Environmental Management Environmental Management of Loud and Silent Disastersof Loud and Silent Disasters

Erika J. Clesceri, Ph.D.Erika J. Clesceri, Ph.D.USAID Food For PeaceUSAID Food For Peace

MEO Workshop for Mainstreaming MEO Workshop for Mainstreaming Environmental ManagementEnvironmental Management

Kasane, BotswanaKasane, Botswana16-20 May 200516-20 May 2005

3 Units3 Units

1. “A Comparison of IEE to Rapid Environmental Assessment”

2. “How fast is ... Fast??”

3. “HIV/AIDS and Environment”

A Comparison of IEE to Rapid Environmental Assessment for Disasters

Erika J. Clesceri USAID/DCHA/FFPDeveloped by Charles Kelly, Benfield Hazard Research Centre &

CARE International

MEO Environmental Workshop Kasane, Botswana May 17-20, 2005

---The Problem------The Problem---

• Existing environmental conditions often exacerbate disasters – Conflict, Deforestation

• Disasters can result in negative environmental impacts

• Relief aid can have positive or negative environmental impactDepends on intervention design...

• Examine the direct and indirect effects of disasters and environment

• Understand potential costs of ignorance of environmental impacts of disaster response

• Discuss “good practices” in designing environmentally-sound disaster responses

REA ObjectivesREA Objectives

Module 1

+ Module 3Module 4

Act

ion

Module 2

Summary ofSummary of REA ProcedureREA Procedure

Module 1Organization Level

Assessment

+ Module 3Module 4

Act

ion

Module 2

Summary ofSummary of REA ProcedureREA Procedure

Module 1Organization Level

Assessment

+ Module 3Module 4

Act

ion

Community Level Assessment

Community Level Assessment

Community Level Assessment

Community Level Assessment

Module 2

Summary ofSummary of REA ProcedureREA Procedure

Module 1Organization Level

Assessment

+ Module 3

Consolidation and

Prioritization

Module 4

Act

ion

Community Level Assessment

Community Level Assessment

Community Level Assessment

Community Level Assessment

Module 2

Summary ofSummary of REA ProcedureREA Procedure

Prioritize Issues and Actions

Prioritize issues based on levels of threat to:

1. Life

2. Welfare

3. Environment

L/ W/ E

A Human- Centered & Ecologically-Sensitive Approach

Module 1Organization Level

Assessment

+ Module 3

Consolidation and

Prioritization

Module 4

Green Review of Relief

Procurement

Act

ion

Community Level Assessment

Community Level Assessment

Community Level Assessment

Community Level Assessment

Module 2

Summary ofSummary of REA ProcedureREA Procedure

Examples ofExamples of Green Green Procurement Procurement in Emergenciesin Emergencies

• Energy efficient equipment•Computers, Cook stoves/Jiko

• Waste reduction •Plastic Wrapping, Bulk

• Recycling•Plastic, Metal

Life Cycle Life Cycle AnalysisAnalysis

Life Cycle AnalysisLife Cycle Analysis• What raw materials must be extracted to

make the new item?

• What are the pollution and social impacts of making it?

• What materials and energy are needed to operate it?

• What is the impact of its disposal?

Comparison of IEE to REA Comparison of IEE to REA Approach Approach

IEE IEE

• Designed For Development Projects

• Evaluation of potential ENV impacts

• Developed in response to legal mandate, negligent pesticide use (1970s)

• Required for all USAID Projects & FFP EMER > 1 Year

• Sustainability is Priority• Intended to be Comprehensive• Still Often Underutilized

• Designed For Immediate Emergency Response

• Evaluation of potential ENV impacts

• Developed in response to perceived need, NOT legal mandate

• NOT Required by USAID or Other Donors

• Priority: Lives > Welfare > ENV• Timing >>> Perfection• Approach Far Underutilized

REA REA

Utility of REA to IEE??Utility of REA to IEE??

• Use REA to Provide Initial Info for the IEE, like “Screening Exercise”

• Help Prevent Problems in Relief that Development Will Have to Fix

• Use to Help Design More ENV & Risk-Aware Development Projects – Use to Develop Disaster Mitigation Plans for

Development Activities

REA to Prioritize Issues for Immediate Disaster?

To Avoid Unintended

Consequences?

IEE to Evaluate ENV Impacts

of Development

FFPIEE to Evaluate

ENV Impacts of Emergency

Lasting > 1 Year

Landslide

Transitioning from an Emergency…

Module 1Organization Level

Assessment

+ Module 3

Consolidation and

Prioritization

Module 4

Green Review of Relief

Procurement

Act

ion

?

Community Level Assessment

Community Level Assessment

Community Level Assessment

Community Level Assessment

Module 2

Summary ofSummary of REA ProcedureREA Procedure

Ranked Issues

Ranked Issues

0123456789

RANK

Everybody has their own standards...

How fast is...Fast??How rapid is ...Rapid??

Sphere Handbook Sphere Handbook 2004 Edition2004 Edition

Objective:

o To Improve the quality of assistance provided to survivors of a disaster

o To improve the accountability of the humanitarian community

o To develop standard operating procedures for disaster assistance

Sphere Handbook Sphere Handbook 2004 Edition2004 Edition

o Standards for Wat/San, Food, Shelter, Health

o Developed by field practitioners, research institutes, and cross-cutting experts in gender, HIV/AIDS, environment

o Available in multiple languages

“the Minimum Standards in Water Supply and Sanitation”

1 Analysis 2 Water Supply 3 Excreta Disposal 4 Vector Control 5 Solid Waste Management 6 Drainage 7 Hygiene Promotion 8 Human Resource

Capacity and Training

R = 500m

Maximum distance from shelter to nearest water point is 500 m

At least 1 water point for 250

people

SOME QUANTITATIVE Sphere INDICATORS

Use Sphere StandardsUse Sphere StandardsWat/SanNutritionFood AidShelterSite PlanningHealth

Environmental Management ofEnvironmental Management of Loud andLoud and SilentSilent DisastersDisasters

1.1. ““A Comparison of IEE to Rapid A Comparison of IEE to Rapid Environmental Assessment”Environmental Assessment”

2.2. ““How fast is ... How fast is ... FastFast??”??”

3. “HIV/AIDS and Environment”

HIV/AIDS & EconomyHIV/AIDS & Economy

“HIV/AIDS and the Economy is a 2-way relationship. HIV affects the economy

through reduced capacity and diminishing economic returns affects

the distribution of HIV.”

Cohen, 1992, “Special Topics”

HIV/AIDS & MigrationHIV/AIDS & Migration

“Development projects often are not aware of the strong positive relationship

between substantial population movements and the spread of HIV/AIDS.”

Cohen, 1992 , “Special Topics”

Destructive Cycle: AIDS & ENV Destructive Cycle: AIDS & ENV

ENV & AIDS

Health & Funeral Costs

Short-Term NRM Exploitation & Loss

Tenure Rights

Sexual Risk

Taking

Reduced Rural

Assets

Urban Migration or “Environmental

Refugees”

HIV Impact Assessment (HIA)HIV Impact Assessment (HIA) Pathmanathan et al. 2000, “Special Topics”Pathmanathan et al. 2000, “Special Topics”

• Help program designers to consider potential impact that a development project has on the spread of HIV

• Aspires to mitigate impacts of a project on the HIV/AIDS pandemic in the same manner as the EIA minimizes negative environmental effects– Population movement issue...

Can CB-NRM Help Reduce AIDS?Can CB-NRM Help Reduce AIDS?Use HIV/AIDS-Sensitive Planning...Use HIV/AIDS-Sensitive Planning...

• AIDS requires a community-based response• Monitor Impact of AIDS on NRM• Reform land tenure rights• Reduce need for population migration• Empower survivors & retain assets• Link or create health care systems• Incr. awareness of long-term benefits of NRM

protection

Environmental Environmental Management of Management of

Disasters...Disasters...

HIGH PRIORITY ISSUESHIGH PRIORITY ISSUES For New For New FFPFFP Guidance Guidance

“Leveraging of Resourcesif Food Security Objective is met “

• HIV/AIDS Funding (PEPFAR)• Access DCHA FFP Emergency Resources to

carry our Disaster Mitigation Schemes that using the REA and HIV-IA

• EGAT CB-NRM Funds that are HIV-Sensitive• EGAT AG or DCHA FFP Integrated Farm

Management

Resource AcknowledgementsResource Acknowledgements

Charles Kelly, Benfield Hazard Research Center, London

Walter Knausenberger, USAID/REDSO