Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.
-
Upload
flora-harper -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
1
Transcript of Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.
![Page 1: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Environmental Science Review
2011 Fall
![Page 2: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Biosphere
![Page 4: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Chapter 5 Review
![Page 6: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Cradle to Grave
![Page 9: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Geosphere
• The rocks, soil, humus that make up the crust of the Earth
• Lithosphere-the crust portion of the earth
![Page 10: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Crust
• The brittle, surface layer of the earth
• 2 types
![Page 11: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Atmosphere
• The gaseous portion of our Earth
• Weather and Air Pollutants
![Page 12: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Weather
• Atmospheric conditions at the present in a specific area
![Page 13: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Climate
• Weather average in an area over a long period of time
![Page 14: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Trophosphere
• The layer of the atmosphere where our weather is located
![Page 15: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Ozone
• Layer that protects form UV radiation
![Page 16: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Greenhouse Effect
• Sunlight radiation is trapped and reradiated into the atmosphere, raising the temperature
![Page 17: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Energy
• Is the amount of work over a distance
![Page 18: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Heat
• The total amount of energy in an object.
![Page 19: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Temperature
• The average kinetic energy of the object
![Page 20: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Types of Energy Transfer
• Radiation
• Convection
• Conduction
![Page 21: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Water Cycle (Hydrologic Cycle)
• How water is cycled, transformed, and passed through the Earth.
• Major processes– Evaporation– Condensation– Precipitation– Sublimation–
![Page 22: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Hydrosphere
• A portion of the Earth that water –Surface , ground, oceans
![Page 23: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Condensation
• Going form a vapor (gas) to a liquid
![Page 24: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Salinity
• The amount of salt in a solution
![Page 25: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Ecosystem
• Similar communities that are located together and the abiotic factors
![Page 26: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Biotic Factor
• Living Factor in nature
![Page 27: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Abiotic Factor
• Nonliving factors in the environment
![Page 28: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Organism
• An individual
![Page 29: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Species
• A group of similar organisms
![Page 30: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Population
• Population is the number of similar organism in a specific area at a certain time, that can produce fertile offspring.
![Page 31: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Community
• Several population living together in a specific area
![Page 32: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Biome
• Several similar ecosystems together with similar biota.
![Page 33: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Habitat
• An area where you would expect to find certain organisms.
• Where an organism lives.
![Page 34: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Natural Selection
• When nature decides what traits are passed on or who is eaten and never does reproduce
![Page 35: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Artificial Selection
• When organisms trait are chosen by humans
![Page 36: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Evolution
• A gradual change in a population over a long period of time
![Page 37: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Adaptation
• Something that give an organism an advantage or not.
![Page 38: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Resistance
• When an organisms passes on it resistance to some specific antibodies/pesticides to offspring
![Page 39: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Archaebacteria
• Old ancient bacteria found in horrific conditions
![Page 40: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Eubacteria
• Bacteria that is more common to humans.
• Examples-pathogens, staph, strep, cheese making bacteria, nitrogen-fixing bacteria
![Page 41: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Fungi
• A decomposer, saprophyte
• Mushrooms, yeasts, truffles,
• Chitin cell wall
![Page 42: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Protozoans
• One cell organism can be of many different groups– Algae– Protozoans– Water molds
![Page 43: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Gymnosperm
• Naked seeds pines, firs, spruce, tamaracks, evergreens
![Page 44: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Angiosperms
• Flower plants
• Two divisions
![Page 45: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Invertebrates
• Organism that does not have a spine
• Examples sea sponge, starfish, arthopod, anemone
![Page 46: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Vertebrates
• Organism that has a spine or backbones
![Page 47: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Photosynthesis
• Conversion of CO2 + H2O into Glucose, O2 and H2O
• Necessary process in plants
![Page 48: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Producer
• Autotrophs
• Makes its own food
![Page 49: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Consumer
• Hetertroph
• Cannot make its own food
![Page 50: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Herbivore
• Plant eater
![Page 51: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Carnivore
• Meat eater
![Page 52: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Omnivore
• All eater, eats everything
![Page 53: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Decomposer
• Something that breaks down dead organic matter into elements
![Page 54: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Cellular Respiration
• Glucose is broken down by O2 to form CO2 and H2O
![Page 55: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Food Web
• Intricate interaction of organism in an ecosystem
• Show relationships between organisms and the environment
![Page 56: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
pH
• The reciprocal log of the hydronium ion concentration
• A relative way of how acidic or basic a solution is.
![Page 57: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Food Chain
• Linkage of who eats who in an ecosystem
• Pathway of Energy transfer through various stages as a result of the feeding patterns of a series of organisms
![Page 58: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Carbon Cycle
• A way to show how C atoms are cycled through various compounds organisms in the environment
![Page 59: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Nitrogen-fixing Bacteria
• A bacteria that change N2 into ammonia
![Page 60: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Nitrogen Cycle
• A process in which N is circulates among the air soil, water and organisms
• Limiting factor for terrestial plants
![Page 61: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Phosphorous Cycle
• A process in which P is circulated in the soil, organisms, water
• PO4 is a limiting factor for aquatic plants
• PO4 is banned in detergents
![Page 62: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Ecological Succession
• The gradual change in an area from bare rock to climax vegetation
![Page 63: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Primary Succession
• Succession where you start with bare bedrock and break it down to eventually form soil
![Page 64: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Secondary Succession
• After the initial rocks conversion to soil, humus
• Succession where you do not have to start at ground zero
![Page 65: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Seral Community
• Transitional community in the process of Succession
![Page 66: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Pioneer species
• Initial organism on bare rock in the process of succession
• First organism on the scene, bacteria, algae, lichen, mosses, etc.
![Page 67: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Climax Community
• A final or stable biotic community
![Page 68: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Old field Succession
• What happens when you stop plowing or using a pasteur.
![Page 69: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Population Density
• How many of a specific population is in a specific area at a specific period of time.
![Page 70: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Population Dispersion
• The way a population is distributed in an area.
• Three types– Random, scattered– Uniform– Clumped
![Page 71: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Growth rate
• Birth rate compared to death rate to see what is happening to the population
![Page 72: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Biotic or Reproductive Potential
• Conditions that favor the best situation for population growth.
![Page 73: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
Environmental Resistance
• Factors that keep a population under control
• Disease, ample food, water, space, war or competition
![Page 74: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Exponential Growth
![Page 75: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Carrying Capacity
• How many organism the area can support without damaging it beyond repair
![Page 76: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Niche
• How an organism fits into the big picture, it job or place in the environment
![Page 77: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Competition
• 2 population needing or fighting for a common resource.
• Common resource– Water – Food– Minerals – Space
![Page 78: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
Predation
• Organism that kills and eats another organism.
• Hunter
![Page 79: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
Parasitism
• Where one organism benefits and another is harmed to a small extent
![Page 80: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Symbiosis
• Two organism living together, or in close proximity
![Page 81: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
Mutualism
• Both organism benefit(++)
![Page 82: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
Commensalism
• One benefits and the other does not care
![Page 83: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
Recruitment
• Organisms reach a reproductive age
![Page 84: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Over-shoot, Population Explosion
• Population grow faster. Surpasses the carrying capacity
![Page 85: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
Die-back, Crash
• After a population explosion the population will die
![Page 86: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
Migration
![Page 87: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
Demographics
![Page 88: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
Infrastructure
![Page 89: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Age Structure Pyramid
![Page 90: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
Survivorship
![Page 91: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Fertility Rate
![Page 92: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Life Expectancy
![Page 93: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
Arable Land
• Farm land that can be used to grow crops
![Page 94: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Urbanization
• People changing areas into (urban) town areas
![Page 95: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Biome
• A group of ecosystems that are similar.
![Page 96: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Climate
• The average weather over a long period of time
![Page 97: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Latitude
• The number of degrees north or south of the equator.
![Page 98: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Altitude
• High or low, mountains and or valleys
![Page 99: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Tropical Rain Forest
• Rain over 150 cm per year and temperature average above 25 degrees celsius
![Page 100: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Emergent Layer
• In a tropical Rain forest the trees that emerge above the canopy layer
![Page 101: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Canopy
• In the vertical layers of a forest this layer will range from 25-50 feet
![Page 102: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Epiphyte
• A parasitic plant that gets its nourishment from a larger plant
![Page 103: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Understory
• In the horizontal layers of a forest the understory are between 5-25 feet tall.
![Page 104: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Temperate Deciduous Forest
• A biome that has deciduous tree(lose the leaves at some point)
• Temperate-temperatures between 15 and 25 degrees celsius
![Page 105: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Temperate Rain Forest
• A biome with a rain supply of over 150 cm per year. But the average yearly temperature is below 25 degrees celsius
![Page 106: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Taiga
• The area with coniferous tree and a yearly temperature of around 5 degrees Celsius
• Can also be called the Boreal, Coniferous,
![Page 107: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Savanna
• A wet grassland, a grassland that gets periodic huge amounts of rain.
![Page 108: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Temperate Grassland
• Breadbasket of the world
![Page 109: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
Chaparral
![Page 110: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
Desert
![Page 111: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Tundra
![Page 112: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Permafrost
![Page 113: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
Wetland
![Page 114: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
Plankton
![Page 115: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
Nekton
![Page 116: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Benthos
![Page 117: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Littoral Zone
![Page 118: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Benthic Zone
![Page 119: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Natural Eutrophication
![Page 120: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Artificial Eutrophication
![Page 121: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Salt Marsh
![Page 122: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
Mangrove Swamp
![Page 123: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Barrier Island
![Page 124: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
Coral Reef
![Page 125: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
Surface Water
![Page 126: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
River System
![Page 127: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
Watershed
![Page 128: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Groundwater
![Page 129: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
Aquifer
![Page 130: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
Porosity
![Page 131: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
Permeability
![Page 132: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
Recharge Area
![Page 133: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
Potable
![Page 134: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
Pathogen
![Page 135: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
Dam
![Page 136: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
Resevoir
![Page 137: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
Desalination
![Page 138: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
Water Pollution
![Page 139: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
Point-Pollution Source
![Page 140: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
Nonpoint Pollution
![Page 141: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
Wastewater
![Page 142: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
Artificial Eutrophication
![Page 143: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
Natural Eutrophication
![Page 144: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
Thermal Pollution
![Page 145: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
Biomagnification
• The accumulation of pollutants at successive levels of a food chain
![Page 146: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
Bioamplification
• Where a pollutant builds up in an individual organism.
![Page 147: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
Soild Wastes
![Page 148: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
Biodegradable
![Page 149: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
Municipal Solid Waste
![Page 150: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
Landfill
![Page 151: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
Leachate
![Page 152: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
Source Reduction
• Using less of a resource for a common good
![Page 153: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
Recycling
![Page 154: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
Reuse
• Using normally waste products over again before they are sent into the wastestream
![Page 155: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
Resale
![Page 156: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
Compost
• The decomposition of natural material that is then used as a topsoil in gardens.
![Page 157: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
Mulch
• Ground up material that is used a s a ground cover for plants.
• + Conserves water, cuts down weeds, aesthetically pleasing, adds nutrients for plants
• - insects have a hiding place, has a limited lifespan
![Page 158: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
Hazardous Wastes
• An material that may be corrosive, flammable, carcinogenic, tetragenic, combustible.
![Page 159: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
Deep-well Injection
• Hazardous materials are liquified and then injected deep into the earths crust
![Page 160: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
Surface impoundment
• Place where wastes are temporarily place to allow for evaporation to remove the water.
• Artificial Lagoon
![Page 161: Environmental Science Review 2011 Fall. Biosphere.](https://reader038.fdocuments.in/reader038/viewer/2022110403/56649e6b5503460f94b69c4e/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)