Environmental Stress: Indication, Mitigation and Eco-conservation

Environmental Stress: Indication, Mitigation and Eco-conservation

Edited by

Mohammad Yunus Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India

Nandita Singh National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow, India

and

Luit J. de Kok University of Groningen, Haren, The Netherlands

Springer-Science+Business Media, RY.

A C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN 978-90-481-5503-3 ISBN 978-94-015-9532-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-015-9532-2

Printed on acid-free paper

All Rights Reserved © 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2000.

Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2000

No part of the material protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.

Contents

Contributors

Foreword

Preface

Environmental Stress

1. Climate Change - Implications for the Developing Countries S.K. Sinha

IX

XV

XVll

2. Predicting the Impacts of Climate Change on Vegetation 17 T W Ashenden, CM Stirling, H. Harmens, and CR. Rafarel

3. Air Pollution Impacts on Agriculture - A Global Issue 27 MR. Ashmore, J.N.B. Bell, FM Marshall and E. Milne

4. Effects of Air Pollution on Herbivorous Insects 41 J.N.B. Bell

5. Floristic Summary of North American Plant Species 53 in the Air Pollution Literature J.P. Bennett

6. The Impacts of Air Pollution on Crops in Developing 63 Countries - A Case Study in Pakistan S.R.A. Shamsi, M.R. Ashmore, J.N.B. Bell, R. Maggs, U. Kafayat and A. Wahid

7. Pollution vis-a-vis Biodiversity 73 P.B. Rastogi and N. Rastogi

8. Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Plant 89 Responses M. Agrawal and S.S. Deepak

9. Implications for Variation in Carbon Sources for 103 the Global Warming Potential of Methane CK. Varshney and A.K. Attri

10. The Impact of Nitrogen Compounds - A Problem 107 of Growing Concern B. Prinz

11. Nitrogen Dioxide and Nitrogen Nutrition in Plants 121 H.S. Srivastava

Vl CONTENTS

12. Atmospheric H 2S Pollution - Deposition and 135 Impact on Sulphur Metabolism in Plants L.J. DeKok, C.E.E. Stuiver, S. Westerman and 1. Stulen

13 . Long-Term Effects of Metal on Helophytes in Lakes 143 G. Blake

14. Heavy Metal Emission from Thermal Power 153 Plants and its Implication on Vegetative Environment -A Case Study D.K. Soni, S.P. Chakrabarti and A.L. Aggarwal

15. Studies on the Impact of Certain Oxidizing 165 Pollutants and Growth Regulating Substances on Oryza sativa var. Tulasi S.H. Raza and K. Gouri

Stress Indication

16. Cadmium Induced Adaptive Response in Plant Cells 173 In vivo - A Possible Model Based on Genotoxicity Studies B.B. Panda, J. Patra and K.K. Panda

17. Screening for Clastogenic Effects of Arsenicals 185 on Plants In vivo B. Bandyopadhyay and A. Sharma

18. Effect of Chromium(VI) on Growth and 195 Physiology of Giant Duckweed Spirodela polyrrhiza (L.) Schleiden R. D. Tripathi and S. Smith

19. Effects of Transpiration, Carbon Dioxide and 207 Ozone on the Content of Cadmium and Zinc in Spring Wheat Grain H. Pleijel, H. Danielsson, J. Gelang and G. Sellden

20. Growth Responses of Cassia sophera L. to 219 Thermal Power Plant Emissions with Reference to Distance from the Source MahmooduzzaJar and M. Iqbal

21. Toxicity of Arsenic on Two Tropical Marine Phytoplankton 1. Melor, S.M. Phang and S.L. Tong

241

CONTENTS vii

22. Aquatic Weeds as Indicators of Water Quality 251 A. Dewanji and S. Matai

23. A Comparative Survey of the Phytoplanktonic Flora in 259 the Three Lagoons in Southern Sri Lanka with Special Reference to Their Usage as Biomonitors M.P. De Silva and D. G. T. Priyadarshana

24. Evaluation of Plants Growing Around a Cement Factory 269 J. Misra, N. Singh, V. Pandey and M. Yunus

25. Wild Plant Species in Bioindication of 285 Polluted Environment G. Murin and K. Micieta

26. Calcutta Metropolis - Pollution and Plants 299 R.K. Chakraverty and E. Raychaudhuri

27. Copper and Zinc Content in the Food Commodities 315 of Hyderabad K. Gouri and S.H. Raza

28. Methane Efflux from Wetland Rice Fields 323 H.-U. Neue, R. Wassmann and R.S. Lantin

29. The Use of Plants to Measure Global 335 Distribution of Organochlorines D. B. Peakall

30. Effects of Toxicants (pollutants) on a Biological 345 Species - Some Mathematical Models J.B. Shukla, A.K. Agrawal and B. Dubey

Mitigation & Eco-conservation

31. Lead Mediated Synthesis of Metal Binding Peptides 357 (Phytochelatins) in Aquatic Plant Vallisneria spiralis L. M. Gupta, R.D. Tripathi, u.N. Rai and P. Chandra

32. Biosynthesis and Metal-Binding Characteristics 365 of Phytochelatins R.K. Mehra

33. Studies on Potential Use of Cyanobacterium 385 Westiellopsis for Bioremediation of Copper L. Taneja and T. Fatma

34. Use of Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in 391 Treatment Systems for Textile Factory Effluents N.S. Gamage and P.A.J. Yapa

V111

35. Environmental Degradation and Ex-situ Conservation of Nelumbo nucifera S.c. Sharma and A.K. Gael

CONTENTS

405

36. Embryological Base of Plasticity and Adaptive 411 Potentials of Reproductive Systems in Flowering Plants TB. Batygina

37. Ecotechnological Approach in Greenbelt Development 423 P.S. Dubey and S. Dubey

38. Greenbelts for Industrial Areas 431 S.B. Chaphekar

39. Revegetation of a Coal Mine Overburden Dump R.S. Singh, TB. Singh and B.B. Dhar

40. Reclamation of Flyash Landfill Areas Through Planting of Nitrogen Fixing Tree Species R.J. Srivastava, P. Dubey, A.M. Rai, C.M. Misra and R.K. Dixit

Acknowledgements

Subject Index

445

449

457

459

Contributors

Aggarwal, A. L., Envirotech Engineers Pvt. Ltd., A 27 Okhla Industrial Area, Phase I, New Delhi 110 020, India

Agrawal, A. K., Department of Mathematical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Kalyanpur, Kanpur 208016, India

Agrawal, M., Centre for Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India

Ashenden, T. W., Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Bangor Research Unit, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2 UP, Wales, UK

Ashmore, M. R., Centre for Environmental Technology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, 48 Prince's Gardens, London SW7 2PE, UK

Attri, A. K., School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India

Bandyopadhyay, B., Centre for Advanced Study in Cell and Chromosome Research, Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta 700 019, India

Batygina, T. B., Department of Embryology and Reproductive Biology, Komarov Botanical Institute, Prof Popov Street, 2 St. Petersburg 197 376, Russia

Bell, J. N. B., Centre for Environmental Technology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, 48 Prince's Gardens, London SW7 2PE, UK

Bennett, J. P., National Biological Servey, Wisconsin Cooperative Research Unit, Institute of Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin, 610 Walnut Street, Room 1054, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA

Blake, G., Laboratoire detude des transferts et effets des polluants sur lenvironnement (TEPE) ,ESIGEC. Universite de Savoie 73376 Le Bourget du Lec, France

Chandra, P., 19 Gomti Sadan, River Bank Colony, Lucknow 226 018, India

Chakrabarti, S. P., Central Pollution Control Board, Parivesh Bhawan, East Arjun Nagar, New Delhi 110 032, India

x CONTRIBUTORS

Chakraverty, B., Indian Botanic Garden, Botanical Survey of India, Howrah 711 103, India

Chaphekar, S. B., 14 Dhus Wadi, Thakurdwar, Mumbai 400 002, India

Danielsson, H., Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL) , PO Box 47086, S-40258, Goteborg, Sweden

Deepak, S. S., Centre for Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India

De Kok, L. J., Department of Plant Biology, University of Groningen. P.O. Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands

De Silva, M. P., Department of Botany, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka

Dewanji, A., Biological Sciences Division, Indian Statistical Institute, 203 BT Road, Calcutta 700 035, India

Dhar, B. B., Reclamation and Ecosystem Laboratory, Central Mining Research Institute, Barwa Road, Dhanbad 826 001, India

Dixit, R. K., Forest Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, 18 GT Road, Kanpur 208 024, India

Dubey, B., School of Science and Technology, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784001, India

Dubey, P., Forest Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, 18 GT Road, Kanpur 208 024, India

Dubey, P. S., Centre of Excellence for Environmental Management, School of Studies in Botany, Vikram University, Ujjain 456010, India

Dubey, S., Centre of Excellence for Environmental Management, School of Studies in Botany, Vikram University, Ujjain 456010, India

Fatma, T., Department of Bio-Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India

Gamage, N. S., Department of Botany, University of Jayawardanepure, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka

Gelang, J., Botanical Institute, Carl Skottsbergs Gata 22, S-413 19, Goteborg, Sweden

Goel, A. K., Botanic Garden, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226 001, India

Gouri, K., Ecology and Environmental Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007, India

CONTRIBUTORS XI

Gupta, M., Molecular Biology & Genetic Engineering Division, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India

Harmes, H., Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Bangor Research Unit, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2 UP, Wales, UK

Iqbal, M., Department of Botany, Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110 062, India

Kafayat, U., Department of Botany, University of Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan

Kilne, E., Centrefor Environmental Technology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, 48 Prince's Gardens, London SW7 2PE, UK

Lantin, R. S., International Rice Research Institute, PO Box 933, 1099, Manila, Philippines

Maggs, R., Centre for Environmental Technology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, 48 Prince's Gardens, London SW7 2PE, UK

Mahmooduzzafar, Department of Botany, Hamdard University, Hamdard Nagar, New Delhi 110 062, India

Marshall, F. M., Centre for Environmental Technology, Imperial College of Science, Technology & Medicine, 48 Prince's Gardens, London SW7 2PE, UK

Matai, S., Indian Statistical Institute, 203, B T Road, Calcutta 700 035, India

Mehra, R. K., Department of Entomology and Environmental Toxicology Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA

Melor, I., Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Micieta, K., Institute of Cell Biology, Comenius University, Revava 39, 81102, Bratislava, Slovakia

Milne, E., Centrefor Environmental Technology, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, 48 Prince's Gardens, London SW72PE, UK

Misra, C. M., Forest Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, 18 GT Road, Kanpur 208 024, India

Misra, J., Schoolfor Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Lucknow 226 025, India

Murin, G., Institute of Cell Biology, Comenius University, Revava 39, 81102, Bratislava, Slovakia

Neue, H.-U., Soil Science Section, UFZ-Environmental Research Centre, Leipzig-Halle, Hallesche Strasse 44, D 06246 Bad Lauchstaedt, Germany

xii CONTRIBUTORS

Panda, B. B., Genetic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Berhampur University, Berhampur 760007, India

Panda, K. K., Genetic Toxicology Laboratory,Department of Botany, Berhampur University, Berhampur 760 007, India.

Dubey, P., Forest Research Institute, Uttar Pradsh, 18 GT Road, Kanpur 208 024, India

Pandey, V., Stress Physiology Laboratory, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226 001, India

Patra, J., Genetic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Botany, Berhampur University, Berhampur 760 007, India

Peakall, D. B., King's College, 17St. Marys Road, Wimbledon, London SW19 7BZ, UK.

Phang, S. M., Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Pleijel, H., Swedish Environmental Research Institute (IVL), PO Box 47086, S-40258, Goteborg, Sweden

Prinz, B., Landesumwelta.mt NRW, Wallneyer Strasse 6, 45133 Essen, Germany

Priyadarshana, D. G. T., Department of Botany, University of Ruhuna, Matara, Sri Lanka

Rafarel, C. R., Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Bangor Research Unit, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2 UP, Wales, UK

Rai, A. M., Forest Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, 18 GT Road, Kanpur 208 024, India

Rai, U. N., Ecotoxicology and Bioremediation Laboratory, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226 001, India

Rastogi, N., Centre for Advanced Study in Zoology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India

Rastogi, P. B., Ministry of Environment and Forests, Regional Office (Central), B 1172 Sector K Aliganj, Lucknow 226 020, India

Raza, S. H., Ecology and Environmental Research Laboratory, Department of Botany, Osmania University, Hyderabad 500 007, India

Sellden, G., Botanical Institute, Carl Skottsbergs Gata 22, S-413 19, Goteborg, Sweden

Shamsi, S. R. A., Department of Botany, University of Punjab, Quaid-e­Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan

Sharma, A., Centre for Advanced Study in Cell and Chromosome Research,

CONTRIBUTORS Xlll

Department of Botany, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Calcutta 700 019, India

Sharma, S. C., National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226 001, India

Shukla, J. B., Department of Mathematical Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology, Kalyanpur, Kanpur 208016, India

Singh, N., Ecoauditing Laboratory, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226 001, India

Singh, R. S., Reclamation and Ecosystem Laboratory, Central Mining Research Institute, Barwa Road, Dhanbad 826 001, India

Singh, T. B., Reclamation and Ecosystem Laboratory, Central Mining Research Institute, Barwa Road, Dhanbad 826 001, India

Sinha, S. K., Water Technology Centre, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa, New Delhi 110012, India

Smith, S., Division of Life Science, King's College, University of London, Campden Hill Road, London W8 7 AH, UK

Soni, D. K., Central Pollution Control Board, Parivesh Bhawan, E3 Arera Colony, Bhopal 462 016, India

Srivastava, H. S., Department of Plant Science, Rohilkhand University, Bareilly 243 006, India

Srivastava, R. J., Forest Research Institute, Uttar Pradesh, 18 GT Road, Kanpur 208 024, India

Stirling, C. M., Institute of Terrestrial Ecology, Bangor Research Unit, University of Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2 UP, Wales, UK

Stuiver, C. E. E., Department of Plant Biology, UniverSity of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands

Stulen, I., Department of Plant Biology, University of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands

Taneja, L., Department of Bio-Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India

Tong, S. L., Institute of Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Tripathi, R. D., Ecotoxicology & Bioremediation Laboratory, National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226 001, India

Varshney, C. K., School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110 067, India

Wahid, A., Department of Botany, University of Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore 54590, Pakistan

XIV CONTRIBUTORS

Wassmann, R., International Rice Research Institute, PO Box 933, 1099, Manila, Philippines

Westerman, S., Department of Plant Biology, University of Groningen, PO Box 14, 9750 AA Haren, The Netherlands

Yapa, P. A. J., Department of Botany, University of Sri Jayawardanepure, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka

Yunus, M., School for Environmental Sciences, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Vidya Vihar, Lucknow 226 025, India

Foreword

There was much research into the responses of plants and ecosystems to air pollution throughout the last century, but nevertheless the subject often appeared to be making poor progress in terms of real understanding of the mechanisms behind quantitative and qualitative impacts. Although there were several underlying reasons for this, perhaps the most important were the extensive changes in the nature and distribution of pollution which outpaced and overtook our emerging understanding. Investigations into effects of environmental stress on plants are never simple, for they call upon our deepest insights into physiological and biochemical mechanisms, but when the very nature of the stress is so changeable, new and quite profound pitfalls occur. Over the past 20 years or so, we have seen substantial shifts in opinions about which are the most important types of air pollution on a global scale. For example, in the 1970s few scientists would have predicted the concern now being expressed about emissions of nitrogenous compounds, and the huge scale of disturbance of the nitrogen cycle.

Much of the subject matter presented here is of high intrinsic quality because it has been written by leading international authorities, but the merit of the volume as a whole stands higher than can be defined simply by the contents of the individual contributions. This is because the authors come from no less than thirteen different countries, and so overall there is a breadth of vision and opinion which provides considerable added value. It has become clear in the last few decades that the nature of regional pollution is closely linked to economic development, and so it is important for scientists in different parts of the world to exchange information and to help in predicting problems as they emerge in new locations. The most momentous problems facing mankind are, however, not regional but global, and it is only in truly international debates that we can hope to make scientific progress which will ultimately be of value to economists and politicians. This volume will hopefully make at least a small positive contribution to what must be a high priority for the human race as we enter the 21 st century.

T A Mansfield, FRS Lancaster University

Lancaster, UK

Preface

The treatise "Environmental Stress: Indication, Mitigation and Eco­conservation" as constituted has evolved from forty select chapters invited for publication out of a total 190 presentations during the International Conference on Plants and Environmental Pollution (ICPEP'96) organized by the International Society of Environmental Botanists (lSEB) and the National Botanical Research Institute (NBRI). The contributions are from thirteen countries viz., France, Germany, India, Malaysia, Pakistan, Philippines, Russia, Slovakia, Sri Lanka, Sweden, The Netherlands, UK, USA. The volume has been structured under three Sections: Environmental Stress, Stress Indication and Mitigation & Eco-conservation. Chapters under different Sections bear both a hierarchical arrangement as well as comprehensive details on the subject matter.

The volume elucidates the plant-pollutant relationship in a manner that defines not only the drastic effects of pollutants on plants but concomitantly highlights the hitherto less-focussed areas namely phytoindication, phytoremediation and stress tolerant bioaesthetic development, thus concentrating more on plant than the pollutant.

The first Section on environmental stress proceeds from holistic macro level affects of climate change on a global level to down to the scale of individual pollutant and plant species. The section focusses on impacts of air pollution on different plant communities together with affects of gaseous and metal pollutants on a regional to micro level. The section would help understand the magnitude of environmental stress in the coming years and may playa formative role in defining future research and policy areas.

The second Section deals with the effects and responses elicited by pollutants in different plant communities which serve as markers for environmental quality or stress indication. Here, the chapters are arranged to start with the species level ultrastructural, biochemical, physiological and morpho-anatomical responses and ascend upto the ecosystem level. The third Section conclusively highlights the role of plants in abatement and remediation of pollutants. The chapter sequencing in this Section also begins with species level adaptive responses (genetical, biochemical and physiological) climbing upto implementation programmes for mitigating environmental degradation. The comprehensive strategies detailed in this Section would enthuse for more exhaustive researches and provide impetus to development of newer eco-technologies, we trust.

Mohammad Yunus Nandita Singh Luit J DeKok