Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization...

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Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003 Lima, Peru

Transcript of Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization...

Page 1: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003.

Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas

Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)

World Health Organization (WHO)

April 9-11, 2003Lima, Peru

Page 2: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003.

Lima, Peru 2003

Linkage between environmental exposuresand children’s health

Dr. Irena Buka, MB, ChB, F.R.C.P.(C)Chair of Expert Advisory Board onChildren’s Health & the Environment, CECAssociate Clinical Professor of PaediatricsUniversity of Alberta, Canada

Page 3: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003.

Objectives

1. To define paediatric environmental health

2. To discuss health consequences of environmental exposures on children

3. To address the barriers within the health sector

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Objetivos

1. Definir la salud ambiental de la infancia

2. Discutir las consecuencias en la salud de los niños por exposiciones

ambientales

3. Comentar sobre los obstáculos que enfrenta el Sector Proveedor de Salud

Page 5: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003.
Page 6: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003.

Nuestra clinica para los niños es en el hospital Misiracordia

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- es protección de los niños de:

1. Físicos 2. Biológicos 3. Socio-ecónomicos 4. Psico-emocionales 5. Químicos

…peligros ambientales

La salud ambiental en la infancia

Page 8: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003.

Paediatric environmental health- is protecting children from:

1. Physical 2. Biological 3. Socio-economic 4. Psychoemotional 5. Chemical

…environmental hazards

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¿Cuáles son los efectos en la salud?

1. Asma2. Problemas del neurodesarrollo3. Cáncer4. Malformaciones congénitas5. Efectos immunológicos6. Alteraciones endócrinas

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What are the health effects?

1. Asthma2. Neurodevelopmental disorders3. Cancer4. Congenital malformations5. Immunological disorders6. Endocrine disruption

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Casos de asma reportados desde el nacimiento a los 19 años

Canadá, 1978 - 1996

0

5

10

15

1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

% 2 N/A N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A 12 12

* El estudio de 1984 incluyó sólo al grupo de 0-14 años.

* Nota: Porcentajes en cálculo relativo.

* Fuente: Health Canada. 1999. Measuring Up: A Health Surveillance Update on Canadian Children and Youth.

Page 12: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003.

Reported Asthma Prevalence, Birth to 19 Years

Canada, 1978 - 1996

0

5

10

15

1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996

% 2 N/A N/A 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A 12 12

* 1984 survey includes 0-14 years of age only.

* Note: Percentages are weighted estimates.

* Source: Health Canada. 1999. Measuring Up: A Health Surveillance Update on Canadian Children and Youth.

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Asma

Factores desencadenantes

1. Emisiones vehiculares (EV)NO2 hidrocarburospartículas de dísel

2. Ozono, O3

COV + NOxs en luz solar

- plantas eléctricas, EV, gasolina

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Asthma

Triggers

1. Motor vehicle emissions (MVEs)NO2 hydrocarbonsdiesel particles

2. Ozones O3

VOC’s + NOxs in sunlight

- power plants, MVEs, gasoline

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Asma

3. Compuestos de azufre SO2, H2SO4, H2S- plantas carboníferas- molinos de pulpa y papel- fundidoras

4. Partículas suspendidas- hollín, humo- piedras, suelo, polvo

Factores desencadenantes

Page 16: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003.

AsthmaTriggers

3. Sulphur compounds SO2, H2SO4, H2S- coal fired power plants- pulp and paper mills- smelters

4. Particulate matter- soot, smoke- rocks, soil, dust

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AsmaFactores desencadenantes

Humo de tabaco ambiental

Adhesivos para construcción, pintura, productos de limpieza, cosméticos

Plaguicidas

Alergenos, infecciones, factores emocionales

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AsthmaTriggers

Environmental tobacco smoke

Building adhesives, paint, cleaning agents, cosmetics

Pesticides

Allergens, infections, emotions

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Asma

Factores de riesgo

1. Predisposición genética

2. Nacimiento prematuro

3. Exposición temprana a infecciones virales

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Asthma

Risk Factors

1. Genetic predisposition

2. Prematurity

3. Early exposure to viral infections

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Trastomos del Desarrollo Neurológico

17% sordero, ceguera, deficienciasdel habla, parálisis cerebral,alteraciones emocionales-conductuales, trastomos del aprendizaje

5-10% trastornos del aprendizaje solos6-17% déficit de atención/hiperactividad

Schettler 2001

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Neurodevelopmental Disorders

17% deaf, blind, speech deficit cerebral palsy emotional/behavioral disorders learning disabilities

5-10 % learning disabilities alone6-17% attention deficit hyperactive

disorders

Schettler 2001

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Trastornos del Desarrollo Neurológico

Etiología 1. Genética

2. Ambiental

3. Social

70% causa desconocida

Page 24: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003.

Neurodevelopmental Disorders

Aetiology1. Genetics

2. Environmental

3. Social

70% unknown cause

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Neurotóxicos

- exposición crónica a dósis bajas

1. Pb, Hg2. PCBs3. Nicotina4. Tolueno5. Medicamentos ej. fenitoina

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Neurotoxicants

- chronic low dose exposure

1. Pb, Hg2. PCB’s3. Nicotine4. Toluene5. Medications eg. phenytoin

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Cáncer

Etiologia

10-20% genética

80% algún componente ambiental

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Cancer

Aetiology

10-20% genetic

80% environmental component

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Cáncer en la infancia

Etiología

Alteraciones genéticasRadiación: UV, ionizanteAlcohol, Humo de tabaco ambientalQuímicos Industriales y AgrícolasMedicamentos

Herbst 1971 Zahm & Deveza 1995

Schmidt 1998

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Childhood cancer

Aetiology

Genetic abnormalitiesUV and ionizing radiationE.T.S. alcoholIndustrial & agricultural chemicalsMedications

Herbst 1971 Zahm & Deveza 1995

Schmidt 1998

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Malformaciones Congénitas

Tasa de mortalidad infantil por cada 100,000nacidos vivos, 1997.

Canada 147-7

U.S.A. 159-2

Mexico 267-7

-2a causa de muerte en la población infantil

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Birth defects

1997 Infant death rates per 100,000 live births

Canada 147-7

U.S.A. 159-2

Mexico 267-7

- second leading cause of infant mortality

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Malformaciones Congénitas

Etiología

- medicamentos

- deficiencias nutricionales

80% desconocidas

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Birth defects

Aetiology

- medications

- nutritional deficiencies

80% unknown

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Efectos Inmunológicos

PCB’s - exposición in utero infecciones en niños

Haral. 1985

Pesticidas - suprimen células “asesinas” - predis. a leucemias, linfomas

Zahm & Deveza 1995

Humo de tabaco ambiental - infecciones en niños

Haral. 1985

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Immunological effects

PCB’s - in utero exposure infections in children

Haral. 1985

Pesticides - suppress killer cells - predispd to leuka, lymphoma

Zahm & Devesa 1995

E.T.S. - infections in children Haral. 1985

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Disruptores Endócrinos

PCB’s, dioxinas, DDT

Ésteres de ftalatos

- en humanos y vida silvestre

Longneckel et al. 1997

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Endocrine disruption

PCB’s, dioxins, DDT

Phthalate esters

- in humans and wildlife

Longneckel et al. 1997

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Disrupción Endocrina

- cuenta de espermatozoides, trastornos de la fertilidad

- criptorquidia, hipospadias, cáncer testicular

- pubertad precoz, cáncer de mama

Foster 1998

Page 40: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003.

Endocrine disruption

- sperm counts, difficulties conceiving

- cryptorchism, hypospadias, testicular cancer

- premature puberty, breast cancer

Foster 1998

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Obstáculos en el Sector Proveedor de Salud

1. Falta conciencia - recursos educativos2. Modelo Causa/Efecto - subdesarrollado3. Complejidad - Aspectos multifaceticos e la atención4. Bases de Datos - inadecuadas5. Investigación - Complicado, aplicable a egulación6. Prevención - precaución - responsabilidad

Page 42: Environmental Threats to the Health of Children in the Americas Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) World Health Organization (WHO) April 9-11, 2003.

Barriers in the health sector

1. Insufficient awareness, education, resources 2. Cause & effect model - undeveloped 3. Conditions complex - multifaceted aspects of care 4. Databases - inadequate 5. Research - intricate, policy applicable 6. Prevention - precautions - responsibility

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Más vale prevenir que remediar

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La población infantil constituye 30% de la población mundial,

- pero representa 100% de nuestro futuro

Naciones Unidas, 1998