An approach to an Environmentally Sound E-Waste ManagementAhsan Rabbani Department of Civil Engineering, Rungta Engineering college, Raipur, C.GEmail: rabbani.ahsan@gmail.comAbstract: E-waste is a popular, informal name for electronic products nearing the end of their useful life. E-wastes are considered dangerous, as certain components of some electronic products contain materials that are hazardous, depending on their condition and density. The hazardous content of these materials pose a threat to human health and environment. Discarded computers, televisions, VCRs, copiers, fax machines, electric lamps, cell phones, audio equipment and batteries if improperly disposed can leach lead and other substances into soil and groundwater.The paper mainly focuses on the hazards of e-wastes, the need for its appropriate management and options that can be implemented to solve these problems.Keywords: E-Waste, Computer, Mobile, recycling, disposal.1 Introduction The electronic industry is the worlds largest and fastest growing manufacturing industry in the world. The increasing market penetration in developing countries, replacement market in developed countries and high obsolescence rate of electrical and electronic goods make electrical and electronic waste (e-waste) one of the fastest growing waste streams. Today, it is frequently cheaper and more convenient to buy a new machine to accommodate the newer generations of technology than it is to upgrade the old. It is an emerging problem as well as a business opportunity of increasing significance, given the volumes of e-waste being generated and the content of both toxic and valuable materials in them. E-waste is valuable source for secondary raw material but harmful if treated and discarded improperly as it contains many toxic components. The quantity of e-waste generated in developed countries equals 1% of total solid waste on an average and is expected to grow to 2% by 2010.The developed countries use most of the worlds electronic products and generate most of the E-waste. Rather than treat e-waste in an environmentally friendly manner, the developed countries are finding an easy way out of the problem by exporting these wastes to developing economies especially, South Asian countries in the name of free trade is further complicating the problems associated with waste management. The paper highlights the associated issues and strategies to address this emerging problem, in the light of initiatives in India. The present recycling cost is, however, not viable and thereby huge volume of e-waste is being exported to the developing countries like India, China, Brazil etc., where manpower is in-expensive and enforcement of environmental laws is not so stringent. The import of e-waste to the developing countries is in violation of the ban imposed by Basel Convention on the Control of Trans Boundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, as e-waste come under the definition of hazardous waste. Following this, our country, a party to the convention, banned the import of hazardous waste including e-waste into the country. Lack of legislation in our country at present is aiding this hazardous form of recycling. Therefore there is urgent need to frame and implement rules for regulating this waste and to find environmentally sound, economically viable methods for recycling and disposing of this necessary evil. The necessity of environmentally sound management of e-waste is brought out with the help of a case study of uncontrolled dumping of e-waste. For effective E-waste management, we need to quantify & characterize this waste stream, identify major waste generators, and assess the risks involved. A scientific, safe and environmentally sound management system, including policies and technologies, needs to be developed and implemented. This paper has been prepared based on data from secondary sources including publications from scientific journals, reports and web sites. A case study based approach has been adopted to provide the examples of live situations so that it can be easily adapted to local conditions.1.1 Definition of Electronic waste:There is no standard definition of E-waste. A number of countries have come out with their own definitions, interpretations and usage of the term E waste/WEEE. The most widely accepted definition of WEEE/ E-waste is as per an EU directive, and this is followed in member countries of European Union and other countries of Europe. Therefore, an effort has been made to review and describe WEEE/ E-waste definitions, which are being used in different countries across five continents. There are three major pointers to understanding the definition of WEEE/ E-waste. These are the definition of electrical and electronic equipment and the way loss of utility and way of disposal. Loss of Utility indicates variation in consumer behavior, while Way of Disposal broadly reflects different national policies and regulations for considering waste as pollutant or a resource.1.2 E-Waste Scenario in India:The Indian information technology industry has a prominent global presence today largely due to the software sector. More recently, policy changes have led to a tremendous influx of leading multinational companies into India to set up manufacturing facilities, R&D centers and software development facilities. This growth has significant economic and social impacts. The increase of electronic products, consumption rates and higher obsolescence rate leads to higher generation of electronic waste. In India computers and peripherals are recycled / reused much more than they are in developed countries. No reliable figures are available as yet to quantify the e-waste generation. Increasingly as computers are becoming more affordable and there is greater access to technology, the turnover of machines could definitely be higher.Table 1.1: E- waste generation in Top Ten States of IndiaSl No.STATESWEEE (Tones)

1 Maharashtra20270.59

2 Tamil Nadu13486.24

3 Andhra Pradesh12780.33

4 Utter Pradesh10381.11

5 West Bengal10059.36

6 Delhi09729.15

7 Karnataka09118.74

8 Gujarat08994.33

9 Madhya Pradesh07800.62

10 Punjab06958.46

Source: E-Waste Management in India Table 1.2: E- waste generation in Top Ten Cities of IndiaSl No.TOP CITIESWEEE (Tones)

1 Mumbai11017

2 Delhi09730

3 Bangalore04648

4 Chennai04132

5 Kolkata04025

6 Ahmadabad03287

7 Hyderabad02833

8 Pune 02584

9 Surat01836

10 Nagpur01769

Source: E-Waste Management in IndiaAccording to Manufacturers Association for Information Technology report, India in 2007 generated 380000 tones of e-waste from discarded Computers, Televisions and Mobile Phones. This is projected to grow to more than 800000 tons by 2012 with a growth rate of 15 %. The estimate includes 50000 tones of such e-waste imported from developed countries as charity for reuse, which mostly end up in informal recycling yards either immediately or once the re-used product is discarded. This is a conservative and restricted estimate. As regards to the take back policy in India, Apple, Microsoft, Panasonic, PCS, Philips, Sharp, Sony, Sony Ericsson and Toshiba observes take back option at their production plant. Samsung claims to have a take back service but only one collection point for the whole of India, other nine branded companies do not have take back service. Two brands stand out as having the best take back practice in India, HCL and WIPRO. Other brands that do relatively well are Nokia, Acer, Motorola and LGE.1.3 Objective of Study:The objective of the proposed paper is to formulate, design and implement an integrated e-waste management pilot project in Kochi region. After augmentation of local capacity, the level of effort could be scaled up to the national level and replicated in other countries. The alarming increase in e-waste generation and the consequent threat of environmental degradation arising from unauthorized recycling establishes the urgent need for an effective regulatory framework. Some of the major objectives are- Inventorisation of E-Waste for the three electronic sub sectors namely personal computers, mobile phones and television in Kochi region. Source of generation / quantities and its classification according to possible future potential for reuse / recycle. Prepare the current status of E-Waste management systems in place as a baseline for future action plans. Future projection of E-Waste generation volumes and characteristics.1.4 Scope of the study:This study is very helpful on e-waste management by identifying the roles and responsibilities of all stakeholders including the public to manage the e-waste in an environmentally sound manner through reduction in the generation of e-waste and providing a system for collection, segregation and recycling of e-waste. This is planned to be achieved in a structured manner by: Adopting the e-waste Policy. Setting up of a Monitoring Committee to monitor the implementation of the Policy. Promoting E-waste recycling as a socially good and viable industry in Kerala. Creating awareness and involving all stakeholders to be responsible in fulfilling their role in environmentally sound management of e-waste. Involving the Small & Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Kerala in environmentally sound management of e-waste.1.5 Approach and Methodology:The methodology adopted for rapid assessment was primary data collection / research and interviews with the potential e-waste generators, dealers and assemblers of equipments supported by secondary information. The detail interviews with the end-users like households and businesses, channel members like traders / scrap collectors, dismantlers etc. was on the basis of a structured discussion. The methodology adopted in executing the project is as follows. Activity 1: Inventory of E-waste Assessment of the Kochi region with respect to generation of E-waste from various sources (residential, commercial, industrial, inter-city, etc.) Establishment of material flow with respect to e-waste generation in Kochi and identification of stakeholders. Quantification and characterization of e-waste in Kochi including quantity of various types as well as characterization of each type of E-waste. Technical assistance to institutionalize e-waste inventory and its updating with Kochi.Activity 2: Study of e-waste recycling structure Study of e-waste recycling (formal/informal) and its capacity. Study of e-waste toxic footprint by inventorizing E-waste recycling sites in case recycling occurs in informal sector in Kochi. Study of the feasibility of the level of treatment of e-waste in Kochi.Activity 3: Design of pilot project for E-waste storage, collection and transportation system. Study of consumer behavior for e-waste storage, collection, transportation and disposal in Kochi. Study of existing infrastructure for storage, collection and transportation system in Kochi.Activity 4: Identification of best practices and enabling regulatory requirement to ensure e-waste management Activity 5: Identification of stakeholders and initiating a dialogue with them to involve them in future work related to EPR.1.6 Limitations of the report:The concept of e-waste is still at a nascent stage especially in Kochi and in India as well. There is lack of awareness and absence of any policy in most organizations regarding e-waste. Hence, many organizations had no records and no response to questions regarding their end of life disposal procedures. There is a lack of accurate data pertaining to e-waste, thus the assessment figures are approximate estimates based on limited informations- waste recycling, lately, has received a lot of media attention due to the hazardous nature of the activities. This has made the people in the informal recycling sector very cautious, which made it quite difficult to acquire detailed information about the areas of e-waste recycling and the recycling processes. In few places, there was no permission to enter into premises. In the places where permission was accorded, in few of such places they did not allow to take photographs. Data on the number of units exiting in each sector has been collected from many sources, which are not available at one place and may have an error factor of 10 %.Sampled data will not give a correct picture but gives an indication of the E-waste generated. 2 Literature SurveyAn extensive literature search has been done through internet, print media and publications. Information was also gathered by attending seminars.2.1 Components / Parts of Computer:The various components / parts of computers Mother Board, SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply), RAM (Random Access Memory), Hard Disk, Processors, Capacitors, ICs (Integrated Circuits), Main Board, Magnetic Touching Sheet, CD Drive, Floppy Drive and Diodes etc.2.2 Components / Parts of Television:The various components / parts of televisions are Capacitors, Resistors, Transformers, STR(Supply Transformer Regulator), Integrated Circuits (ICs), LOT(Line output Transformer),Tuners, Condensers, CPT Socket (Colour Picture Tube), Zenor Diode and Normal Diode etc.2.3 Components / Parts of Mobile Phone:The various components / parts of mobile phones are Lens, internal antenna, aerial, speakers, earpiece, microphone, loud speakers, ringers, charging blocks, system connectors, sim slot covers, readers, backup, battery, battery clip, covers, connectors and kea pad membrane etc.2.4 E-Waste Composition:The various parts / materials / composition of e-waste may be divided broadly into six categories such as Iron and steel, used for casings and frames Non-ferrous metals, especially copper used in cables, and aluminum Glass used for screens, windows Plastic used as casing, in cables and for circuit boards Electronic components Others (rubber, wood, ceramic etc.).

3 Regulatory FrameworksCurrently Indian legislation does not have a separate and specific act or rule to tackle down e-waste in India. But there exist environmental acts like the water act, air act and the Environmental Protection Act which regulates the environmental impact related to any waste management and should be considered when setting up a proper disposal system for any waste. The Ministry of Environment and Forests in India is currently drafting WEEE" legislation. India ratified the convention in 1992. E-waste / components, which are hazardous in nature, need to be covered under the purview of The Hazardous Waste (Management and handling) Rules 2008 The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001 Basel Convention.3.1 Hazardous Waste Rules, 2008:The objective of this rule is to put in place an effective mechanism to regulate the generation, collection, storage, transport, import, export, recycling, treatment and disposal of hazardous materials and hazardous waste destined for disposal. This rule has come into force in exercise of the powers conferred by section 6, 8 and 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and in supersession of the Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989. Electrical and Electronic assemblies have been categorized under B1110.Recommendations Promote recycling units to ease process & to encourage generators to have proper e-waste disposal. Awareness program on recycling. Fix duties and responsibilities to recyclers. Government should encroach legal import of e-waste. Disposal fee from manufacturers and consumers.3.2 Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 2001:Apply to every manufacturer, importer, re-conditioner, assembler, dealer, recycler, auctioneer, consumer and bulk consumer involved in manufacture, processing, sale, purchase and use of batteries or components thereof. These rules confer responsibilities on the manufacturer, importer, assembler and re-conditioner. They govern the registration of importers, the customs clearance of imports of new lead acid batteries, procedures for registration / renewal of registration of recyclers and also the responsibilities of consumer or bulk consumer and responsibilities of auctioneers.3.3 Basel Convention:The fundamental aims of the Basel Convention are the control and reduction of transboundary movements of hazardous and other wastes including the prevention and minimization of their generation, the environmentally sound management of such wastes and the active promotion of the transfer and use of technologies. A Draft Strategic Plan has been proposed for the implementation of The Basel Convention. The Draft Strategic Plan takes into account existing regional plans, programmes or strategies, the decisions of the Conference of the Parties and its subsidiary bodies, ongoing project activities and process of international environmental governance and sustainable development. The Draft requires action at all levels of society: training, information, communication, methodological tools, capacity building with financial support, transfer of know-how, knowledge and sound, proven cleaner technologies and processes to assist in the concrete implementation of the Basel Declaration. India and other countries have ratified the convention. However United States (US) is not a party to the ban and is responsible for disposing hazardous waste, such as, e-waste to Asian countries even today. Developed countries such as US should enforce stricter legislations in their own country for the prevention of this horrifying act. In the European Union, where the annual quantity of electronic waste is likely to double in the next 12 years, the European Parliament recently passed legislation that will require manufacturers to take back their electronic products when consumers discard them. This is called Extended Producer Responsibility. 4. Field Survey and AnalysisTo assess the amount of e-waste generated, restricting to computer, printer, television and mobile phones in Kalamassary different categories of generators were contacted to find out their disposal rates and patterns. Four categories were identified for the study and data collection, they are -a) Assemblers. b) Dealers. c) IT Sectors and d) RepairersOne to one interaction was conducted in most of the cases and interviews were based on general questions. Data on computer and its peripheries, television and mobile phones usage, their repairs and mode of disposal of e-waste has been gathered from different categories of users. Exploratory surveys and unstructured interviews were conducted mainly to identify which item, how many items are in use and how much e- waste is generated from each category. There were several questions which we asked in survey. Some example is given below.4.1 From repairers - How many computers or TVs or mobiles or printers are discarded every year by your shop? What do you do with these wastages? Do you directly throw out its in municipal bins? Do you think is it hazardous or not?4.2 From municipal boards and pollution control department :What is the current plan in this way? What is the future plan in this way? In this time are you taking any help from e-waste recycling unit? Have any strategy of government concerning about the e-waste disposal? Are they think about to establishing a e-waste recycling unit?4.3 E-waste generation in Cochin4.3.1 E- Waste Generation Due to Repairs of Television and DVDTable 4.1: Repairs of Television and DVD- E- Waste Generation Kg/YearSl No.CompanyTVDVD

Repair/yrDiscard/yrRepair/yrDiscard/yr

1Sri vigneswara electronics, S.kallamassary15010756

2Jonnsons videos. Palarivettom3605054070

3Fix4less electronics, Palarivettom3002070075

4Esap trade link, N.kallamassary5052500125

5Ralatheesh digital electronics, N.kallamassay--1000100

6Monoj Kumar electronics30030--

7Denfreb electronics5002--

8Memory plus electronics,Palarivettom800200--

Total24603174715376

(Assuming an average weight of television is 36.2 Kg and DVD is 3.2 Kg as per E-Waste Volume I, Inventory Assessment Manual UNEP)E-waste generated by TV waste- 11475.4 Kg/yearE-waste generated by DVD- 1203.2 Kg/year.

4.3.2 E- Waste Generation Due to Repairs of mobile phoneTable 4.2: Repairs of mobile phone- E- Waste Generation Kg/YearSl No.RepairerRepair/YearDiscarded/Year

1Cell dreams, CUSAT road18048

2My Tel, South kalamassary144060

3Dreams duty, HMT junction5460600

4Mobile lab, Edapally96072

5My mobile, Edapally2400240

6Mobile collection, Edapally1200120

7Cellular care, S.kalamassary60025

8Akbar mobile, N.kalammasary600100

9Aine communication,N.kalamassary4260600

10Mobile zone, S.kalammasary1660600

11City world, Edapally600360

Total187602825

Assuming an average weight of mobile phone is 0.100 Kg as per E-Waste Volume I, Inventory Assessment Manual UNEP. Total E-waste is generated due to mobile by eleven mobile repair shops 282.5 Kg/year.4.3.3 E- Waste Generation Due to computer and printer In CUSAT COMPUTER CENTRE there are about 100 computers in waste condition, and stored at store room. They have no solution how to dispose these wastes.Table 4.3: E- Waste Generation Due to computer and printer from repairerSl No.CompanyComputerPrinter

Repair/yrDiscard/yrRepair/yrDiscard/yr

1Navia system, HMT2190109573025

2Dazzling IT solution, Edapally5020

3Vprotech computers, Edapally4806012024

4Copumobiles, Edapally1200100--

5Microsystem, Edapally400200--

6Elegant Computers,Kaloor30015505

7Metroshoppe , Kochi100207010

8International marketing, Edapally100050--

9Zenicon Infoway, M.G. road1150756020

10Teamfront live,Menka5001530010

TOTAL73251630133294

(Assuming an average weight of personal computer is 29.6 Kg. and of printer is 5 Kg as per E-Waste Volume I, Inventory Assessment Manual UNEP & Report on Study on E Waste in Kolkata)Total E-waste is generated by ten shop of computer per annum- 48248 Kg/year.Total E-waste is generated by ten shop of printer per annum- 470 Kg/yearTable 4.4: E- Waste Generation Due to computer from infoparkSl No.CompanyComputer usedDiscard/Year

1TCS company3000200

2Wipro ltd.5000250

3Armia Systems (P) Ltd.120050

4US Technology International Pvt Ltd3000100

5Mint Business Solutions70050

6Mindsoft Technologies India Pvt. Ltd2005

7Codework Solutions (P) Ltd.80010

8Calpine Tech.20010

9Exor india ltd.305

10Thought infotech80

There are over 100 companies in Infopark and roughly 30000 computers are being used in Infopark. And average 2500 computers are discarded per year. So total e-waste generated by Infopark is about 74 tons per annum. Total e-wastes are generated by shops, repair centre and Infopark about 135 tons per annum on the basis of a small survey at Cochin. It is a huge amount of e-waste that cant be neglected. So, we have to need a proper plan to solve these wastes.The flow of e-waste is clear from below chart.4.4 E-waste flow from repair centre of mobiles, TVs, computers and printers:

Repairer centreExchange / Replace DealersMunicipalityReuse or up gradation centre MunicipalityLand filling

Figure 4.1: Showing flow diagram for repair centre of mobiles, TVS etc4.5 E-waste flow from Info Park:

InfoparkStore RoomScrap dealer (dismantling) Plastic recyclerMetal recyclerMunicipalityLand filling

Figure 4.2: Showing e-waste flow from Infopark5 E-Waste Management ConceptsThe best option for dealing with E-wastes is to reduce the volume. Designers should ensure that the product is built for re-use, repair and/or upgradeability. Stress should be laid on use of less toxic, easily recoverable and recyclable materials which can be taken back for refurbishment, remanufacturing, disassembly and reuse. Recycling and reuse of material are the next level of potential options to reduce e-waste (Ramachandra and Saira, 2004). Recovery of metals, plastic, glass and other materials reduces the magnitude of e-waste. These options have a potential to conserve the energy and keep the environment free of toxic material that would otherwise have been released. It is the need of the hour to have an e waste-policy and national regulatory frame work for promotion of such activities. An e Waste Policy is best created by those who understand the issues. So it is best for industry to initiate policy formation collectively, but with user involvement. Sustainability of e-waste management systems has to be ensured by improving the effectiveness of collection and recycling systems and by designing-in additional funding e.g., advance recycling fees. The Secretariat of the Basal Convention (SBC) has taken a number of initiatives in e-waste management. A pilot project on e-waste management in the Asia and the Pacific Region has been supported by SBC in which India is participating. SBC has also facilitated a Mobile Phone Partnership Program (MP3) with public private partnership.Solving the E-waste Problem is an international initiative, created to develop solutions to address issues associated with Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment(WEEE). In this paper with the help of surveys and statistics, I have come to the conclusion that we need six ways to decrease the problems of e-waste. These are:- Donation Involve business & up gradation Inventory management 3-R process Treatment and Disposal option. Sustainable product design.The illustrations of these processes are as follows:5.1 Donation:Between 2010 and 2013 analogue free-to-air TV signals are being switched off and replaced with digital-only signals. This initiative, rapid technology change and a shortened replacement cycle have resulted in a fast-growing surplus of electronic waste around the globe. Charitable recycling organizations are reported to be receiving more than their fair share of the e-waste donations by acts of goodwill and kindness, by those who believe that their unwanted items may help others, and/or others who are simply taking advantage of an easy option or attempting to avoid landfill fees. To that end, we undertook a snapshot survey to determine the current conditions for the management of e-waste donations. Following are the findings of this survey.5. 2 Involve business and up gradation:The IBM PC Recycling Service allows consumers and businesses to recycle any computer for a small fee, including shipping. Businesses can consult with a company such as New tech Recycling, which provides equipment resale, donations or recycling.C2B Logistic approach is needed. Changes can be made in the production process, which will reduce waste generation. This reduction can be accomplished by changing the materials used to make the product or by the more efficient use of input materials in the production process or both. Potential waste - minimization techniques can be broken down into three categories: Improved operating and maintenance procedures, Material change and Process-equipment modification.Improvements in the operation and maintenance of process equipment can result in significant waste reduction. This can be accomplished by reviewing current operational procedures. Instituting standard operation procedures can optimize the use of raw materials in the production process and reduce the potential for materials to be lost through leaks and spills. An employee-training program is a key element of any waste reduction program. Training should include correct operating and handling procedures, proper equipment use, recommended maintenance and inspection schedules and proper management of waste materials. Hazardous materials used in either a product formulation or a production process may be replaced with a less hazardous or non-hazardous material. This is a very widely used technique and is applicable to most manufacturing processes. 5.3 Inventory management:Proper control over the materials used in the manufacturing process is an important way to reduce waste generation. By reducing both the quantity of hazardous materials used in the process and the amount of excess raw materials in stock, quantity of waste generated can be reduced. This can be done in two ways by establishing material purchase review & inventory tracking systems. Developing review for all material purchased is the first step in establishing an inventory management program. Procedures should require that all materials be approved prior to purchase. In the approval process all production materials are evaluated to examine if they contain hazardous constituents and whether alternative non-hazardous materials are available. Another inventory management procedure for waste reduction is to ensure that only the needed quantity of materials ordered. This will require the establishment of a strict inventory tracking system. Purchase procedures must be implemented which ensure that materials are ordered only on an as-needed basis and that only the amount needed for a specific period of time is ordered.5.4 Three-R Process:Popular concepts of waste reduction, reuse and recycle, often referred to as 3R, are particularly applicable in the context of production and consumption. It calls for an overall reduction in resources and energy used, increase in the ratio of recyclable materials and further reusing of raw materials and manufacturing wastes. Waste materials generated during the production process can be reused or recycled both on-site and off-site. "Reuse" means reusing a waste material directly, either for its original purpose or in a new role, without any major modification to the material before it is reused. Waste materials that are "recycled" require some form of significant physical, chemical or biological processing. The 3R ideas can be applied to the entire lifecycles of products and services from design and extraction of raw materials to transport, manufacture, use, dismantling/reuse and disposal. At the production stage, the target stakeholder of businesses should look at 3R oriented designs for resource-saving, long-life; reuse; recycling; and labeling of materials used. 5.5 Treatment and disposal option:The presence of hazardous elements in e-waste offers the potential of increasing the intensity of their discharge in environment due to landfilling and incineration. The potential treatment disposal options based on the composition are given below:a) Landfillingb) Incineration.5.5.1 Landfill:Degradation processes in landfills are very complicated and run over a wide time span. At present it is not possible to quantify environmental impacts from E-waste in landfills for the following reasons: Landfills contain mixtures of various waste streams; Emission of pollutants from landfills can be delayed for many years; According to climatic conditions and technologies applied in landfills data on the concentration of substances in leachate and landfill gas from municipal waste landfill sites differs with a factor 2-3. One of the studies on landfills reports that the environmental risks from landfilling of e-waste cannot be neglected because the conditions in a landfill site are different from a native soil, particularly concerning the leaching behavior of metals. In addition it is known that cadmium and mercury are emitted in diffuse form or via the landfill gas combustion plant. Although the risks cannot be quantified and traced back to e-waste, landfilling does not appear to be an environmentally sound treatment method for substances, which are volatile and not biologically degradable. As a consequence of the complex material mixture in e-waste, it is not possible to exclude environmental (long-term) risks even in secured landfilling.The aim of landfilling is to avoid any hydraulic connection between the wastes and the surrounding environment, particularly groundwater.Basically, a landfill is a bathtub in the ground; a double-lined landfill is one bathtub inside another. Bathtubs leak two ways: out the bottom or over the top. Land fill are lined with clay or plastic lining to prevent liquid waste called leachate, from escaping in to the soil. As certain parts of landfills are closed, pipes are installed to help avoid the escaping gases. These gases can also be used to create electricity. A network of drains collects the leachate and pumps it to the surface where it can be treated. Ground wells are also drilled into and around the landfill to monitor groundwater quality and to detect any contamination. These safety measures keep ground water, which is the main source of drinking water in many communities, clean and pure. At the end of each days activities, workers spread a layer of earth called the daily cover over the waste to reduce odour and control vermin. The workers fill and cap each cell with a layer of clay and earth, and then seed the area with native grasses. When a landfill is full, workers seal and cover the landfill with a final cap of clay and dirt. There are four critical elements in a secure landfill: a bottom liner, a leachate collection system, a cover, and the natural hydrogeologic setting. The natural setting can be selected to minimize the possibility of wastes escaping to groundwater beneath a landfill. The three other elements must be engineered. Each of these elements is critical to success. Impacts of Landfill operations Infrastructuredamage (e.g., damage to access roads by heavy vehicles) Pollutionof the localenvironment(such as contamination of groundwater and/or aquifers by leakage and residual soil contamination during landfill usage, as well as after landfill closure). Harbouring of diseasevectors such as rats and flies, particularly from improperly operated landfills, which are common inThird-world countries; injuries towildlife Simple nuisance problems (e.g., dust, odour,vermin, ornoise pollution).5.5.2 Incineration:Incineration is a waste disposal method that involves the combustion of waste at high temperatures. Incineration and other high temperature waste treatment systems are described as "thermal treatment". In effect, incineration of waste materials converts the waste into heat, gaseous emissions, and residual solid ash. Other types of thermal treatment include pyrolysis and gasification. A waste-to-energy plant is a modern term for an incinerator that burns wastes in high-efficiency furnace/boilers to produce steam and/or electricity and incorporates modern air pollution control systems and continuous emissions monitors. This type of incinerator is sometimes called an energy-from-waste facility. Incineration is popular in countries such as Japan where land is a scarce resource, as they do not consume as such area as a landfill. Incineration is carried out both on a small scale by individuals and on a large scale by industry.Advantage of incineration of e-waste is the reduction of waste volume and the utilization of the energy content of combustible materials. Some plants remove iron from the slag for recycling.Disadvantage of incineration are the emission to air of substances escaping flue gas cleaning and the large amount of residues from gas cleaning and combustion. There is no available research study or comparable data, which indicates the impact of e-waste emissions into the overall performance of municipal waste incineration plants. 5.6 Sustainable product design:Minimization of hazardous wastes should be at product design stage itself keeping in mind the following factors. Rethink the product design: Efforts should be made to design a product with fewer amounts of hazardous materials. For example, the efforts to reduce material use are reflected in some new computer designs that are flatter, lighter and more integrated. Other companies propose centralized networks similar to the telephone system. Use of renewable materials and energy: Bio-based plastics are plastics made with plant-based chemicals or plant-produced polymers rather than from petrochemicals. Bio-based toners, glues and inks are used more frequently. Solar computers also exist but they are currently very expensive. Use of non-renewable materials that are safer: Because many of the materials used are non-renewable, designers could ensure the product is built for re-use, repair and/or upgradeability. Some computer manufacturers such as Dell and Gateway lease out their products thereby ensuring they get them back to further upgrade and lease out again.

6 Economics of E-Waste ManagementThe sustainability of E-waste management is dependent on financial viability of E-waste collection, transportation, treatment and disposal. The financial viability is in turn dependent on regulatory system in place as it will define the standards and institutional mechanism for E-waste management. Economical view and analysis in each solution process are given below.6.1 Donation:Give an operable computer to a local family, friend, school, or nonprofit such as Goodwill or Technology Training Foundation. Donating electronics for reuse extends the lives of valuable products & keep them out of the waste management system for a longer time.In this programme there is no need of any large investment. Cost expenditure depends only on transportation.Analysis- This is very economic process, but by this process we can only control around 25% of total E-waste.6.2 Involve business & up gradation:Producer should responsible for own WEEE items. Cost estimisation in this technique depends on company policy. There are various factor i.e. guarantee policy, insurance policy etc.Analysis This is also cost effective, but cant be applicable on fully discarded items.6.3 Inventory management:Proper control over the materials used in the manufacturing process is an important way to reduce waste generation. There is no any investment in this process.6.4 Reuse:This solution is very economic and necessary solution in the way of reducing e-waste. In this process very less cost of initial investment and daily expenditure will also be less. In every discarded computer 40-70% of their part can be reuse. It means that we can reduce 40-70% e-waste by only reusing process. This technique will be very helpful in institute as well as in IT sectors. Initial investment for a reuse unit for an institute having every day 5-10 computers fall in technical problems. Initially only three or four rooms and some computer repairing instruments and one small three wheeler truck for collection and deposition .Daily expenditure:-Only labour cost required. For 5 computers daily repairing need 2 technical labour. And for transportation of computers need two or three unskilled labour. Maximum daily expenditure will be 2000-2500. 6.5 Recycling process:This technique posses several process on which cost depend. Initial investment (Building cost, area cost, recycling equipment cost, construction and fabrication cost). Labour cost Fuel cost (electricity etc.) Water consumption cost Transportation cost Maintenance and repair costA general view of cost estimation to establish a recycling unit in cochin based on comparison with E-Parisara. Capacity of recycling unit - 6 t/day avg. - 10 t/day max.6.5.1 Initial investment:-1. Land area required - 1.5 acres Cost of land- 1.5*4*100 = 6 crore (4lak/cent in local region of cochin by Govt.)2. Recycling Equipment cost - 1.5 crore (As compare to E-parisara) 3. Building cost - 2 croreTotal investment initially about - 9.5 to 10 crore.6.5.2 Expected expenditure per day on the basis of 6t/d recycling.

Table 6.1: Cost estimation Sr no.ItemsCosts

1Labour cost 84.6k/day approx.

2Electricity cost (49kw consumption) 19257Rs/day

3Water cost (700l/day) Negligible

4Collection and transportation cost 3 k/day

5Raw material cost 150k/day

6Maintenance cost2.5k/day

Total 259.35kRs/day

Assumptions for computing these costs are given below.1. An average cost of Rs. 25 per kg has been taken as raw material cost.2. It has been assumed that about 98 personnel will be working for managing the proposed facility- Three top management staff (CEO, CFO and general manager)- 80k/m Fifteen technical personnel - 50k/m Twenty five semiskilled staff- 25k/m Fifty labour - 10k/m

3. Electricity charges are based on the existing rate of Rs. 3.93 per unit provided by the utility to industries.4. Collection and transportation costs have been estimated considering collection and transportation system in cochin, where the private operator charges Rs. 500 average per ton for collection and transportation of waste from bins to sanitary landfill site, considering an average of 30 km of round trip.

5. Machinery maintenance cost is assumed to be 2% of the capital expenditure every year if operated at full capacity utilization. It gets reduced in proportion to capacity utilization.

6. Assuming total working day 300 in a year. Total amount and their value of extracted metals and compounds after recycling process.

Table 6.2: Value of output evaluated after dismantling of single PCSl No.ItemsWt. recovered (kg)Market Price (Rs/kg)Total Value (Rs)

1Plastics1.257087.5

2Aluminium2.46120295

3Lead0.068805.5

4Iron3.562071

5Tin0.1570105

6Copper1.35300405

7Zinc0.02815050

8Gold0.003520lakh700

9Silver0.00420k80

Total8.87-1799

Table 6.3: Value of output evaluated after dismantling of single TVSl No.ItemsWt. recovered (kg)Market Price (Rs/kg)Total Value (Rs)

1Plastics7.5270526.5

2Aluminium0.3412040.5

3Lead0.057804.5

4Iron3.472069.5

5Nickel0.011240026.5

6Copper0.98300294

7Zinc0.0815012

8Gold0.000282000000560

9Silver0.000572000011.5

10Glass15.34115.5

Total27.8-1560.5

A single PC and TV contain around 60 kg E-waste. From above data we can recover 3360 Rs by extracted metal and non metal from 60kg E-waste. So, for 6ton we can recover 336000Rs. Hence expected annual income by 6t/day recycling capacity unit is about 10.08 crore. Above we have calculated annual expenditure is 7.78 crore. This calculation shows that we can get net benefit about 2.3 crore annually. Not only benefit in revenue also it will create jobs for people and finally will make free from pollution.7 Conclusion Drawn from Technology and skills:There is a need of a proper technology to be adopted by the recyclers. It seems that the recyclers are collecting, dismantling and segregating the waste. The Support should be given to smelting industries (processing metal, glass and plastic wastes) through specific training and consultancy in cleaner technologies and process handling to improve current e-waste processes by introducing best affordable technologies (BAT) and by upgrading and qualifying low and medium skilled labour. From the above discussions, we have analysed that the 3R process is the most suitable process by which e-wastes can be managed to a great extent. Drawn from Policy and Legislation:There should be a support in the implementation of legislation on e-waste handling by offering advice and exposure and by testing pilot management schemes. Drawn from Economics:The setting up of a recycling unit in an area must be economical and beneficial in the prospect of pollution control and job opportunities. Therefore the economics of this project was calculated by us. From the available data we have calculated that from 6 tons of e-waste we can generate Rs 3,36,000 approximately. The expected annual income that can be generated by 6t/day recycling capacity unit is about Rs 10.08 crore. The annual expenditure is about Rs 7.78 crore. Hence, we can get the benefit of Rs 2.3 crore approximately. It will also create jobs in large quantity. From the calculation which we did, we can say that there is a severe need of recycling unit in Kochi. References 1. RamaChandra T.V , Saira Varghese K., environmentally sound options for e-wastes management, Envis Journal of Human Settlements, March 2004.2. Violet N. Pinto, E-waste hazard: the impending challenge, Indian journal, Vol:6, pp. 997- 1007, 20053. S. Chatterjee , Krishna Kumar, Effective electronic waste management and recycling process involving formal and non-formal sectors, International Journal of Physical Sciences Vol. 4 (13) pp. 893-905, December, 20094. Kurian Joseph, electronic waste management in India-issues and strategies, centre of environmental studies, Anna university, Chennai, India, Srdinia,20075. Santosh G.Thampi, T.V.Narayana Namboodiri, approaches for sustainable municipal solid waste management-a case study with specific reference to the state of Kerala republic of India, 5 - 7 September 2007, Chennai, India. pp. 42-49.6. Consumer Voice- Environment, April 2009, Source: Electronics for you, January 2009.7. Volume- I: Inventory Assessment Manual by UNEP (United Nations environmental Programme Division of Technology, Industry and Economics International Environmental Technology Center.8. Report Assessment of Electronic waste in Mumbai- Pune Area by IRG Systems South Asia Pvt.Ltd New Delhi, for Maharashtra Pollution control Board, March 2009.