 442 399; Email: juergen.ritschel@lua.brandenburg.de; Web: www.brandenburg.de/lua

Agnieszka Rozej is a senior lecturer at the Department of Land Surface Protection Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, Faculty of Environmental Engi-neering. In 2004 she has received her Doctorate Degree in environmental engi-neering. Her scientific research and lecturing fields include sanitary and environ-mental microbiology and soil remediation. Department of Land Surface Protection Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Lublin University of Technology (LUT), ul. Nadbystrzycka 40B, 20-618 Lublin, Poland Tel: +48 81 5384405, Fax: +48 81 5381997; Email: a.rozej@fenix.pol.lublin.pl Web: http://wis.pol.lublin.pl/index.php

Michael Schmidt is the head of the Department of Environmental Planning at the Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU) Cottbus. His scientific research and lecturing fields include environmental planning, environmental assessment, strate-gies for sustainable development, techniques for combating desertification as well as monitoring and evaluation. He promotes long-term cooperation in research and education with environmental experts from Syria, Yemen and Jordan. Head of Department of Environmental Planning, Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU) Cottbus, P.O. Box 101344, D-03013 Cottbus, Germany Tel: +49 (0) 3 55 69 24 54; Fax: + 49 (0) 3 55 69 27 65; Email: schmidtm@tu-cottbus.de; Web: www.tu-cottbus.de/environment

Hans-Ulrich Sieber is deputy director of the Dam Authority of the Free State of Saxony and head of the department of technology. He is member of the Steering Committee of the German Committee on Large Dams. Dam Authority of the Free State of Saxony, Department of technology, P.O. Box 10 02 34, D-01782 Pirna, Germany Tel: +49 (0) 3501 796 351; Fax: +49 (0) 351 796 101; Email: HansUlrich.Sieber@ltv.smul.sachsen.de; Web: http://www.umwelt.sachsen.de

Martin Socher is head of the Department of surface waters and flood protection at the state ministry of environment and agriculture in the Free State of Saxony.

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He is also honorary professor at the department of civil engineering and architec-ture at the University of Applied Sciences Dresden. State ministry of environment and agriculture, Department of surface waters and flood protection, P.O. Box 10 05 10, D-01076 Dresden, Germany Tel: +49 (0) 351 564 2273; Fax: +49 (0) 351 564 2070; Email: martin.socher@smul.sachsen.de; Web: http://www.umwelt.sachsen.de/de/wu/umwelt/index.html

Marcos von Sperling is an associate professor at the Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil. His lecturing, research and consultancy activities are in the field of wastewater treat-ment and water pollution control. Department of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG). Av. Contorno 842 – 7 andar. 30110-060 – Belo Horizonte, Brazil Tel: +55 31 3238-1935; Fax: +55 31 3238-1879; Email: marcos@desa.ufmg.br

Witold Stepniewski is the head of the Department of Land Surface Protection Engineering at the Lublin University of Technology (LUT) and Vice Rector for Science of LUT. His scientific research and lecturing fields include redox condi-tions of soil, landfill construction, exploitation and reclamation, greenhouse gases production and absorption in soil. Department of Land Surface Protection Engineering, Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Lublin University of Technology, ul. Nadbystrzycka 40B, 20-618 Lublin, Poland Tel: +48 81 5384413, Fax: +48 81 5381997; Email: w.stepniewski@pollub.pl Web: http://wis.pol.lublin.pl/index.php

Harry Storch is a scientific research assistant at the Brandenburg University of Technology of Cottbus, Department of Environmental Planning. He is currently involved in the research project 'Sustainable Housing Policies for Megacities of Tomorrow, the Balance of Urban Growth and Redevelopment in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam' which is part of the research programme 'Sustainable Megacities of Tomorrow' funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). In this project he is responsible for the development of the GIS-based Sustainability Indicator Framework. Department of Environmental Planning, Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU), Cottbus, P.O. Box 101344, D-03013 Cottbus, Germany Tel: +49 (0) 3 55 69 21 22; Fax: +49 (0) 3 55 69 27 65; Email: storch@tu-cottbus.de Web: http://www.megacity-hcmc.org

Ernestine A. Tangang Yuntenwi was awarded a Master of Science Degree in 2003 by the Brandenburg University of Technology Cottbus, Germany in Envi-ronmental Resource Management. She is currently researching on Cooking Stove Technologies and Indoor Air Pollution for her PhD dissertation. Alongside her studies she coordinates the PhD Scientific Working Seminar and moderates the ERM-PhD e-group. Department of Industrial Sustainability, Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU) Cottbus, P.O. Box 101344, 03013 Cottbus, Germany Tel: +49 176 6231 0450; Fax: +49 355 69 47 00; Email: ernestinetangang@yahoo.co.uk

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Aud Tennøy is researcher at Institute of Transport Economics (TØI) in Oslo, Norway. She holds an MSc in civil engineering with specialisation in urban and regional planning from The Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU). Her research focuses on urban land use and transport planning in the en-vironmental or sustainable development context, on cause-effect relations as well as the planning system and processes. This also includes how EIA and SEA are used, and can be used, as tools to achieve a more sustainable urban development. Institute of Transport Economics (TØI), Department of Organisation and Implementation, Gaustad-alléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway Tel: +47 22 57 39 14; Email: ate@toi.no; Web: www.toi.no

Riki Thérivel is a partner of Levett-Thérivel sustainability consultants and a visi-ting professor at Oxford Brookes University's School of Planning. She specialises in SEA and environmental impact assessment. She has advised a wide range of or-ganisations on SEA, has written some key guidance documents on SEA, and has (co-)authored three books on SEA. She is the 2002-3 recipient of the International Association for Impact Assessment's Individual Award for Contribution to Impact Assessment. 28A North Hinksey Lane, Oxford OX2 0LX, England Tel/Fax: +44 (0) 18 65 24 34 88; Email: riki@levett-therivel.fsworld.co.uk; Web: www.levett-therivel.co.uk

Dirk Hein Westerveld is a senior rural engineer working for the GFA Group in Yemen as a team leader of a EC funded Food Security Project. P.O.Box 5581 Sana’a, Yemen Tel: 0967 1 250101; Fax: 0967 1 256083

Gerhard Wiegleb is professor of General Ecology at BTU Cottbus. His current research focuses on ecological and socio-economic driving forces of biodiversity change in disturbed landscapes. He is a head of the working group of Restoration Ecology of the German Ecological Society. Department of General Ecology, Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU) Cottbus, P.O. Box 101344, D-03013 Cottbus, Germany Tel: +49 (0)355 69 22 91; Fax: +49 (0)355 69 22 25; Email: wiegleb@tu-cottbus.de; Web: www.tu-cottbus.de

Angkarn Wongdeethai is a lecturer and research associate at the Department of Industrial Sustainability. He holds a PhD from the Brandenburg University of Technology, Cottbus, Germany, since 2006. His research interests are on Sustain-able Development, with particular emphasis on Industrial Ecology, Recycling and Design Analysis, and Environmental Protection. Department of Industrial Sustainability, Brandenburg University of Technology (BTU) Cottbus, P.O. Box 101344, D-03013 Cottbus, Germany Tel: +49 (355) 69 4794; Fax: +49 (355) 69 4700; Email: wongdeethai@hotmail.com; Web: www.tu-cottbus.de/neuwertwirtschaft