Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early...

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Astronomy Environmental Science

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Page 1: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

AstronomyEnvironmental Science

Page 2: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Astronomy is the science that studies the universe.

Page 3: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Astronomy deals with the properties and laws of objects in space.

Page 4: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

The universe is made up of galaxies.

There are billions of galaxies in our universe.

Page 5: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Our galaxy is called the Milky Way

Page 6: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Galaxies are made up of Solar Systems centered with stars.

Page 7: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

There are eight planets and four smaller bodies (dwarf planets) that orbit the center of our solar system, the sun.

Page 8: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Milky Way Star Map

Page 9: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Moon “Beach” Activities

Page 10: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.
Page 11: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

The Ancient Greeks

Page 12: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years!

Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Page 13: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

The “Golden Age” of Astronomy in Greece: (600 B.C. – 150 A.D.)

Used philosophical arguments and observation.

Page 14: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Greeks developed Geometry and Trigonometry to measure planet size and distances.

Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) believed that the Earth was round because of the curved shadows it formed on the moon. Idea abandoned in Middle Ages.

Page 15: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Early Greeks use philosophy, personal observations and geometry to make astronomical theories.

Page 16: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Famous Greek Astronomers

Page 17: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Aristotle: concluded the earth is round because the shadow the earth casts on the moon is curved.

Page 18: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Aristotle’s Belief (Geo-centric)

Page 19: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.
Page 20: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Eratosthenes (aka: Big Head): determined the size of the earth

Page 21: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.
Page 22: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.
Page 23: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Hipparchus: determined the length of the year & location of many stars

Page 24: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.
Page 25: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Early Greeks believe in a Geocentric Model

Page 26: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

In reality, the solar system is a Heliocentric Model

Aristarchus first proposed the heliocentric model, but no one believed him.

Page 27: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.
Page 28: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Ptolemy summarized Greek astronomy in a 13-volume work published in 141 A.D.

Page 29: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Ptolemaic System:Ptolemy proposed a motionless earth at the center of our solar system (Geocentric) and people supported this for 13 centuries!

Page 30: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Ptolemy’s Geocentric Model could not explain Retrograde Motion

Page 31: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Retrograde Motion

Page 32: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Retrograde motion is when the planet appears to stop, reverse its direction for a time and then resume the initial, eastward motion.

Retrograde motion cannot be possible, can it? Why? Then HOW does it exist?

Page 33: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Retrograde Motion

Page 34: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.
Page 35: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

“Modern” Astronomy uses natural laws as opposed to philosophical or religious views to determine astronomical theories.

Modern Astronomy!

Page 36: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

The Scientists involved in the modern Astronomical theory were from a variety of European countries.

Page 37: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Nicolaus Copernicus (Poland)(1473-1543)

Page 38: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Determined that the earth is a planet, just like other five known planets, and that it rotates.

Also proposed a heliocentric solar system with circular orbits for the planets.

Copernicus’ Conclusions

Page 39: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Tycho Brahe (Denmark) aka Walrus Man(1546-1601)

Page 40: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Became interested in astronomy while viewing astronomer-predicted solar eclipse.

Persuaded King Frederick II to build observatory.

Measured the locations of heavenly bodies for 20 years.

Page 41: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Brahe made observations of Mars and made instruments with which to view the skies.

This angle-measuring device was more precise than any previous methods.

Page 42: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

In the last year of his life, Brahe found an able assistant to continue his work: Johannes Kepler. Kepler would outshine his predecessor.

Page 43: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Johannes Kepler (German)

Page 44: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Brahe’ data did not make sense using a geocentric model. But when Kepler placed the sun in the middle of the solar system, and suddenly the data made sense!

Page 45: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Kepler determined the laws of planetary motion.

Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion

1. Elliptical Orbits2. Orbits sweep out

equal areas in equal time intervals.

3. Square of period equals cube of distance.

Page 46: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Orbits sweep out equal areas in equal time intervals.

Kepler’s Laws of Planetary Motion

Page 47: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Kepler’s Laws

Page 48: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

States that the square of the length of time that it takes a planet to orbit the sun (orbital period) is proportional to the cube of its mean distance to the sun.

Huh?

Kepler’s Third Laws of Motion….

Page 49: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

T2 d3

In other words….

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2

=dAdB

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Comparing two planets:

Page 50: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

T2 = d3

For the right units….

Distance in astronomical units (1 AU = 150 million km = length of earth’s semi-major axis of its elliptical orbit around the sun)

Period in Earth years.

Page 51: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

For example:

Mars has an orbital period of T = 1.88 years. The square of 1.88 is 3.54 (T2). The cube root of 3.54 is 1.52. So the distance from Mars to the sun is 1.52 AU = 228 million km.

The AU stands for astronomical unit is the average distance between the earth and sun is about 150 million km.

Page 52: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.
Page 53: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Galileo Galilei (Italian) made a telescope and many discoveries.

Page 54: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Jupiter’s four moons; That planets are circular disks; That Venus has phases like our moons; That the surface of our moon is not smooth; The Sun’s sunspots.

Galileo discovered:

Page 55: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Sir Isaac Newton (British) discovered inertia and universal gravitation.

Page 56: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.
Page 57: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Is a Scientific Law that every body in the universe attracts every other body.

This force of attraction is proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers of mass.

Universal Gravitation

Page 58: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

This force (called gravity) decreases with the square of the distance (inversely proportional).

The larger the mass, the larger the gravitational pull (directly proportional).

The moon has a strong enough pull that it causes tides, but a satellite does not have a large enough pull to have a measurable effect on Earth.

Page 59: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Universal Gravitation

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Page 60: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

Tides are Caused by the Moon

Page 61: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.
Page 62: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.
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Page 65: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.
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Page 67: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.
Page 68: Environmental Science. Scientists have been researching the sky for almost 3000 years! Early astronomy was centered in Greece.

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