In recent years, the ozone depletion has been the subject of much discussion because the ozone layer effects both plant and animal life on the planet.

The fact that the ozone layer was being depleted was discovered in the mid-1980s.  The main cause of this is the release of CFCs, chlorofluorocarbons.

Antarctica was an early victim of ozone destruction.  A massive hole in the ozone layer right above Antarctica now threatens not only that continent, but many others that could be the victims of Antarctica's melting icecaps

Production and emission of CFCs . CFCs is mainly caused in the stratosphere. 

There, the chlorine atom is removed from the CFC and attracts one of the three oxygen atoms in the ozone molecule.  The process continues, and a single chlorine atom can destroy over 100,000 molecules of ozone.

Every time 1% of the ozone layer is depleted, 2% more UV-B is able to reach the surface of the planet.  UV-B increase is one of the most harmful consequences of ozone depletion because it can cause skin cancer.

Causes malaria and other infectious diseases. Life cycles of plants will also be affected ,therefore

disturbed food chains . Effects on animals will also be severe. Affect physiological and developmental processes in

plants.

Many countries have signed treaties and written laws restricting the use of CFCs. 

Give awareness to the people about the dangers of ozone depletion .

Campaigns should also be done to find out the substitutes of CFCs.

Gases in the atmosphereHuman activities have increased the

contributionProduction of carbon dioxideDestruction of ozone layer increased

the level of UV-B radiationsProduction of green house gases

Buy energy efficient appliancesReduce private transportBike or walk if you are going

somewhere localUse energy saving consumersSwitch to energy efficient light bulbs

Biological warfare isUse of any living organismAny toxins to cause

disease or death State sanctioned

Chemical warfare isUse of non-living productsProduced by living

organism

The Assyrians 6Th Century BC.The British Army (1763–66). German government during World

War I (1914–1918) World War II (1939–1945)

On EnvironmentSoil erosionLoss of vegetationSpecie degradation

On HumansCancerBirth defects

The developed treatment is not defensive

No effective treatment against poisons

Government should made efforts.

Definition:- Rainfall that has been acidified with the oxides of sulfur and nitrogen is calledacid rain . The ph of this rain is less than 5.6. this precipitation may also be inthe form of snow, fog and hail.

Formation of acid rain:-SO2 and NOx reacts with water in atmosphere to form sulfuric acid and nitricacid, then they come down with the rain and harm the earth.

Chemical reaction:- NOx + H2O --------> nitric acid (HNO3) SO2 + H2O --------> sulfuric acid (H2SO4)

Acid rain is a broader concept refrying to two types of depositions:-

1- Wet deposition: acids can fall to the ground in the form of rain, snow, fog, or mist.

2- Dry deposition: acid chemicals may become incorporated into dust or smoke and fall to the ground.

There are two sources of acid rain:- 1- Natural sources:- Emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx)

from swamps. volcanoes. decaying vegetation.2- Man-made sources:- fossil fuel combustion in factories. Diesel and gas combustion in vehicles. Home fires gives off smoke. Causes of acid rain:- Acid rain is mainly caused by the substances that are being

released into the air such as:- Carbon dioxide Carbon monoxide Chlorofluorocarbons

Lead. Nitrogen oxides. Ozone. Particulate matter. Sulfur oxides. Volatile organic compounds. (voc’s)

These substances are emitted by factories and power plants that burn fuels such as natural gas, coal or oil.

Another source is vehicles that burn gasoline and diesel. Others are mining , artificial refrigeration, heavy industries,

fertilizers, Pesticides, paints, road construction.

All these activities are the main cause of acid rain.

Effect on sea life. Effects on plants. Effect on human and other leaving beings. Effect on non-living things. Areas of world effected by acid

rain are:- North eastern section of united state. Central Europe (Sweden, Norway & Finland) Asian countries India & china because of large

number of factories.

Use fuels that burn more cleanly. Burn coal more efficiently. Factory chimneys can be fitted with scrubbers

that releases 90-95% sulfur free smoke. Forcing emission standards on vehicles that burn

gas and diesel. Catalytic converter into car exhaust pipes to

minimize the amount of sulfur dioxide in car exhaust.

Global warming is the increase of Earth’s average surface temperature due to effect of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide etc.

Greenhouse gases are the gases in the earth’s atmosphere that collect heat and light from the sun.

With too many greenhouse gases in the air, the earth atmosphere will trap too much heat and the earth will get too hot.

Global warming cause: Carbon dioxide emission from

fossil fuel burning power plants. Carbon dioxide emission from

burning gasoline for transportation.

Methane emission form animals, agriculture. such as rice paddies.

Deforestation for wood pulp and farmlands.

Global warming effect:Rise in sea level

worldwide.More killer storms.Massive crop failure.Wild spread extinction of

species.Disappearance of coral

reefs.

Reduce, reuse and recycle of usable product.

Use less heat and air conditioning.

Change a light bulb with compact fluorescent light bulbs.

Drive less and drive smart. Use less hot water. Use the off switch. Plant a tree.