6/26/2013

Bram Brouwer, CEO of BioDetection Systems B.V. & Managing Director of BE Basic Foundation

Environmental aspects of a biobased economy

6/26/2013

•chemicals

•materials

•food/feed

•energy

•fuels (s,l,g)

•nutrients

•CO2

agro/forestry

harvest

•structured around integral biomass value chain & sustainability

soil/water/air quality & nutrient/carbon recycles

logistics &

biorefining

conversion &

purification

socio-economics,sustainability,training,comm

•Biomass

•biodiversity

•land (use)

•fertiliser

•water

BE-Basic is focused on R&D & Innovation in Biobased

processes (volume of 45 M€/year)

•μ • LS

6/26/2013

BE BASIC focus on production of chemical building

blocks and biofuels from biomass

Focus on biofuels

•OH

•OH

•O

•biomass

•2,3-butanediol

•methylethylketone

•butadiene

•fermentation

•Production of butadiene and MEK from biomass

Focus mostly on

building blocks

6/26/2013

•Decline in: Lead to:

•soil carbon soil erosion

•biological activity soil compaction

•soil biodiversity reduced resistance to pests

•nutrient retention eutrofication

• How can we monitor and use information on soil biodiversity to improve soil quality in a biobased economy ?

How to avoid agriculture and soil threats

in a biobased economy ?

• How can agricultural land be transformed from a source of greenhouse gases into a sink for carbon dioxide ?

6/26/2013

How to avoid global transport of pesticide residues in

biobased production processes ?

Global use of pesticides in agriculture 800.000 tons *

Canada

USA

China

Brazil

Malaysia

Chile

Colombia

India

Korea

Thailand

Vietnam

* Ecobichon D.J., Pesticide use in developing countries, Toxicol 2001, vol 160 (1-3), 27-33

6/26/2013

How to control safety & quality of biowaste as

feedstock for biobased processes ?

6/26/2013

HTS monitoring tools

•Hazard identification

Hazard reduction,

bio-degradation Emission reduction

product

Product safety

Feed stock product

Monitoring & assessment of the safety of bio-based

raw materials, processes and chemicals

Feedstock & waste safety

Contaminant

Removal & remediation

biowaste

6/26/2013

Total ion chromatogram of 101 pesticides carrot extract analysis GCxGC-TOFMS

How to monitor cocktails of hundreds of natural

compounds & chemical contaminants in biomass ?

How to interpret these complex analytical chemical patterns

of compounds in terms of safety ?

6/26/2013 •AOAC meeting Santiago, Chile,

•9

Solution: Paradigm shift from chemical to effect

oriented analysis

•Chemical oriented,

•Compound by compound

•Effect oriented,

• complex mixtures

•To know if our soup is safe, rather than what exactly is in it

6/26/2013

Disruption of cell signalling pathways by chemicals:

Targets for cell-based monitoring system development

•Dioxins, PAH

•Toxic metals & metalloids

•PPAR activators

•Hormones and other endocrine disrupting compounds

•Mutagens, clastogens,

•aneugens

•Non-genotoxic mechanisms

•Genotoxic mechanisms

•Dioxin receptor

•ROS

•Endocrine disruption

•(oxidative) DNA

damage

•Carcinogenesis

•Developmental toxicity

•Reproductive toxicity

•Apoptotic resistance

•Hormone receptors

•Oxidative stress pathway

•DNA damage pathway

6/26/2013

CALUX reporter gene assays

Measure chemicals in complex mixtures and link this to hazards

6/26/2013

Comparison of results from bioassay with analytical

chemical methods

•DR CALUX® vs HR-GC/MS

y = 0.9565x

R2 = 0.9889

0.0

5.0

10.0

15.0

20.0

25.0

30.0

35.0

0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0

•HRGCMS

•D

R-C

ALU

X®

•pg 2,3,7,8-TCDD TEQ/g fishoil

•Total dioxin-levels (PCDDs, PCDFs and dioxin-like (dl)-PCBs) in fishoil

6/26/2013

•Bio-based

economy

•Pharma •Food &

feed, raw materials

•Chemical safety

•Environ-ment

Case: Contamination of food by illegal mixing of animal

feed with fats from biofuels production

•Bio-based

economy

• Environ

ment

•Pharma

•Chemical safety

6/26/2013 •14

German Dioxin Crisis 2010/2011

•NKVET 06-10-2011

6/26/2013

•Source: German Ministry of food, agriculture and consumer protection. Presentation. Situation Report of the Federal Government & First Conclusions per 21. January 2011

4 lots highly contaminated

all lots above EU limit of 0.75 ng TEQ/kg for feed fat

•NKVET 06-10-2011 •34

Contamination of technical Fatty acids

6/26/2013

For this biodiesel production, fat from different origin were used.

Bottom triglyceride was contaminated with dioxins

•Waste

•frying

•fats &

•other

•food

•fat/oils

•Destillate:

•Fatty acids

•Bottom:

•Triglyceride

•Marketed as

•technical fat

•Biodiesel production

•Triglyceride + KOH

•+ Methanol

•(Transesterification)

•NKVET 06-10-2011 •35

Which fat component was contaminated?

Where did the dioxins originate from?

6/26/2013

The most probable source for the contamination of the oil are PCDD-contaminated pesticides on the basis of highly chlorinated phenols (or related aromatics with chlorophenol contamination/intermediates).

In the current case chlorophenols/related pesticides might have been applied either as pesticides in plantations for oil crops or as fungicide for storage of seeds (oil palm, soya or rape seeds).

•NKVET 06-10-2011 •40

Possible source of dioxin contamination in

Fatty Acids from biowaste

6/26/2013

•Bio-based

economy

•Pharma •Food &

veterinary risk

•Chemical safety

•Environ-ment

Monitoring of smoke stack emissions

•Bio-based

economy

• Food & feed

•Pharma

Chemical safety

6/26/2013

•19

Official use of dioxin bioassays in Japan for

smoke stack emission control

6/26/2013

Dioxin Emissions in Japan

0

1.000

2.000

3.000

4.000

5.000

6.000

7.000

8.000

9.000

'97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 Target

Year

Em

issi

ons

(g-T

EQ

/ye

ar)

others

Industrial Sources

Unregulated Small-ScaleIncinerationIndustrial Waste Incineration

Municipal Waste Incineration

•What is the impact of biofuels on dioxin emission?

6/26/2013

•Bio-based

economy

•Pharma •Food &

veterinary risk

Chemical safety

•Environ-ment

Monitoring release of chemicals from food

packaging & related polymers

•Bio-based

economy

• Food & feed

•Pharma

Environ

ment

6/26/2013 •22

Activity profiling of several plastic additives in the

CALUX panel

What is activity profile of biobased chemicals?

6/26/2013

Example: Monitoring of bottled drinking water

- Switzerland: Drinking water in PET- and glass bottles: 50% of the samples slightly exceeded the limit of 3.6 pg EEQ/l water measured by ER CALUX, but there was no significant difference between PET- and glass bottles (Brueschweiler et al 2011)

- France: Drinking water in PET bottles were below the detection limit of the ER CALUX assay (80 pg EEQ/ l water, Narbonne et al. 2010)

- Australia: All kinds of waters (recycles, bottled, tap, rain) showed a low activity in a panel of CALUX tests (+/- ER; +/-AR; +/-GR; TR and PR; Leusch et al. 2011)

•23

6/26/2013

Avoid contaminated biowastes to enter biobased processes by a

monitoring scheme related to food safety control

•Collect waste

• or biomass •Screen with

in vitro bioassay

•Identify toxicant by chemical

analysis

•No further testing

required

•Exceed trigger values

•Routine chemical analysis

•Remove/ remediate

+

-

Proposed Integrated Safety screening Strategy (ITS) for biomass and biowastes

6/26/2013

Contact us

BE-Basic Foundation

Mijnbouwstraat 120

2628 RX Delft

The Netherlands

Tel:+31-15-2789873

info@be-basic.org

www.be-basic.org