Environmental profile of PV mass production -...

Environmental profile of PV mass production:

globalization

Mariska de Wild-Scholten26th European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference, Hamburg

8 September 2011

Outline

Life Cycle Assessment

Energy payback time

Carbon footprint

Data request

2Mariska de Wild-Scholten 8 September 2011

& Globalizationof the PV industry

Life Cycle Assessment

3

Determination of environmental impact of a product from cradle to grave/cradle

ISO14040 series

Life Cycle Assessment framework

Goal and scope definition

Inventory analysis

Impact assessment

Interpretation

8 September 2011Mariska de Wild-Scholten

Life Cycle


manufacturing

use

installation

recycling

transport

transport

transport mining & refining

Market share ofcell technologies


0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Photon International March 2011

other

CIS

CdTe

a-Si/μc-Si

ribbon c-Si

multi c-Si

mono c-Si

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

An

nu

al P

V P

rod

uct

ion

[M

W]

Rest of World

United States

Taiwan

PR China

Europe

Japan

Global PV production


Arnulf Jäger-Waldau (2011)

7



Raspe in Sun & Wind Energy 10/2010



0100002000030000400005000060000

OTHER

Mexico

India

Spain

Korea

Norway

USA

Malaysia

Taiwan

Germany

Japan

China

metric tons

data: Bernreuter 2010

29 August 2011

[email protected]

silicon

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

OTHER

Mexico

India

Spain

Korea

Norway

USA

Malaysia

Taiwan

Germany

Japan

China

MWp

data: Mehta 2010

29 August 2011

[email protected]

modules

cells

wafers

Poly-silicon production partly with local electricity (hydropower or CHP) instead of country mix

Energy payback time


10

Energy payback time


0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

mono multi CdTe µm-Si CIGS

2008 2009 2010 2012e 2010

14.4% 14.1% 11.3% 10.0% 11.0%

210-960 MWp 120 MWp 20 MWp

Energ

y p

ayback tim

e (years

)

poly-Si: hydropowerwafer/cell/module: UCTE electricity

%: total area module efficienciesecoinvent 2.2 database

26 August [email protected]

on-roof installation in Southern Europe

1700 kWh/m2.yr irradiation on optimally-inclined modules

take back & recycling

inverter

mounting + cabling

framing

laminate

cell

ingot/crystal + wafer

Si feedstock

2010

estimate

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0hydro

/UCTE

hydro

/countr

y

countr

y/c

ountr

y

hydro

/UCTE

hydro

/countr

y

countr

y/c

ountr

y

UCTE

countr

y

mono multi CdTe

Energ

y P

ayback T

ime

years

poly-Si / wafer-cell-module

ecoinvent 2.2 databaseIEA Statistics Electricity 2008


PV module installed at 1700 kWh/m2.year

irradiation on optimally inclined plane

Energy payback time


sensitivityto type ofelectricityfor electricityconsumptionin poly-Si, wafer,cell and moduleproduction

Energy payback time

REC

LCA by ECN

Value chain A: poly-Si: FBR, hydro

wafers/cells: Norway

modules: Singapore

Value chain B: poly-Si: Siemens/FBR, hydro

wafers, cells, modules: Singapore


http://www.recgroup.com/en/sustainability/

@ 1700 kWh/m2.year


13

Energy payback time


0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

Soitec (was Concentrix) Amonix

CX-M400/S420 7700

25.5%

2011 2011

Energ

y p

ayback tim

e

years

%: total area module efficienciesAmonix: Fthenakis, Kimecoinvent 2.2 database

[email protected] August 2011

2-axis tracking CPV system in Catania (Sicily, Italy)

1794 kWh/m2.yr direct normal irradiation (DNI) in-plane

end-of-life

O&M

installation

inverter

tracking

module

cell

Global irradiation in Catania is 1925 kWh/m2.year

Cold Bay (Alaska)mariska@

smartgreenscans.nl

Dagget (California)

Catania(Sicily, Italy)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000

DN

I 2-

axi

s tr

ack

er

kW

h/m

2.y

ea

r

GIobal Irradiation south-facing/optimized angle/no tracking

kWh/m2.year

30-Year Average of Monthly Solar Radiation, 1961-1990 (U.S.A.)http://rredc.nrel.gov/solar/old_data/nsrdb/1961-1990/redbook/sum2/

DNI vs global irradiation


1794 -----------

||||

1925

Compare CPV with flat plate PV only for one DNI-GI combination (location)!

15

Carbon footprint=

life-cycle CO2-equivalent emissions

now with module degradation included: 20% / 30 years


0

10

20

30

40

50

mono multi CdTe µm-Si CIGS

2008 2009 2010 2012e 2010

14.4% 14.1% 11.3% 10.0% 11.0%

30 years 30 years 30 years 30 years 30 years

210-960 MWp 120 MWp 20 MWp

Carb

on footp

rint

g C

O2-e

q/k

Wh

poly-Si: hydropowerwafer/cell/module: UCTE electricity

degradation: 20%/30 yearsecoinvent 2.2 database


on-roof installation in Southern Europe

1700 kWh/m2.year irradiation on optimally-inclined modules

takeback & recycling

inverter

mounting + cabling

frame

laminate

cell

wafer

silicon feedstock

Carbon footprint


2010

estimate

Carbon Footprint

REC

LCA by ECN

Value chain A: poly-Si: FBR, hydro

wafers/cells: Norway

modules: Singapore

Value chain B: poly-Si: Siemens/FBR, hydro

wafers, cells, modules: Singapore



@ 1700 kWh/m2.year


Carbon footprint electricity


262245

176

11 8

35

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

hard coal hard coal hard coal wind nuclear PV

PC + CCS IGCC + CCS PC oxyfuel +

CCS

incl. storage multi cSi

DE DE DE EU EU S-Europe

2020 2020 2020 2005 2005 2010

Carb

on footp

rint

g C

O2-e

q/k

Wh

PC = Pulverized CoalIGCC = Integrated Gasification Combined CycleCCS = CO2 Capture and Storage

Data Sources:- Viebahn 2008 (hard coal)- ecoinvent 2.2 (wind, nuclear)- this study (PV)

26 August 2011, [email protected]

Carbon footprint electricity


0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Mexico 2008

India 2008

Spain 2005

Korea 2008

USA 2008

Malaysia 2008

Taiwan 2008

Germany 2005

Japan 2008

China 2008

UCTE 2005

hard coal

lignite

peat

oil

natural gas

industrial gas

hydropower

nuclear power

photovoltaic

wind power

cogeneration

other

waste

634

868

526

639

778

1012

889

680

589

1166

531

0 500 1000 1500

Mexico 2008

India 2008

Spain 2005

Korea 2008

USA 2008

Malaysia 2008

Taiwan 2008

Germany 2005

Japan 2008

China 2008

UCTE 2005

gram CO2-eq/kWh --- IPCC2007 GWP100a

high uncertaintytop productionlocations

Carbon footprint


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

hydro

/UCTE

hydro

/countr

y

countr

y/c

ountr

y

hydro

/UCTE

hydro

/countr

y

countr

y/c

ountr

y

UCTE

countr

y

mono multi CdTe

Carb

on F

ootp

rint

g C

O2-e

q/k

Wh

poly-Si / wafer-cell-modulemodule degradation: 20%/30 years

ecoinvent 2.2 databaseIEA Statistics Electricity 2008


PV module installed at 1700 kWh/m2.year

irradiation on optimally inclined plane

sensitivityto type ofelectricityfor electricityconsumptionin poly-Si, wafer,cell and moduleproduction

Installation location


http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/cmaps/eu_opt/PVGIS-EuropeSolarPotential.pdf

kW

h/m

2.y

ear

1700

DECZ

IT




“The” carbon footprint of multi c-Si PV system

22

4.5 years

3.4 years

2.7 years

2.2 years

1.9 years

1.7 years

1.5 years

1.3 years

1.2 years

4.5 years

3.4 years

2.7 years

2.2 years

1.9 years

1.7 years

1.5 years

1.3 years

1.2 years

987359494237332927


g CO2-eq/kWh

Data & assumptions


mono multi μm-Si CdTe CIS

DATA SOURCES

poly-silicon 1 1

ingot/wafer 1 3

cell Schottler2009 2 + Schottler2009

module same as multi 2 Oerlikon Solar THINFAB First Solar DE, US, MY DE

mounting 1 1 1 1 1

inverter ecoinvent 2.2 ecoinvent 2.2 ecoinvent 2.2 ecoinvent 2.2 ecoinvent 2.2

KEY PARAMETERS

wafer thickness 180 μm 180 μm

cell size 156 mm x 156 mm 156 mm x 156 mm

module size 6 x 10 cells 6 x 10 cells

glass single single double double double

EVA or PVB EVA EVA EVA EVA PVB

frame yes yes no no yes

mounting on -roof Schletter Schletter fiX Schletter (cSi) Schletter (cSi)

inverter 2.5 kW 2.5 kW 2.5 kW 2.5 kW 2.5 kW

module recycling via glass recycler via glass recycler excl. filtercake recycling same as CdTe

average total module efficiency 14.4% 14.1% 10.0% 11.3% 11.0%

degradation (%/year) 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67

performance ratio 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.75

Data request

Update renewable energy data in GEMIS:

Project financed by BMU (German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety)

draft/final report ready 31 October/November 2011

Update ecoinvent database:

deadline data delivery to ecoinvent 31 December 2011

Excel data template is available on request (english & chinese)


Conclusions

Energy payback time & environmental impacts / kWh produced depend on production and installation location.

For commercial roof-top PV system with Siemens poly-Si from hydropower and wafer/cell/module from UCTE electricity, installed in Southern Europe (1700 kWh/m2.year)

Energy payback time ~0.8-1.7 years Carbon footprint ~19-34 g CO2-eq/kWh

More data needed to reduce uncertainty in analysis & make it more representative


Acknowledgements:

BMU

Certisolis

First Solar

Further info:

http://smartgreenscans.nl/

download this presentation

free energy payback time tool thin film PV module

IEA PVPS Task 12

EPIA Sustainability Working Group


http://smartgreenscans.nl/

Thank you!

Tropical Aquarium Hagenbeck in Hamburg

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