ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

INTRODUCTION

ECOLOGY is that branch of Biology which deals with the

relationship between organisms and their

environment. Everything that affects an organism from outside, during its life, is collectively known as its

ENVIRONMENT .

FACTORS CAUSING POLLUTION

The main factors causing pollution are:- Those that remain in unchanged form for

a long time are known as PERSISTENT POLLUTANTS., i.e. pesticides, nuclear waste, plastics etc. Many of these are toxic.

Those that breakdown into simple products and are known as non-persistent pollutants, i.e. garbage etc.

EFFECT OF POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH

Pollution develops respiratory diseases which may cause disability and death. The following list gives a brief description for various health problems:-

1.Occupational skin diseases i.e. chemical burns or inflammations

2.Dust disease of lungs i.e. silicosis3.Respiratory condition due to toxic agents

i.e. acute congestion due to chemicals.

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4. Poisoning i.e. by lead, mercury, cadmium, hydrogen sulphide, benzol, plastic and resins etc.

5. Disorders due to physical agents such as environmental heat or low temperature.

6. Disorder due to repeated trauma i.e. noise-induced hearing loss.

AIR POLLUTION

Air pollution is one of the major problem created by modern man. Wastes in the form of smoke from industry, power plants, automobiles and homes; and also due to burning of fossil fuels, spread pollution into out atmosphere. Aircraft also release large amounts of burnt or unburnt fuel into the air.

The burning of coal, wood, diesel oil, kerosene, petrol etc., produces harmful pollutants like carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide.

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The causal Agents of air pollution in most cities

THE AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF

POLLUTION) ACT, 1981

1. To improve quality of air in the country.2. To prevent or control air pollution in the

country.3. To advise the Central Government and

State Board on any matter related to the improvement of air quality or control or control of air pollution.

4. To plan and execute programmes for control of air pollution.

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5. To arrange training programmes for prevention and control of air pollution.

6. To co-ordinate activities of the State Boards.

7. To collect and publish technical and statistical data on air pollution.

8. To lay down standards for quality of air.9. To provide or arrange sponsorship for

investigations and research relating control and prevention of air pollution.

10. To establish laborites.

WATER POLLUTION

Pollution of fresh water is one of the most serious environmental problems of the world as a whole. According to an estimate nearly

2/3 of all illness in India is related to water borne diseases such as Typhoid, Hepatitis, Jaundice, Cholera, Diarrhea and Dysentery.

Waste comes out from industries also pollute the water in large quantity, the harmful chemicals mix with water.

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Human Beings bring about water pollution in many ways as shown here

THE WATER (PREVENTION AND CONTROL

OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1974 (AMENDED

1988) The prevention and control of water

pollution. The maintaining or restoring

wholesomeness of water The establishment of Boards for prevention

and control of water pollution. Fine is generally little as compared to

expenditure involved in compliance of standards.

Information about the polluting establishments is not readily available to other citizens.

NOISE POLLUTION

Noise defined as unwanted sound is caused by any disturbance in the air and measured in terms of pressure produced by it. The pressure of the quietest sound that can be detected by a person of normal hearing at the most sensitive frequency of

2750cycles/second (Hz). Noise cause disturbances with consequent reduction in productivity, efficiency, accuracy and safety of the work.

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Sources Of Noise its Measure and III-Effects

Noise Source Intensity in decibel (db)1. Larger jet airliner 1402. Riveting on steel plate 1303. Train on steel bridge 110

4. Weaving shed 1005. Heavy road traffic 856. Light road traffic 557. Normal conversation 408. Whispering 30

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NOISE CONTROL

Method of measuring noise level: Sound level meter are placed around the source to measure the noise level from different noise sources.

Noise control can be achieved mainly by planning and forethought.

Control (of noise) at the source Control along the path of sound between

the source and receiver (listener or victim) and

At the receiver

SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

Solid waste management can be divided into two major areas:-

1) Collection including storage, transfer and transport.

2) Disposal, including any accompanying treatments.

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The three alternative methods are normally considered for solid waste disposal are:-

1)The direct shipment from municipalities to a sanitary landfill.

2)Direct shipment from municipalities to a transfer station where solid waste is transferred to a larger vehicles and then shipped for ultimate disposal.

3)Direct shipment from municipalities to an incinerator where the solid waste burned and the residue is shipped for ultimate disposal.