ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS AND SOCIETIES STANDARD LEVEL …
Transcript of ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS AND SOCIETIES STANDARD LEVEL …
2210-6301 13 pages
M10/4/ENVSO/SP1/ENG/TZ0/XX
Monday 17 May 2010 (afternoon)
ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS AND SOCIETIES
STANDARD LEVEL
PAPER 1
INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES
• Write your session number in the boxes above.
• Do not open this examination paper until instructed to do so.
• Answer all of the questions in the spaces provided. You may continue your answers on
answer sheets. Write your session number on each answer sheet, and attach them to this
examination paper and your cover sheet using the tag provided.
• At the end of the examination, indicate the number of answer sheets used in the appropriate
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1 hour
Candidate session number
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© International Baccalaureate Organization 2010
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1. (a) Identifytwosourcesofeachofthefollowinggreenhousegases.
Methane:
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Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs):
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Carbondioxide:
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(Question 1 continued)
(b) (i) Distinguishbetweennegative feedbackandpositive feedback.
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(ii) Constructadiagramtoshowhowapositivefeedbackprocessinvolvingmethanemayaffecttherateofglobalwarming.
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(Question 1 continued)
(c) Figure1belowshowshowincreasesingreenhousegasemissionsarepredictedtoaffectglobalsurfacetemperaturesbeyondtheyear2000.
Figure 1
4.0
3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0
−1.0
Recordeddata PredicteddataKey:
Highincreaseinemissions
Moderateincreaseinemissions
Lowincreaseinemissions
Noincreaseinemissionsafter2010
Possiblerangeofvalues
1900 2000 2100 Time/year
[Source:adaptedfromhttp://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/spm.html]
(i) Explain why the changes in global surface temperature between the years1900 and 2000arelikelyto have some degree of uncertainty,eventhoughtheyarebasedonrecordeddata.
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(ii) Statetworeasonswhycomputermodelscannotpredictexactlyhowglobalsurfacetemperatureswillchangeduringthetwenty-firstcentury.
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relativetotemperatureinyear2000/
C°
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(Question 1 continued)
(d) As well as being powerful greenhouse gases, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) affectatmosphericabsorptionofultravioletradiation.
(i) State thename of the atmospheric gas that significantly reduces the amount ofultravioletradiationreachingtheEarth’ssurface.
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(ii) Figure2belowshowsthestructureoftheEarth’satmosphere.Labelthetwo lowestlayersoftheatmosphereonthediagram. [1]
Figure 2
200km
80km
50km
10km
Exosphere
Thermosphere
Mesosphere
I: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sealevel
(iii) Stateoneeffectofultravioletradiationonlivingorganisms.
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2. Owls are predators that huntmainly at night.They feed on smallmammals such asmice,voles and shrews. Theowls vomitup pelletswhich contain the parts of the prey that theycannotdigest, suchas jawbones. These jawbonescanbeused to identifypreyspecies.
Barnowl(Tyto alba)
[Source:ReproducedwiththepermissionoftheBarnOwlTrust]
Woodmouse(Apodemus sylvaticus)
[Source:Reprintedwithpermission]
Figure3belowshowshowanowlproducesapelletandFigure4showsthefeaturesofthemammaljawbonesusedtoidentifytheowl’sprey.
Figure 3 Figure 4
undigestedpartsformapelletandarevomitedup
incisortooth(frontofjaw)
toothrootslengthofjawbone
[Source:Ward’sNaturalScience] [Source:ReproducedwiththepermissionoftheBarnOwlTrust]
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(Question 2 continued)
(a) Using the key, identify the prey speciesA toF from the lower jaw bones found inowlpellets,froman openEuropeanwoodland. [3]
A. B.
1cm 1cmC. D.
1cm 1cm
E. F.
1cm 1cm
[Source:ReproducedwiththepermissionoftheBarnOwlTrust]
Key to lower jaw bones found in owl pellets Diagram letter
1 Largeupward-pointingincisortoothatfrontofjaw Goto2
Nolargeupward-pointingincisortoothvisibleatfrontofjaw Goto3
2 Sixormoretoothrootsvisible Goto4
Fiveorfewertoothrootsvisible House mouse
3 Lengthofjawisequaltoormorethan1cm Common shrew
Lengthofjawislessthan1cm Pygmy shrew
4 Lengthofjawisequaltoormorethan1.5cm Field vole
Lengthofjawislessthan1.5cm Goto5
5 Toothrootsareallofequalsize Wood mouse
Secondtoothrootfromfrontofjawissmallerthantheothers Harvest mouse
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(Question 2 continued)
(b) To estimate the populations of smallmammals in awoodland, ecologists set traps intheareabeforesunsetandthefollowingmorningmarkedallthecapturedanimalsbeforereleasingthemagain.
(i) Statewhatinformationtheecologistsmustrecordbeforereleasingtheanimals.
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(ii) Aweeklaterthetrapsaresetagainasbefore.Statewhatdatamustberecordedwhenthetrapsareopenedandexplainhowthesedatamaybeusedtoestimatethesmallmammalpopulationsinthearea.
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(iii) A student suggests that the relativeabundanceof jawbones fromdifferentpreyspecies found in owl pellets might be proportional to the relative sizes of thepopulationsofthosespecies.
Suggesttworeasonswhydatafromowlpelletsmaynotreflecttherelativesizesofthesmallmammalpopulationsinanarea.
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3. (a) Distinguishbetween the termsecological footprint andcarrying capacity of a humanpopulation.
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(b) For the resources listed below, identify whether each is considered to be renewable,non-renewableorreplenishable.Groundwaterisshownasanexample. [2]
Groundwater: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Replenishable.............
Ricecropfromapaddyfield: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coppermineralsinrocks: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Animalwool: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ozonelayer: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) (i) Distinguishbetweentransfer processesandtransformation processes.
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(Question 3 continued)
Figure5belowshowsafreshwaterlakeinatemperateforestbiome,closetoanocean.
Figure 5
[Source:PhotobyPeterMoore.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wast_Water]
(ii) Annotate the diagram below to show the natural transfer and transformationprocesseswhichmovewaterfromtheoceantothelake. [2]
ocean
lake
snow-cappedmountains
(iii) The land around the lake is used for livestock farming. State and explainone impact thismayhaveon the lakeecosystem.
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(iv) Suggest two reasons why fresh water supplies may be insufficient to meet thedemandsofhumansocietiesinthefuture.
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4. Figure6belowshowstheestimatedsizeofsomeglobalenergyflowsforoneyear.
Figure 6 Energy type Total energy flow / joules × 1020
yr–1
SunlightreachingsurfaceofEarth 30000
Netprimaryproductivity(NPP) 30–50
Humanfoodconsumption 0.2
[Source:EINewman,2002,AppliedEcologyandEnvironmentalManagement,Vol.2,BlackwellScience,Oxford.CopyrightWiley-Blackwell,reproducedwithpermission.]
(a) State two processes that reduce the amount of sunlight reaching the Earth’s surface,asthelighttravelsthroughtheatmosphere.
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(b) UsingthedatainFigure6,calculate,asapercentagerange,theproportionofglobalNPPusedforhumanfoodconsumptioninoneyear.
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(c) Suggesttworeasonswhyfoodisinshortsupplyinsomesocieties.
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5. (a) Definethetermenvironmental impact assessment.
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(b) Figure7belowshowsthreealternativelocationsforalandfillsite(A,BandC).
Figure 7
Key:
Contourlines Roadnetwork Railnetwork River Landfillsites
B
C
A
High
ground
High
ground
High
ground
300 m
300 m
400 m
200 m
200 m
Wildlife reserve 200 m
Ocean
City
100 m
100 m
100 m
1 km
Prevailing
winds
Scale:
N
Chooseonelandfillsiteandstatetwoadvantagesandtwodisadvantagesofyourchoice.
Landfillsitechosen: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Advantages: 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Disadvantages: 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(Question 5 continued)
(c) (i) Listthreetypesofsoliddomesticwaste.
1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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(ii) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of one namedmanagement strategy,otherthanlandfill,fordealingwithsoliddomesticwaste.
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