ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES CHARTER FOR THE 21ST. CENTURY
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Transcript of ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES CHARTER FOR THE 21ST. CENTURY
Narayan
ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES CHARTER FOR THE 21ST. CENTURY
• Develop and operate facilities and undertake activities with energy efficiency, sustainable use of renewable resources and waste generation in mind.
• Conduct or support research on the impact and ways to minimize the impacts of raw materials, products or processes, emissions and wastes.
• Modify the manufacture, marketing, or use of products and services so as to prevent serious or irreversible environmental damage. Develop and provide products and services that do not harm the environment.
• Contribute to the transfer of environmentally sound technology and management methods.
C& E News, April 8, 1991, pg. 4
CHEMICAL INDUSTRY’S RESPONSIBLE CARE PROGRAM
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SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT -- Industrial Ecology
– Cradle to Grave material design -- feedstock, manufacture, use, ultimate disposability
– ISO 14000 Series Standards
– “Life Cycle Concepts” applied to design of materials
SUSTAINABILITY/ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN PRINCIPLES
– Use of annually renewable resources– non-toxic, non-polluting (emissions & waste) reactants and
products• water-based -- no voc’s• worker saftey• Safe (TOSCA approved), easy to handle
– Biodegradability and recyclability
ENVIRONMENTAL & REGULATORY DRIVERS-- “DESIGN FOR THE ENVIRONMENT” --
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SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
• Not just a prescribed set of practices• Challenges industry to think about long-term
implications of its practices from a holistic ecological perspective
• provide for the economic and societal needs without comprising the health of the ecosystem/biosphere
LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT CONCEPTS
CRADLE TO GRAVE DESIGN OF MATERIALS
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NEW INDUSTRY PARADIGM
CO2Biomass/Bio-organics
Fossil Resources(petroleum, Natural gas)
Polymers, Chemicals& Fuels Chemical Industry
Bio-chemical Industry
> 106 years1 - 10 yrs
Renewable Carbon SourcesCO2 , & Biomass
New Biochemical IndustrySmall, entrepreneurial business
Green polymers& Chemicals
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DRIVERS FOR MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY SHIFTS
Time
Value
in Use
•Natural Ingredients
•Labor Intensive
•Attractive Aesthetics
•Cheap petroleum
•Ease of manufacture
•Low labor input
•Excellent functionality
•Recyclable
•Biodegradable
•Non-polluting
•Energy efficient
•Tailored Functionality
•Renewable resource based
Silk
Aramids
LycraVinyl
Polyester
Nylon
Rayon
Wool
Cotton
Feathers
Fur
?
Traditional
Materials
Synthetics Environmentally Friendly
Products/Processes
SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGYParadigm shift
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MATERIALS DESIGN PRINCIPLES FOR THE ENVIRONMENT
FROM “CONCEPTION TO REINCARNATION”
FEEDSTOCK
PRODUCT MANUFACTURE
ULTIMATEDISPOSABILITY
Transform into Useful Product
Design, Use , Disposal, and Reuse of Materials Incorporating
“LIFE CYCLE THINKING”
• Impact on the Environment
• Reduced or No emissions /waste(Air, water, solid wastes)
• Energy efficiency
• Annually renewable resources
Issues to Consider:
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VISION 2020 -- PLANT-FOSSIL UTILIZATION BALANCE
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AVAILABILITY OF BIOMASS RESOURCES
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PLANT-CROP BASED U.S. RESOURCES
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Bioscience Will Impact Future Material Systems
ADVANCED
MATERIALS
SYSTEMS
BIOSCIENCE
ENVIRONMENTALLY RESPONSIBLE MATERIALS
PROCESS SYSTEMS PRODUCT SYSTEMS
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BIOBASED PRODUCT DRIVERS -- U.S. GOVERNMENT
Presidential Executive Order 13101 (Greening the Government Through Waste Prevention, Recycling, and Federal Acquisition, dated September 14, 1998)
• U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) is proposing guidelines for listing commercially available biobased products for purchase by Federal agencies.
• Biobased product is defined as a commercial or industrial product (other than food or feed) that utilizes biological products or renewable domestic agricultural (plant, animal, and marine) or forestry materials.
• USDA is listing only those products which are considered by USDA to be within the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Environmentally Preferable Products Guidelines.
• U.S. EPA has issued “Guiding Principles” for products to be listed as “Environmentally Preferable”. Recycling, and the use of recycled products is on the top of the list of these principles.
• Composting is Biological (Organic) Recycling
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BIOBASED PRODUCT DRIVERS -- U.S. GOVERNMENT (Contd.)
The requirement for Federal agencies to consider biobased products which is environmentally preferable (U.S. EPA) is also in Office of Management and Budget (OMB)/Office of Federal Procurement Policy (OFPP) Policy Letter 92‑4 and applies to all Federal agencies.
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MATRIX FOR BIOBASED TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
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MATRIX FOR BIOBASED TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
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INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS ORGANIZATION (ISO)ISO/TC-207 ON ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
SCOPE
“STANDARDIZATION IN THE FIELD OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT”
• Environmental Management Systems (EMS)
• Environmental Audit (EA)
• Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
• Environmental Labeling (EL)
• Environmental Performance Evaluation (EPE)
Close working relationship with ISO/TC 176 (ISO 9000 series Quality Assurance Standards) in the field of Environmental Systems and Audits
14000 SERIES STANDARDS
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ISO/TC 207 STRUCTURECanada -- Secretariat
WG TERMINOLOGY & DEFINITIONS
SC ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE EVALUATION -- USA
SC ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS -- UK
SC ENVIRONMENTAL AUDITING -- NETHERLANDS
SC LCA -- FRANCEWG Code of Practice (USA); WG Inventory Analysis (Germany); WG Impact Analysis (Sweden); WG Improvement Analysis (France)
SC ENVIRONMENTAL LABELING -- AUSTRALIA
SC ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF PRODUCT STANDARDS GERMANY
ORGANIZATION ORIENTED
PRODUCT ORIENTED
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Toward a More Sustainable Campus at Michigan State
University
University Committee for a Sustainable
Campus
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University Committee for a Sustainable Campus
University Committee for a Sustainable Campus
In September 1998, the
Executive Committee of
Academic Council
Approved an Initiative to
Further the Efforts of
Michigan State University
Towards Becoming a More
Sustainable Campus.
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Developing an Infrastructure
• The proposal for a university wide committee aimed to create a committee with wide representation from throughout the campus and across all lines of employment and study.
• The proposal allowed for participation of operations staff from various units across campus, a faculty member from each college and two graduate and two undergraduate students.
• Through nominations and appointments a committee was formed and met initially at the end of January 1999.
• The committee elected a chair, discussed committee processes and worked in tandem with the seminar series steering committee to ensure the series success.
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Mission StatementIn keeping with MSU’s role as a land grant university, the mission of
the University Committee for a Sustainable Campus is to foster a collaborative learning culture that will:
• Lead the Michigan State University community to a heightened awareness of its environmental impact
• Conserve natural resources for future generations
• Establish MSU as a working model for creating a sustainable community
We envision a sustainable community as one that provides for the social and economic needs of all its members for many generations to come, without compromising the health of the biosphere
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Goals• Education - to heighten the environmental awareness of the
Campus• Research - to increase research on our campus environmental
impact and support environmentally focused research by the campus community.
• Support - to build support throughout the campus to meet the mission of the university committee for a sustainable campus.
• Outreach - to transfer knowledge of sustainability gained from MSU experiences beyond the campus.
• Assessment - to coordinate an environmental assessment of the MSU campus.
• Policy - to recommend adoption of policies which support the practice of environmental stewardship.
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Web Development
www.ecofoot.msu.edu
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ENVIRONMENTALLY (& ECONOMICALLY) SOUND PRODUCT MANUFACTURING BASED ON LIFE CYCLE
ASSESSMENT (LCA)
“Impact on the environment throughout the life cycle of a
product from raw material acquisition to ultimate disposal”
“CRADLE TO GRAVE”
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ELEMENTS OF AN LCA• Goal definition & Scope (Scoping)
• Inventory Analysis– Systems & Systems boundaries
– Data quality
• Impact assessment– Classification
• resource depletion; abiotic & biotic
• pollution; global warming, ozone depletion, human toxicity, ecotoxicity, photochemical oxidant, acidification, eutrophication
• degradation of ecosystems and landscapes– Characterization
– Valuation
• Improvement Assessment
• Validation
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AVALIAÇÃO DO CICLO DE VIDA
DE PRODUTOS
PRODUÇÃO
RECICLAGEM
DISTRIBUIÇÃO UTILIZAÇÃO
RE-UTILIZAÇÃO
INCINERAÇÃO
ATERROMATERIAL A
OUTROS
MATERIAL B
ENERGIA
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ACV - Ciclo de vida
Extracção de matérias primas
Produção
Utilização
Reciclagem /
Reutilização
Processamento
de resíduos
Fornecimentode energia
Transporte
Fronteira do sistema
Outrossistemas
Produtos
Fluxos elementares Fluxos elementares
Produtos Outrossistemas
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Responsabilização - Quantificação
… A necessidade de uma técnica de quantificação do impacte ambiental de um produto ou Serviço.
ACV - Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida dos Produtos ou Serviços
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ACV - Contexto
Os princípios associados à ACV encontram-se em fase de normalização, nas normas ISO 14040 e seguintes. A ISO 14040 define ACV como:
Compilação dos fluxos de entradas e saídas e avaliação dos impactes ambientais associados a um produto ao longo do seu ciclo de vida.
Produto/serviço - Função, Unidade funcional
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COMPONENTES DE UMA ACV
DEFINIÇÃO DEOBJECTIVOS
ANÁLISE DEINVENTÁRIO
AVALIAÇÃO DEIMPACTOS
ÂM
BITO
INOVAÇÃO
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Cradle to Grave Concept for Material Design(Integration of Material Design with Waste Managment Infrastructure).
COMPOSTING FACILITY
COMPOSTING FACILITY
SANITARY LANDFILL
SANITARY LANDFILL
RECYCLING FACILITY
RECYCLING FACILITY
WASTE TO ENERGY FACILITY
WASTE TO ENERGY FACILITY
MATERIALREDESIGN
MATERIALREDESIGN
RECYCLABLE BIODEGRADABLE
RECYCLED PRODUCTS
LAND APPLICATIONrecycling polymeric carbon back to soil
ENERGY
INCINERABLE
TOXIC RESIDUALS (ASH)
?
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SOIL
CORN
COMPOSTFACILITY
RESTAURANTWASTE
BURGERKING
FAST-FOODRESTAURANT
FAST-FOODPACKAGING
AGRICULTURALFEEDSTOCKS
CO2
HUMUS
POLYMERRESIN
PROCESSING
PACKAGECONVERTER
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COMPOSTING IN WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHYCOMPOSTING IN WASTE MANAGEMENT HIERARCHY
THE THREE R’s (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) THE THREE R’s (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle)
Grass mulching and landscaping
On-Site & Home Composting
Source-separated organics (biodegradables) composting
Mixed -waste composting
Counts towards source reduction
Counts towards source reduciton
Counts towards recycling and diversion from landfill
Counts towards recycling -- lower value application
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SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
• Crop yields on severely eroded soil are lower than those on protected soils because erosion reduces soil fertility and water availability
• Corn yields on some severely eroded soils have been reduced by 12 to 21% in Kentucky, 0 to 24% in Illinois and Indiana, 25 to 65% in the southern Piedmont (Georgia), and 21% in Michigan.
• During a single growing season, a hectare of corn (yield, 7000 kg/ha) transpires about 4,000,000 liters of water, and an additional 2,000,000 liters ha concurrently evaporate from the soil
• In the United States an estimated 4 billion tons of soil and 130 billion tons of water are lost from the 160 million ha of cropland each year. This translates into an on-site economic loss of more than $27 billion each year, of which $20 billion is for replacement of nutrients and $7 billion for lost water and soil depth.
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COMPOSTING & THE ENVIRONMENTCOMPOSTING & THE ENVIRONMENT
COMPOSTING IS AN ECOLOGICALLY AND ENVIRONMENTALLY SOUND APPROACH TO TRANSFERRING BIODEGRADABLE WASTE (INCLUDES THE BIODEGRADABLE PLASTICS) TO USEFUL PRODUCT
COMPOSTING IS BIOLOGICAL RECYCLING OF CARBON
COMPOST USE REDUCES CHEMICAL INPUTS, SUPRESSES CROP DISEASES, REPLENISHES ORGANIC CARBON, INCREASES WATER & NUTRIENT RETENTION, IMPROVES SOIL PRODUCTIVITY
“SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE”
SCIENCE & ENGINEERING OF COMPOSTING, HOITNIK & KEENER, EDS. 1993Narayan -- Biodegradation of polymeric materials during composting, p. 339
Narayan FIGURE 2-2. The Composting Equation.
no persistent/recalcitrant, synthetic, or toxic residue
Improved soil productivity
Supports micro and macro flora & fauna activity
Cbiomass (compost) = Ccellmass + Chumic material
2+ H O Cbiomass/compost+CCO2Cmaterial + O2 + Heat
(stabilized, slow-release formof carbon and nitrogen)
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ORGANIC/COMPOSTABLE MATERIAL(carbon source)
ORGANIC/COMPOSTABLE MATERIAL(carbon source)
HUMUS/COMPOST
HUMUS/COMPOST
NutrientsN,P,K,...
Microorganisms Oxygen Moisture
BreakdownProducts
BreakdownProducts
CELL MASS CELL MASS
death
HEAT
2CO + H O2
Chemicaldegradation
Biodegradation
Polymerization
COMPOSTING PROCESSCOMPOSTING PROCESS
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RECYCLING ORGANIC WASTES TO PRODUCE QUALITY COMPOST
• Yard Wastes• Food• Paper• Biodegradables
• Yard Wastes• Food• Paper• Biodegradables
Quality Compost Product from a Semi-Segregated Waste Stream:
• Reduces chemical input requirements
• Increases soil water and nutrient retention
• Suppresses plant disease
• Augments organic matter
Quality Compost Product from a Semi-Segregated Waste Stream:
• Reduces chemical input requirements
• Increases soil water and nutrient retention
• Suppresses plant disease
• Augments organic matter
COMPOSTINGINFRASTRUCTURE
COMPOSTINGINFRASTRUCTURE
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15
20
25
30
0 10 20 30 40Time (days)
C/N
40
50
60
70
80
90
DH%
Pilot Scale Composting of paper-yard waste
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0
20
40
60
80
0 20 40 60Time (days)
Mixing
%C to CO2
CPR (gC/day∙kgDW)
Pilot Scale composting of Kraft paper in yard debris mixture
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0
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
1988 1999#
of
Yar
d S
ites
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
To
ns
(000
's)
• Number of facilities climbing
• More emphasis on quality– Source separation
growing
• Looking for new feedstocks– Food scraps– Manure
• Becoming a Business – Not a waste option
COMPOSTING IN THE U.S.A.
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Feed-stocks
High-rateComposting
High-rateComposting CuringCuring
Product
rejects rejects
(weeks) (months)
Pre-Processing
Pre-Processing
Post-Processing
Post-Processing
STEPS IN COMPOST PROCESSING
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COMPOSTABLES IN MSW (by volume)
Misc.10%
Corrugated10%
Newsprint10%
Office Paper
2%
Mixed Paper
13%
Food3%
Yard Waste10%
Glass2%Textiles/Leat
her4%
Aluminum2%
Other Metal3%
Tin/Ferrous8%
HDPE3%
PET0.5%
Other Plastics
10%Wood
4%
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Wraps
Composition of Typical Fast-food Restaurant Waste.
Customer Orders in a Typical BK Restaurant
Major Sources of Solid Waste in a Typical Fast-food Restaurant
Design for complete compostability
Fully compostable
Source: The Wall Street Journal, April 17, 1991.
30% Dine in
70% Drive-thru takeout
4% Napkins
7% Polycoated
4% Plastics or
6% External Waste
34% Food Waste
34%
3% PlasticsMisc.
Corrugated Boxes
8%
Polycoated Cups
Wraps
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0102030405060708090
100
0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44
% C conversion to CO2
time (d)
lag-phase plateau phase
biodegradation degree 65%
biodegradation curve
degradation phase
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New Logo
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DIN V 54900 (GERMAN) STANDARDS FOR COMPOSTABLE PLASTICS
DIN CERTCO (affiliate of DIN – the German Standards Organization) has set up a certification program based on DIN V54900 standard. . A product meeting the Standard would be certified and allowed to incorporate the compostability logo LOGO
US PAT 2,256,258
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CERTIFICATION PROGRAM & LOGO BASED ON CEN (EUROPEAN) STANDARD
CEN TC 261/SC4/WG2 -- Requirements for packaging recoverable through composting and biodegradation. Test scheme and evaluation criteria for final acceptance of packaging
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Waste Disposal Costs(1DM~$0,70)
Recyc. Plastics
Recyc. Paper
Incin.
Landfill
Comp.
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
0DM 1DM 2DM 3DM
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Germany:Percentage of Cities and Districts with Biowaste
Collection (1996)H
essi
a
Bad
en-W
urtt
embe
rg
Low
er S
axon
y
Bav
aria
Nor
th R
hine
-Wes
tfa
Schl
esw
ig-H
olst
en
Saar
land
Ber
lin
Bre
men
Ham
burg
Rhe
nlan
d-Pf
alz
0102030405060708090
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Municipal Waste Management
1980 19900
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
LandfillIncin.Comp.
Fra
ctio
n (w
t%)
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Interessengemeinschaft Biologisch Abbaubare Werkstoffe e.V., Rosenheim
IBAWGermany: Basic Data - Waste quantities
• 81 million citizens (EU 370, US 234)
• 226 citizens / km2 (EU 115, US 25)
• 27 mtons municipal solid waste annualy
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1850 1900 1950 2000
sp
ec
ific
am
ou
nt
of
wa
ste liters / (citizen*year)
kg / (citizen*year)
• 10 mtons biowaste annualy
• expected to be Europe´s biggest market for biodegradable materialsIncrease of Waste (City of Stuttgart)
others
paper21%
polymers7%
glass7%
organic waste41%
paperboard6%
19 % : Diapers,composites, metalls...
Ingredients of Municipal Waste
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Interessengemeinschaft Biologisch Abbaubare Werkstoffe e.V., Rosenheim
IBAW
Ordinance on the Avoidance and Recovery of Packaging Waste ("Packaging Ordinance", Verpackungsverordnung of 21 August 1998)
Waste Legislation in Germany
Closed Substance Cycle and Waste Management Act (Kreislaufswirtschafts- und Abfallwirtschaftsgesetz as "Overhead")
Objective: Closing Substance Cycles (Product Recycling / Recovery- not Landfill)
Producer is responsible for Product waste management (Recovery)
Framework Ordinances regulate different product classes
Objective: as described in titleObligation to accept returned Packaging or make use of a Dual System(household collection), charge Deposits and recover Packaging(Sales/Transport Packaging).Requirements for Systems (Recovery of Sales Packaging): working nationwide,comfortable access for households, fullfill recovery quotas
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Interessengemeinschaft Biologisch Abbaubare Werkstoffe e.V., Rosenheim
IBAWRecycling-Quota (%) of collected Packaging
Packaging-Plastics:
• 1,3 mT Consumption
• approx. 0,9 mT collected
• approx. 0,6 mT recycelt
(40/60 feedstock/mechanical)
• DSD-Charge:
approx. 1.500 Euro / ton
Percentage of Recycling of collected Packaging-Waste
regulated by German Packaging Ordinance
PLastics
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Interessengemeinschaft Biologisch Abbaubare Werkstoffe e.V., Rosenheim
IBAWGerman Packaging Ordinance (8/98)
§16 (2)
If a system is going to be established exclusively for plastic packagings, which are composed ofbiodegradable material mainly based on renewable resources (---> restriction! ) and whosecomponents are all compostable, the authority involved may accept this system according to §6Sect. 3, phrase 11 by June 30, 2002, irrespective of the usual demand for nationwide collection,provided that the system provider took adequate measures for supplying as many packagings aspossible fed to the system to composting.
Attachment I to §6, Sect. 2
... As far as plastic packagings made mainly of biodegradable materials based on renewableresources and whose components are all compostable, are collected in a separate system, at least60 per cent must be supplied to composting beginning with July, 2002.
Ordinance on the Avoidance and Recovery of Packaging Waste
("Packaging Ordinance", Verpackungsverordnung - VerpackV* of 21 August 1998)
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Interessengemeinschaft Biologisch Abbaubare Werkstoffe e.V., Rosenheim
IBAW
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80H
essi
a
Bad
en-
Wür
ttem
berg
Low
er S
axon
y
Bav
aria
Nor
th R
hine
-W
estf
alia
Sch
lesw
ig-
Hol
stei
n
Saa
rland
Ber
lin
Bre
men
Ham
burg
Rhe
inla
nd-P
falz
Pe
rce
nta
ge
Percentage of Cities and Districts with Biowaste Collection (1996)
Average
Today:
55-60 % of households have accessto biowaste collection("biobin")
CompostingCapacity:8 Mio. Tons
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Interessengemeinschaft Biologisch Abbaubare Werkstoffe e.V., Rosenheim
IBAWScheme: Dual System for compostable Packaging
DualSystem
Compost (-ing plant)
Biobin Community
(=Municipal Waste Management)
Contrac Agreements
FillerBottler
ConsumerRetail
TradeMaterial Flow
BDP-Manufacturing/ Processing
Financial Flow
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MATERIALPRODUCTION
DISMANTLE
PLASTICS, GLASS,RUBBER, DIRT,
FINES, ETC.
VEHICLEMANUFACTURE
VEHICLEUSE
VEHICLEDISPOSAL
SHRED
ASR-AUTOSHREDDERRESIDUE
LANDFILL
PARTS FOR REUSE
MATERIAL RECYCLING
CATALYTIC CONVERTERS,CAR BATTERIES, ETC.
FERROUS ANDNON-FERROUS METALS
Current Vehicle Recycling Infrastructure and ASR Disposal
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Improved Vehicle Recycling Vision with Elimination of Landfill
MATERIALPRODUCTION
VEHICLEMANUFACTURE
VEHICLEUSE
VEHICLE DISPOSAL
DISMANTLEVEHICLES
SHRED
ASRPROCESS
SOLVENT EXTRACTION,CATALYTIC CONVERSION,
PYROLYSIS, ETC.
INCREASEDPOST-MANUFACTURING
RECYCLINGMORE PARTS FOR
REUSE & LKQ PARTS
MORE RECYCLED MATERIALS:SEAT FOAM, GLASS, PLASTICS, ETC.
FERROUS ANDNON-FERROUS METALS
RECLAIMEDMATERIALS
AND ENERGY