Environmental issues of nepal for sustainable development
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Transcript of Environmental issues of nepal for sustainable development
Environmental Issues of NepalFor
Sustainable Development
Presented by Group AYashoda
PrashanshaKabitaAchyut
Background
Development is generally measured in terms of economic growth that contributes to nation’s wealth.So, untill now in many casesThe popular development indicator used to measure the development of the country is the Gross Domestic product (GDP).The consequence:The Northern countries exploited the earth unwisely since the period of industrial revolution. It has brought many ecological problems now.
In the southern countries due to poverty, poor natural management and unplanned settlement system we have faced many environmental problems.
These environmental concerns are very important issues for the sustainable development today:Our responsibility is not only to bring prosperity to the present world but also secure resources for our future generation.
Because sustainable development is:the “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. Brundtland Report (1987) ‘Our Common Future’
Focus in this presentation
We would like to focus in some of the key environmental issues in the southern developing countries with special focus in our country Nepal.
The main environmental issues in the developing countries like Nepal are the result of 3 Ps:
•Poverty•Poor natural resource management•Planning-less settlement (unplanned urbanization)
•Let us discuss how these 3 Ps have given rise to serious environmental issues.
P1Poverty
Poverty has very serious limitations. Poor people’s needs are so urgent that most of the time they do not behave rationally due to their need for survival.The natural resources like forests in developing countries are not destroyed for industrial purpose like in the North. They are the sources for their livelihood. Eg. Forest sources for domestic use (fire wood, timber, money-making to earn living by product sale)The result is deforestation.The agriculture land is used irrationally to increase production by using chemical fertilizer and insecticides. It is again not for large commercial purpose. It is to fight against hunger and fulfil basic needs.The result is quality degradation of land and water.
P2Poor natural resource management
The developing countries are poor in natural resource management because of their own financial constraint, lack of awareness and lack of seriousness in policy implementationAs a result they are not able to preserve:Land resources: fertile lands, forests etcWater resources: River, lakes, ponds, spring (mul pani etc)Air environment: (emission of carbon from old vehicles, factories near by settlement, dust, industrial chemical in the air etcThe result is land, water and air pollution
P3Planning-less settlement (unplanned urbanization)
In developing countries in most cases the towns are not the result of foresighted urban planning.The towns are developed as there is stretch of roads in to new area.Eg. A small tea/raksi shop is set up for the driver /passenger. As the pressure of the traffic new shops appear. Gradually it takes the shape of a bazar and in few year a new town.Eg. May towns along the highway of Mahendra Highway
The result:Land encroachment to the nearby forest, river banks, fertile lands and air/water/air pollution
Mitigating measures with intervention Mitigating measures with intervention
Poverty as a cause of Environmental Poverty as a cause of Environmental DegradationDegradation
Impacts in regard to Impacts in regard to
Non-renewable resource useNon-renewable resource use
Renewable resource useRenewable resource use Waste generationWaste generation Greenhouse gas emissionGreenhouse gas emission
Cont.…Cont.…
DeforestationDeforestation
Natural calamitiesNatural calamities
Unplanned settlementUnplanned settlement
PollutionPollution
Air and WaterAir and Water
Environmental Degradation
Poor natural resource managementPoor natural resource management
Poor natural resources managementPoor natural resources management
--deforestation,deforestation,
-Lack of fresh water,-Lack of fresh water,
-Global warming,-Global warming,
-Soil erosion-Soil erosion
Impacts negatively on economy
Environment Curriculum
- Awareness about environment issues , natural resource management.
- Lack of expert human resources in the field of natural resource management .
- Lack of research works related to natural resource management.
- Environmental education is compulsory in schools.
Policy interventionPolicy intervention
•Lack of evaluation and monitoring by the relevant agencies. •Policy might be there but not adequate and poor implementation of already existing ones•Do people in remote areas know about those policies?•High dependency in petroleum products as sources of energy- solar energy, hydro power, wind energy)•Poor economy
Provide subsidyProvide subsidy
Reward- such those who plant tree at their land etc..Reward- such those who plant tree at their land etc..Financial support for the entrepreneur of energy sector: Financial support for the entrepreneur of energy sector: (low interest loan and government subsidy)(low interest loan and government subsidy)Environmental violation reporting rewardsEnvironmental violation reporting rewards
Planning-less settlement(Unplanned urbanization)
The population is increasing every year.The population is increasing every year.
1981: 150228391981: 15022839
1991: 184910971991: 18491097
2001: 231514232001: 23151423
2011: 266208092011: 26620809
New legal provision: towns and villages for planned settlementNew legal provision: towns and villages for planned settlement
To give shelter to the ever increasing population new land are encroached To give shelter to the ever increasing population new land are encroached (atikraman) without any government planning. There are insufficient planning in (atikraman) without any government planning. There are insufficient planning in towns but in VDCs there are no legal requirement with few exceptions.towns but in VDCs there are no legal requirement with few exceptions.
New scientific land tenure system (baigyanik bhumisudhar)New scientific land tenure system (baigyanik bhumisudhar)
The government must bring new regulations on preserving natural resources The government must bring new regulations on preserving natural resources like land and waterlike land and water
Eg. Forest preservationEg. Forest preservation
Agriculture landAgriculture land
Water, river preservationWater, river preservation
Landfill sitesLandfill sites
Waste/garbage recycle plants in urban and also in village areaWaste/garbage recycle plants in urban and also in village area
Management of green belt in the settlement areasManagement of green belt in the settlement areas
Preservation of watershed areasPreservation of watershed areas
Management of large/medium and small industries estatesManagement of large/medium and small industries estates
THANKS