Environmental and Social Assessment - World Bank...Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) Rural...

Rural Livelihood and Community Infrastructure Project (RLCIP)

Mohmand and Bajaur Agencies, FATA

Environmental and Social Assessment

Planning and Monitoring Unit (PMU)

FATA Secretariat, Peshawar

December 2011

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Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA)

Rural Livelihood and Community Infrastructure Project

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December 2011

Executive Summary

This document presents the Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) report of the Rural Livelihood and Community Infrastructure Project (RLCIP), in the Bajaur and Mohmand Agencies of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan. The Government of Pakistan (GoP) has requested the World Bank (WB) to establish a Multi Donor Trust Fund (MDTF) for the recovery and rehabilitation of the crisis affected areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), FATA and Balochistan. The RLCIP is planned to be funded through the MDTF.

Environmental and Social Screening and Assessment Framework

The Bank has prepared an Environmental and Social Screening and Assessment Framework (ESSAF), in accordance with the OP 8.0 for emergency operations– applicable to all interventions under the KP/FATA/Balochistan MDTF. It specifies the environmental and social assessment requirements that the implementing agency will need to fulfill before the Project under the MDTF is implemented. The present ESA has been carried out in pursuance of the environmental assessment requirements defined in the ESSAF.

Project Overview

RLCIP aims to improve the well-being of un-served and underserved low income communities starting with two agencies (Mohmand and Bajaur) and possibly in cluster of villages in the southern agencies (such as Khyber and Kurram) that are becoming accessible after military operation and where families are being facilitated by the Government to return and reestablish their livelihoods. The project components include: Component A: Community Development and Social Capital Building; Component B: Community Infrastructure and Services; Component C: Livelihoods Support; and Component D: Institutional Strengthening, Monitoring and Evaluation and Project Management.

Regulatory Framework

The present study has been carried out in response to the requirements defined in the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act of 1997 – which requires an environmental assessment to be carried out for each development project listed in scheduled I and/or II of the EIA/IEE Regulations 2000, and the World Bank’s Operational Policy 4.01, which requires the environmental assessment to be carried out for Category A and Category B projects being considered for the Bank’s financing.

Project Area

Mohmand is one of the agencies in FATA and is bounded by Bajaur Agency to the north, Khyber Agency to the south, Malakand and Charsadda districts to the east, Peshawar district to the south east, and Afghanistan towards west. The total area of the Agency is about 2,297 km2 which is mostly hilly and mountainous with little flat land. The total cultivated area is only 21,410 hectares (ha) a little less than 10 percent of the total, most of which is rain fed, having insufficient rainfall with low agriculture productivity. The Agency population was 334,453 according to the 1998 census with a growth rate of 4.28 percent.

Bajaur is also one of the FATA agencies, and is bounded by Dir to the north-northeast, Mohmand Agency to the south, Malakand district to the east, and Afghanistan towards west. The total area of the Agency is 1,290 km2, which is mostly hilly and mountainous with little flat land. The total cultivated area is only 75,300 ha, most of which is rain fed, having



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insufficient rainfall with low agriculture productivity. The Agency population was 595,227 according to the 1998 census with a growth rate of 4.33 percent.

Both the agencies are devoid of any notable forests and or natural habitat sites.

Stakeholder Consultations

Limited consultations could be carried out during the present study primarily owing to the security concerns in the area. However, the FATA Secretariat conducted several consultation rounds with the potential beneficiaries of the Project. A comprehensive participatory framework has been included in the project design to ensure community consultation and participation throughout the sub-project cycle. This framework will address to some extent the insufficient consultations carried out during the ESA.

Impact Assessment and Mitigation

The Project components B and C are likely to include infrastructure and livelihood schemes such as water supply, sanitation, solid waste disposal, rehabilitation/construction of water courses, renewable energy systems, micro hydro, development of culturable waste lands, storage facilities, processing/packing facilities, rural roads, and livestock schemes.

The potentially negative environmental and social impacts of the above-described schemes are likely to include water source not safe for drinking purposes, contamination and soil and water resulting from inappropriate waste disposal, health and safety hazards for the communities, unavailability of land on voluntary basis, inadequacy of the schemes siting, inequitable distribution of scheme benefits, blocked access routes, damage to the public infrastructure, damage to crops and cultivation fields, tree felling, and damage to cultural heritage sites and graveyards.

The impact assessment carried out during the present ESA has revealed that most of these potential impacts are temporary and localized in nature with low to moderate severity, and are mostly reversible. Furthermore, with the help of appropriate mitigation and control measures, most of these potential impacts will either be avoided altogether, or their likelihood of occurrence and severity will be further reduced, thus making these schemes environmentally responsible and socially acceptable. These mitigation measures include screening the water sources for their suitability against the drinking water standards; appropriately treating/disposing the sewage and solid waste; appropriately locating the schemes; ensuring community participation and consent in designing and locating the infrastructure/facilities; ensuring equitable distribution of scheme benefits; ensuring that the land for the schemes is voluntarily donated by the community; avoiding/minimizing damages to crops and infrastructure and repairing/rehabilitating/compensating any damages; compensatory tree plantation; and educating the community through awareness raising campaigns on aspects such as waste disposal, water conservation, modern irrigation/cultivation techniques.

Environmental and Social Management Plan

An environmental and social management plan (ESMP) has been included in the ESA, in order to provide implementation mechanism for the mitigation measures identified during the study and briefly described above.

The ESMP includes institutional arrangements for the environmental and social management of the Project. Under these arrangements, environmental and social focal points (ESFPs) will be appointed/nominated in the Project Management Unit, Agency Implementation Units, and also in the Line Directorates where appropriate. The ESFPs will ensure implementation of the ESMP and its various requirements during various stages of the schemes under the Project.



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The ESFP at the PMU will be responsible for among others preparing and sharing with the Bank quarterly ESMP implementation report.

The ESMP also includes separate Mitigation Plans for each type of intervention included in the Project. These Plans will be made an integral part of the scheme design and its proposal-approval-implementation process. The ESMP also defines environmental and social monitoring to be carried out to ensure effective implementation of the mitigation measures. Furthermore, the ESMP identifies the training needs as well as describes the documentation and reporting requirements. The cost of the ESMP implementation has been estimated to be PKR 5.1 million.



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List of Acronyms

ACS Additional Chief Secretary

ADB Asian Development Bank

AI Artificial insemination

AIU Agency Implementation Unit

CBO Community based organization

CDD Community-driven development

CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species

DDT Dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane

DNA Damage and Needs Assessment

EA Environmental Assessment

EC European Commission

ECA Employment of Child Act

EHS Environment, Health, and Environment

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

EPA Environment Protection Agency

EPP Emergency Project Paper

ESA Environmental and Social Assessment

ESSAF Environmental and Social Screening and Assessment Framework

ESFP Environmental and social focal point

ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan

EU European Union

FATA Federally Administered Tribal Area

FDA FATA development Authority

FR Frontier Region

GIS Geographical information system

GoKP Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

GoP Government of Pakistan

GPS Global positioning system

ha Hectare

ICT Information Communication Technology

IDP Internally displaced person

IEE Initial Environmental Examination

KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

LAA Land Acquisition Act (1894)

LOS Law of Seas



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MDTF Multi Donor Trust Fund

MEA Multilateral Environmental Agreement

MoU Memorandum of understanding

M&E Monitoring and evaluation

NEQS National Environmental Quality Standards

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

NWFP North-Western Frontier Province (now KP)

OP Operational Policy

O&M Operation and maintenance

PDO Project Development Objective

PCNA Post-Crisis Needs Assessment

PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Act (of 1997)

PEPC Pakistan Environmental Protection Council

PKR Pakistan Rupees

PMU Project Management Unit

POP Persistent organic pollutant

PRP Progress review partner

PSC Project Steering Committee

RLCIP Rural Livelihood and Community Infrastructure Project

TPV Third party validation

UN United Nations

UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

UNDP United Nations Development Program

WB World Bank



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Contents

Executive Summary .......................................................................................................... ii

List of Acronyms............................................................................................................... v

1. Introduction..........................................................................................................1-1

1.1 Background ...............................................................................................1-1

1.2 Project Overview ......................................................................................1-2

1.3 ESA Study..................................................................................................1-2

1.3.1 Need of the Study................................................................................... 1-2

1.3.2 Study Objectives .................................................................................... 1-3

1.3.3 Study Scope ........................................................................................... 1-3

1.3.4 Study Methodology................................................................................ 1-3

1.4 Document Structure .................................................................................1-4

2. Legislative and Regulatory Review ....................................................................2-1

2.1 National Laws and Regulations ..............................................................2-1

2.1.1 Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 ....................................... 2-1

2.1.2 Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and

EIA Regulations, 2000........................................................................... 2-2

2.1.3 National Environmental Quality Standards............................................ 2-2

2.1.4 Land Acquisition Act, 1894 ................................................................... 2-2

2.1.5 Wildlife (Protection, Reservation, Conservation and

Management) Act, Ordinances and Rules.............................................. 2-3

2.1.6 Forest Act, 1927..................................................................................... 2-3

2.1.7 Canal and Drainage Act, 1873 ............................................................... 2-3

2.1.8 Provincial Local Government Ordinances, 2001 ................................... 2-3

2.1.9 Antiquity Act, 1975................................................................................ 2-3

2.1.10 Factories Act, 1934 ................................................................................ 2-4

2.1.11 Employment of Child Act, 1991 ............................................................ 2-4

2.1.12 Pakistan Penal Code, 1860..................................................................... 2-4

2.2 The World Bank Operational Policies ....................................................2-4

2.2.1 Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01) ................................................... 2-4

2.2.2 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) ...................................................... 2-5

2.2.3 Forestry (OP 4.36).................................................................................. 2-5

2.2.4 Natural Habitat (OP 4.04) ...................................................................... 2-6

2.2.5 Pest Management (OP 4.09) .................................................................. 2-6

2.2.6 Safety of Dams (OP 4.37) ...................................................................... 2-6

2.2.7 Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50) ..................................... 2-6

2.2.8 Cultural Property (OP 4.11) ................................................................... 2-6

2.2.9 Indigenous People (OP 4.10) ................................................................. 2-7

2.2.10 Projects in Disputed Areas (OP 7.60) .................................................... 2-7

2.2.11 Applicability of Safeguard Policies ....................................................... 2-8



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2.3 Obligations under International Treaties...............................................2-8

2.4 Institutional Setup for Environmental Management ............................2-9

2.5 Environmental and Social Guidelines.....................................................2-9

2.5.1 Environmental Protection Agency’s Environmental and

Social Guidelines ................................................................................... 2-9

2.5.2 World Bank Environmental and Social Guidelines ............................... 2-9

3. Project Description...............................................................................................3-1

3.1 Project Location........................................................................................3-1

3.2 Project Objectives .....................................................................................3-1

3.3 Project Components .................................................................................3-1

3.4 Project Implementation Arrangements ..................................................3-7

3.5 Communication Strategy .........................................................................3-8

4. Baseline Conditions..............................................................................................4-1

4.1 Physical Environment...............................................................................4-1

4.1.1 Climate, Temperature and Rainfall ........................................................ 4-1

4.1.2 Land use ................................................................................................. 4-1

4.1.3 Energy.................................................................................................... 4-2

4.1.4 Water Resources .................................................................................... 4-2

4.1.5 Waste Water Disposal ............................................................................ 4-2

4.1.6 Irrigation ................................................................................................ 4-3

4.1.7 Surface Water......................................................................................... 4-3

4.1.8 Industry .................................................................................................. 4-3

4.1.9 Minerals Resources ................................................................................ 4-4

4.2 Biological Environment............................................................................4-4

4.3 Socioeconomic Baseline ............................................................................4-5

4.3.1 Demography........................................................................................... 4-5

4.3.2 Access to Education ............................................................................... 4-6

4.3.3 Access to Health Services ...................................................................... 4-7

4.3.4 Housing and Settlements........................................................................ 4-8

4.3.5 Water Supply and Sanitation.................................................................. 4-9

4.3.6 Social Setup ......................................................................................... 4-10

4.3.7 Local Conflict Management Mechanism ............................................. 4-11

4.3.8 Economy and Livelihood ..................................................................... 4-12

4.3.9 Governance .......................................................................................... 4-12

4.3.10 Poverty ................................................................................................. 4-13

4.3.11 Gender Issues ....................................................................................... 4-14

4.3.12 Road and Transport .............................................................................. 4-15

4.3.13 Social Issues......................................................................................... 4-15

4.3.14 Agriculture/Crops................................................................................. 4-17

4.3.15 Agricultural Improvement.................................................................... 4-19

4.3.16 Livestock.............................................................................................. 4-20

4.3.17 Fisheries ............................................................................................... 4-21



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4.3.18 Irrigation and Hydroelectric Schemes.................................................. 4-22

5. Consultation and Participation...........................................................................5-1

5.1 Objectives of Stakeholder Consultations................................................5-1

5.2 Stakeholders ..............................................................................................5-1

5.3 Consultation Process ................................................................................5-2

5.4 Participation during Project Implementation........................................5-3

5.5 Information Dissemination ......................................................................5-6

5.6 Dispute Resolution ....................................................................................5-6

5.7 Monitoring and Evaluation......................................................................5-6

5.8 Suggested Indicators.................................................................................5-7

6. Impact Assessment and Mitigation.....................................................................6-1

6.1 Environmental Assessment Process ........................................................6-1

6.1.1 Screening of the Environmental Impacts ............................................... 6-1

6.2 Potential Impacts and Mitigation............................................................6-1

6.2.1 Water Supply Schemes .......................................................................... 6-3

6.2.2 Sanitation Schemes ................................................................................ 6-4

6.2.3 Solid Waste Management Schemes ....................................................... 6-5

6.2.4 Street Pavement ..................................................................................... 6-6

6.2.5 Renewable Energy Schemes .................................................................. 6-7

6.2.6 Construction of Water Courses/Channels and

Rehabilitation of irrigation infrastructure .............................................. 6-8

6.2.7 Tube-Wells and Dug Wells.................................................................... 6-9

6.2.8 Water Tanks, Ponds, Check Dams....................................................... 6-11

6.2.9 Flood Protection Schemes.................................................................... 6-12

6.2.10 Micro Hydro......................................................................................... 6-13

6.2.11 Land Development and Land Leveling................................................ 6-15

6.2.12 Storage, and Packing/Processing Facilities .......................................... 6-16

6.2.13 Rural Roads.......................................................................................... 6-17

6.2.14 Livestock Schemes............................................................................... 6-18

7. Environmental and Social Management Plan ...................................................7-1

7.1 ESMP Objectives ......................................................................................7-1

7.2 ESMP Components...................................................................................7-1

7.2.1 Institutional Arrangements..................................................................... 7-1

7.2.2 Mitigation Plans ..................................................................................... 7-1

7.2.3 Monitoring Plan ................................................................................... 7-31

7.2.4 Training Plan........................................................................................ 7-31

7.2.5 Documentation and Reporting ............................................................. 7-32

7.2.6 Disclosure Requirements ..................................................................... 7-32

7.3 ESMP Implementation Cost ..................................................................7-33

Annex A: National Environmental Quality Standards



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Annex B: Involuntary Resettlement Screening Checklist

Annex C: Format to Document Contribution of Assets

Annex D: Checklist for Scheme Siting

Annex E: Safeguards Procedures for Inclusion in Technical Specifications of Contracts



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List of Figures and Tables

Figure 3.1: Scheme Development Flow Chart............................................................3-5

Table 4.1: Temperature Data........................................................................................4-1

Table 4.2: Land Use (Area in Hectare) ........................................................................4-2

Table 4.3: Ground Water ..............................................................................................4-2

Table 4.4: Population Data (1998)................................................................................4-5

Table 4.5: Demographic Indicators (Pakistan, KP and FATA, 1998).......................4-5

Table 4.6: Household Size .............................................................................................4-6

Table 4.7: Population by Gender (1998) .....................................................................4-6

Table 4.8: Education Indicators for Pakistan, KP and FATA

(1998, 2003–04)..........................................................................................4-6

Table 4.9: Public-sector health institutions (FATA, 2006).........................................4-7

Table 4.10: Housing Indicators (FATA, 1998) ............................................................4-8

Table 4.11: Rural Settlements (FATA, 1998) ..............................................................4-9

Table 4.12: Impact on Socio-economic Indicators for the Last

Eight Years of Agriculture Extension in Fata......................................4-18

Table 4.13: Area, Production and Yield per Hectare of Wheat in

FATA, 2009-10 ........................................................................................4-19

Table 4.14: Area and Production per Hectare of Rabi Vegetable

in FATA, 2009-10....................................................................................4-19

Table 4.15: Cropping Pattern ....................................................................................4-20

Table 4.16: Livestock Population ..............................................................................4-21

Table 4.17: Veterinary Service ..................................................................................4-21

Table 4.18: List of Completed Schemes in Bajaur Agency .....................................4-22

Table 4.19: Detail of Completed Irrigation Schemes in

Mohmand Agency ...................................................................................4-25

Table 5.1: Participatory Framework ...........................................................................5-3

Table 6.1: Environmental and Social Screening Matrix (Unmitigated) ..................6-2

Table 7.1: Mitigation Plan for Water Supply Schemes .............................................7-2

Table 7.2: Mitigation Plan for Sanitation Schemes ...................................................7-4

Table 7.3: Mitigation Plan for Solid Waste Management

Schemes/Systems.......................................................................................7-6

Table 7.4: Mitigation Plan for Street Pavement Schemes .........................................7-8

Table 7.5: Mitigation Plan for Renewable Energy Schemes ...................................7-10



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Table 7.6: Mitigation Plan for Construction of Water Courses/

Channels and Rehabilitation of Irrigation Infrastructure..................7-12

Table 7.7: Mitigation Plan for Tube-Well and Dug Well Schemes ........................7-14

Table 7.8: Mitigation Plan for Water Tanks, Ponds and Check Dams..................7-16

Table 7.9: Mitigation Plan for Flood Protection Schemes.......................................7-19

Table 7.10: Mitigation Plan for Micro Hydro Schemes ..........................................7-21

Table 7.11: Mitigation Plan for Land Development and

Leveling Schemes ....................................................................................7-23

Table 7.12: Mitigation Plan for Storage, and Packing/Processing

Facilities ...................................................................................................7-25

Table 7.13: Mitigation Plan for Rural Roads ...........................................................7-27

Table 7.14: Mitigation Plan for Livestock Schemes.................................................7-29

Table 7.15: Environmental and Social Training Plan .............................................7-31

Table 7.16: ESMP Implementation Budget..............................................................7-33



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Introduction

This document presents the Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA) report of the Rural Livelihood and Community Infrastructure Project (RLCIP), to be implemented in the Bajaur and Mohmand Agencies of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) of Pakistan. The RLCIP will be implemented by the FATA Secretariat with the help of Line Directorates of the two Agencies. The Government of Pakistan (GoP) has requested the World Bank (WB) to establish a Multi Donor Trust Fund (MDTF) for the recovery and rehabilitation of the crisis affected areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), FATA and Balochistan. The RLCIP is planned to be funded through the MDTF.

1.1 Background

In early 2009, the GoP launched major military operations in the KP-FATA. The conflict has imposed a huge economic cost, on top of the obvious human tragedy. The military operations led to significant damage to physical infrastructure and services while displacing some 3 million people. While the majority of the internally displaced persons (IDPs) have returned to their places of origin, many have lost their homes and livelihoods. Those who stayed behind have suffered equally and tend to be just as poor and vulnerable as the IDPs.

In 2009, the GoP asked the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the World Bank to jointly conduct a Damage and Needs Assessment (DNA) to ascertain the extent of post-crisis impact on various sectors and local communities. The DNA covered the areas first affected by the GoP’s action to combat the militants1. In view of the complex nature of the crisis and in order to address the root causes that lead to the crisis on a long term and in a sustainable manner, the Government also requested development partners including the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the United National Development Program (UNDP) and the European Union (EU) to jointly prepare a Post Crisis Needs Assessment (PCNA) that was completed in 2010. The PCNA assessed and quantified the short and medium term social and economic needs of the region. Recognizing the need for a harmonized approach to respond to the crisis, the GoP requested the Bank to establish the MDTF for the recovery and rehabilitation of the crisis affected areas of KP, FATA and Balochistan.

The PCNA provides the underpinning for long term peace building in FATA. Drawing on extensive stakeholder consultations, the Report identifies key crisis drivers and the consequent priority areas that need to be addressed to support a coherent and durable peace-building strategy. These have been organized into four strategic objectives related to political and governance reform, employment and livelihood opportunities, provision of basic services, and efforts for counter-radicalization and reconciliation2. The RLCIP responds to the Strategic Objectives 2 and 3 of the PCNA.

The RLCIP design is flexible to ensure demand driven planning and implementation with communities setting their own development agenda and priorities. It responds to financing Pillars 3 and 4 of the MDTF. The design flexibility also caters for externalities such as the

1 Four districts in KP: Swat, Upper and Lower Dir, Buner, Shangla; and two agencies in FATA: Mohmand,

and Bajaur. 2 The key strategic objectives of the PCNA are: (i) enhance responsiveness and effectiveness of state to

restore citizen trust; (ii) stimulate employment and livelihood opportunities; (iii) ensure provision of basic

services; (iv) counter-radicalization and reconciliation.



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high likelihood of natural disasters in the region including landslides, floods, drought and earthquakes.

Environmental and Social Screening and Assessment Framework

The Bank has prepared an Environmental and Social Screening and Assessment Framework (ESSAF), in accordance with the OP 8.0 for emergency operations– applicable to all interventions under the KP/FATA/Balochistan MDTF. It specifies the environmental and social assessment requirements that the implementing agency will need to fulfill before any Project component under the MDTF can be implemented. The Framework also describes the generic environmental/social monitoring and reporting requirements to be fulfilled during Project implementation, in addition to defining the broad institutional arrangements required for environmental and social safeguard aspects associated with the individual projects under the MDTF. Procedures for screening of all possible environmental and social impacts will be described in detail in the project’s Operations Manual. The ESSAF has been shared with the FATA Secretariat and disclosed locally by the FATA Secretariat on its website on 15 December 2010.

The present ESA has been carried out in pursuance of the environmental assessment requirements defined in the ESSAF.

1.2 Project Overview

The RLCIP will be implemented in Bajaur and Mohmand agencies, and also possibly in cluster of villages in the southern agencies of FATA. The FATA is a semi-autonomous tribal region in the northwest of Pakistan, located between the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and Balochistan, and the neighboring country of Afghanistan. The FATA comprise seven Agencies (tribal districts) and six Frontier Regions (FRs).

RLCIP aims to improve the well-being of un-served and underserved low income communities starting with two agencies (Mohmand and Bajaur) and possibly in cluster of villages in the southern agencies that are becoming accessible after military operation and where families are being facilitated by the Government to return and reestablish their livelihoods. The project components include:

� Component A: Community Development and Social Capital Building

� Component B: Community Infrastructure and Services

� Component C: Livelihoods Support

� Component D: Institutional Strengthening, Monitoring and Evaluation and Project Management.

Further details of the Project are provided later in the document.

1.3 ESA Study

The various aspects of the present study, including its need and objectives, its scope, the methodology employed while conducting it are described in the following sections.



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1.3.1 Need of the Study

The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 (PEPA 1997) requires the proponents of every development project in the country to submit either an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) or “where the project is likely to cause an adverse environmental effect,” an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) to the concerned environmental protection agency (EPA). The IEE/EIA Regulations 2000 issued under the PEPA 1997 provide separate lists for the projects requiring IEE and EIA (The Act and Regulations are further discussed later in the document).

The World Bank Operational Policy 4.01 (OP 4.01) states that “The Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making”3.

The present study has been conducted in response to both of the above requirements.

1.3.2 Study Objectives

The objectives of the present ESA are to:

� To assess the existing environmental and socioeconomic conditions of the project area,

� To identify potential impacts of the proposed project on the natural and human environment of the area, to predict and evaluate these impacts, and determine their significance, in light of the technical and regulatory concerns,

� To propose appropriate mitigation measures that should be incorporated in the design of the project to minimize if not eliminate the potentially adverse impacts,

� To assess the compliance status of the proposed activities with respect to the national environmental legislation and WB’s OPs,

� To develop an environmental and social management plan (ESMP) to provide an implementation mechanism for the mitigation measures identified during the study.

1.3.3 Study Scope

The present ESA study covers all the components of the proposed Rural Livelihood and Community Infrastructure Project with particular focus on the community infrastructure and services, and livelihood support (Components B and C).

The area where Project components would be located will be referred to as the ‘project area’ in this report. The study addresses the potential environmental and social impacts that may be encountered during the design, construction and operational phases of the proposed project.

1.3.4 Study Methodology

The ESIA has been carried out by FATA Secretariat in coordination and collaboration with line directorates of FATA and the Bank Task Team. The study has been carried out using the following steps:

� A two days workshop conducted for FATA Secretariat and line Directorates on the concept and methodology to conduct ESA by the Bank. The FATA Secretariat has prepared this report in coordination and collaboration with line directorates and the

3 Excerpts from OP4.01 – Environmental Assessment. January, 1999.



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Bank task team. Semi-structures interviews, focus group discussions conducted with a number of stakeholders including community representatives, Community Organizations, concerned line directorates, Political Administrations, tribal elders and separately with women.

� The secondary social data of several earlier projects especially FATA Rural Development Project financed by ADB and FATA Sustainable Development Plan 2007-2015 of FATA Secretariat was used in the preparation of this report.

� A comparative study of the projects already implemented in FATA was conducted in order to establish a Participatory Framework.

1.4 Document Structure

Chapter 2 discusses national legislation and regulations relevant to the environmental and social aspects of the Project. Also covered in the Chapter is the WB safeguard polices, national and international environmental guidelines, and multilateral environmental agreements.

Chapter 3 presents the simplified Project description.

Chapter 4 describes the environmental and social baseline conditions of the Project area.

Chapter 5 covers the stakeholder consultation already carried out and a framework for future consultations.

Chapter 6 identifies Project’s potentially negative environmental and social impacts and proposes mitigation measures to address these impacts.

Finally, Chapter 7 provides the Environmental and Social Management Plan for the Project.



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Legislative and Regulatory Review

This Chapter discusses the policy, legal and administrative framework as well as institutional set-up relevant to the environmental and social assessment of the proposed Project. Also included in the Chapter are the environmental and social guidelines from the national agencies as well as international donors and other organizations.

1.5 National Laws and Regulations 4

Pakistan’s statute books contain a number of laws concerned with the regulation and control of the environmental and social aspects. However, the enactment of comprehensive legislation on the environment, in the form of an act of parliament, is a relatively new phenomenon. Most of the existing laws on environmental and social issues have been enforced over an extended period of time, and are context-specific. The laws relevant to the developmental projects are briefly reviewed below.

1.5.1 Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997

The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 (the Act) is the basic legislative tool empowering the government to frame regulations for the protection of the environment (the

‘environment’ has been defined in the Act as: (a) air, water and land; (b) all layers of the

atmosphere; (c) all organic and inorganic matter and living organisms; (d) the ecosystem and

ecological relationships; (e) buildings, structures, roads, facilities and works; (f) all social

and economic conditions affecting community life; and (g) the inter-relationships between any

of the factors specified in sub-clauses ‘a’ to ‘f’). The Act is applicable to a broad range of issues and extends to socioeconomic aspects, land acquisition, air, water, soil, marine and noise pollution, as well as the handling of hazardous waste. The discharge or emission of any effluent, waste, air pollutant or noise in an amount, concentration or level in excess of the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) specified by the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA) has been prohibited under the Act, and penalties have been prescribed for those contravening the provisions of the Act. The powers of the federal and provincial Environmental Protection Agencies (EPAs), established under the Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance 1983,5 have also been considerably enhanced under this legislation and they have been given the power to conduct inquiries into possible breaches of environmental law either of their own accord, or upon the registration of a complaint.

The requirement for environmental assessment is laid out in Section 12 (1) of the Act. Under this section, no project involving construction activities or any change in the physical environment can be undertaken unless an initial environmental examination (IEE) or an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is conducted, and approval is received from the federal or relevant provincial EPA. Section 12 (6) of the Act states that the provision is applicable only to such categories of projects as may be prescribed. The categories are defined in the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, 2000 and are discussed in Section 2.1.2 below.

4 Applicability of national and provincial laws in FATA is not uniform. The Federal Government through the

Governor of KP issues notification to enforce any national of provincial law in FATA and such a process

has reportedly been initiated for this purpose. Therefore, all the national and provincial laws discussed in

this Chapter and applicable to similar projects elsewhere in the Country will be deemed to be applicable to

the proposed Project as well. 5 Superseded by the Pakistan environmental Protection Act, 1997.



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The requirement of conducting an environmental assessment of the proposed project emanates from this Act.

1.5.2 Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, 2000

The Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, 2000 (the ‘Regulations’), developed by the Pak-EPA under the powers conferred upon it by the Act, provide the necessary details on preparation, submission and review of the initial environmental examination (IEE) and the EIA. Categorization of projects for IEE and EIA is one of the main components of the Regulations. Projects have been classified on the basis of expected degree of adverse environmental impacts. Project types listed in Schedule I are designated as potentially less damaging to the environment, and those listed in Schedule II as having potentially serious adverse effects. Schedule I projects require an IEE to be conducted, provided they are not located in environmentally sensitive areas. For the Schedule II projects, conducting an EIA is necessary.

The proposed project falls under the Schedule II of the Regulations. Hence an EIA has to be conducted for it.6

1.5.3 National Environmental Quality Standards

The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS), promulgated under the PEPA 1997, specify the following standards:

� Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in gaseous emissions from industrial sources,

� Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in municipal and liquid industrial effluents discharged to inland waters, sewage treatment and sea (three separate set of numbers).

� Maximum allowable emissions from motor vehicles.

� Ambient air quality standards.

� Drinking water standards

� Noise standards.

The above NEQS’s are presented in Tables A.1 to A.6 in Annex A. Some of these standards will be applicable to the gaseous emissions and liquid effluents discharged to the environment as well as noise generation from the activities under the proposed project.

1.5.4 Land Acquisition Act, 1894

The Land Acquisition Act (LAA) of 1894 amended from time to time has been the de-facto policy governing land acquisition and compensation in the country. The LAA is the most commonly used law for acquisition of land and other properties for development projects. It comprises of 55 sections pertaining to area notifications and surveys, acquisition, compensation and apportionment awards and disputes resolution, penalties and exemptions.

The FATA Secretariat will exclude those sub-projects that may require land acquisition and/or displacement or damages to private assets/public utilities.

6 The terms ESA and EIA have been used interchangeably in this document. The document has been named

as the ESA, however, it meets all the requirements of an EIA as well.



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1.5.5 Wildlife (Protection, Reservation, Conservation and Management) Act, Ordinances and

Rules

This law has been enacted to protect the province’s wildlife resources directly and other natural resources indirectly. It classifies wildlife by degree of protection, ie, animals that may be hunted on a permit or special license, and species that are protected and cannot be hunted under any circumstances. The Act specifies restrictions on hunting and trade in animals, trophies, or meat. The Act also defines various categories of wildlife protected areas, ie, National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Game Reserve.

This Act will be applicable to the construction as well as operation and maintenance

(O&M) activities of the Project.

1.5.6 Forest Act, 1927

The Act authorizes Provincial Forest Departments to establish forest reserves and protected forests. The Act prohibits any person to set fire in the forest, quarry stone, remove any forest-produce or cause any damage to the forest by cutting trees or clearing up area for cultivation or any other purpose.

The project activities will have to be carried out in accordance with this Act. No activities will be carried out in any protected forests, and no unauthorized tree cutting will be carried out.

1.5.7 Canal and Drainage Act, 1873

The Canal and Drainage Act (1873) prohibits corruption or fouling of water in canals (defined to include channels, tube wells, reservoirs and watercourses), or obstruction of drainage.

This Act will be applicable to the construction and operation and maintenance (O&M) works to be carried out during the proposed project.

1.5.8 Provincial Local Government Ordinances, 2001

These ordinances were issued under the devolution process and define the roles of the district governments. These ordinances also address the land use, conservation of natural vegetation, air, water and land pollution, disposal of solid waste and wastewater effluents, as well as matters relating to public health – aspects that are relevant to the proposed project.

1.5.9 Antiquity Act, 1975

The Antiquities Act of 1975 ensures the protection of cultural resources in Pakistan. The Act is designed to protect ‘antiquities’ from destruction, theft, negligence, unlawful excavation, trade and export. Antiquities have been defined in the Act as ancient products of human activity, historical sites, or sites of anthropological or cultural interest, and national monuments. The law prohibits new construction in the proximity of a protected antiquity and empowers the Government of Pakistan to prohibit excavation in any area that may contain articles of archeological significance.

Under this Act, the project proponents are obligated to:

� Ensure that no activity is undertaken in the proximity of a protected antiquity, and



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� If during the course of the project an archeological discovery is made, it should be protected and reported to the Department of Archeology, Government of Pakistan, for further action.

This Act will be applicable to the construction and O&M works to be carried out during the proposed project.

1.5.10 Factories Act, 1934

The clauses relevant to the proposed project are those that address the health, safety and welfare of the workers, disposal of solid waste and effluents, and damage to private and public property. The Act also provides regulations for handling and disposing toxic and hazardous substances. The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act of 1997 (discussed above), supersedes parts of this Act pertaining to environment and environmental degradation.

1.5.11 Employment of Child Act, 1991

Article 11(3) of the Constitution of Pakistan prohibits employment of children below the age of 14 years in any factory, mines or any other hazardous employment. In accordance with this Article, the Employment of Child Act (ECA) 1991 disallows the child labor in the country. The ECA defines a child to mean a person who has not completed his/her fourteenth years of age. The ECA states that no child shall be employed or permitted to work in any of the occupation set forth in the ECA (such as transport sector, railways, construction, and ports) or in any workshop wherein any of the processes defined in the Act is carried out. The processes defined in the Act include carpet weaving, biri (kind of a cigarette) making, cement manufacturing, textile, construction and others).

The project proponent, participating farmers and their contractors will be bound by the ECA to disallow any child labor at the project sites.

1.5.12 Pakistan Penal Code, 1860

The Code deals with the offences where public or private property or human lives are affected due to intentional or accidental misconduct of an individual or organization. The Code also addresses control of noise, noxious emissions and disposal of effluents. Most of the environmental aspects of the Code have been superseded by the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997.

1.6 The World Bank Operational Policies

The WB Operating Policies (OPs) relevant to the proposed project are discussed in the following sections.

1.6.1 Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01)

The World Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making.7 The OP defines the EA process and various types of the EA instruments.

7 Excerpts from WB OP 4.12. WB Operational Manual. January 1999.



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The proposed project consists of activities which have environmental and social consequences, including:

� Damage to assets (such as crops),

� Deterioration of air quality,

� Water contamination and consumption,

� Damage to top soil, land erosion,

� Safety hazard.

Since none of the potential impacts of the project are likely to be large scale, unprecedented and/or irreversible, the project has been classified as Category B, in accordance with OP 4.01. Furthermore, the present ESA is being carried out in accordance with this OP, to identify the extent and consequences of these impacts, and to develop an EMP for their mitigation.

1.6.2 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12)

The WB’s experience indicates that involuntary resettlement under development projects, if unmitigated, often gives rise to severe economic, social, and environmental risks: production systems are dismantled; people face impoverishment when their productive assets or income sources are lost; people are relocated to environments where their productive skills may be less applicable and the competition for resources greater; community institutions and social networks are weakened; kin groups are dispersed; and cultural identity, traditional authority, and the potential for mutual help are diminished or lost. This policy includes safeguards to address and mitigate these impoverishment risks. 8

The overall objectives of the Policy are given below.

� Involuntary resettlement should be avoided where feasible, or minimized, exploring all viable alternative project designs.

� Where it is not feasible to avoid resettlement, resettlement activities should be conceived and executed as sustainable development programs, providing sufficient investment resources to enable the persons displaced by the project to share in project benefits. Displaced persons should be meaningfully consulted and should have opportunities to participate in planning and implementing resettlement programs.

� Displaced persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and standards of living or at least to restore them, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher.

The FATA Secretariat will exclude those sub-projects that may require land acquisition and/or displacement or damages to private assets/public utilities, as stated earlier as well. However, all identified and selected sub-projects will be subject to environmental and social (including resettlement) impact screening. Detailed procedures for these will be included in the project’s Operations Manual. The FATA Secretariat’s PMU, line directorates and local community groups in consultation with tribal elders/Jirga and Political Administration will be responsible for following the procedures described in the Operations Manual, in a transparent manner without duress. Those sites will be selected which involve minimum loss of productive land and other resources from the construction and operations of infrastructure. All efforts will be made to avoid using/taking productive land for any sub-project investments. It will be ensured

8 Excerpts from WB OP 4.12. WB Operational Manual. December 2001.



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that the land donation do not cause adverse impacts on the income of any households. In case, if land may come up as an issue for a priority investment, the procedures for essential consultations and agreements with owners/affected persons will be laid down in the Operations Manual. In case of disagreements with owners/affected persons, the project will not take/used such lands. Since the project will not cause any involuntary resettlement impacts, the World Bank Policy on Involuntary Resettlement will not trigger.

1.6.3 Forestry (OP 4.36)

The objective of this Policy is to assist the WB’s borrowers to harness the potential of forests to reduce poverty in a sustainable manner, integrate forests effectively into sustainable economic development, and protect the vital local and global environmental services and values of forests.

None of the project components would be located inside any forested areas. Hence the OP 4.36 is not triggered.

1.6.4 Natural Habitat (OP 4.04)

The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and enhance the environment, is essential for long-term sustainable development. The Bank therefore supports the protection, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats and their functions … 9

All of the proposed project components would be located in areas where the natural habitat has already been significantly modified, as a result of cultivation and associated activities. Therefore the OP 4.04 is not triggered for the proposed project.

1.6.5 Pest Management (OP 4.09)

Through this OP, the WB supports a strategy that promotes the use of biological or environmental control methods and reduces reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides.

Though the proposed Project includes activities such as development of irrigation schemes, however these activities are not likely to induce any increased usage of pesticides, which are mostly used in the canal irrigated areas. The usage of chemical inputs particularly pesticides is not widespread in FATA, primarily because of its arid nature and shortage of irrigation water. Hence the Pest Management OP is not triggered for this Project.

1.6.6 Safety of Dams (OP 4.37)

The Policy seeks to ensure that appropriate measures are taken and sufficient resources provided for the safety of dams the WB finances. However this OP is not relevant since the proposed project does not involve construction of dams.

1.6.7 Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50)

This OP defines the procedure to be followed for projects the WB finances that are located on any water body that forms a boundary between, or flows through two or more states. However, no project components will be located on any such waterways. Hence this OP is not triggered.

9 Excerpts from WB OP 4.04. WB Operational Manual. June 2001.



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1.6.8 Cultural Property (OP 4.11)

The World Bank’s general policy regarding cultural properties is to assist in their preservation, and to seek to avoid their elimination. The specific aspects of the Policy are given below. 10

� The Bank normally declines to finance projects that will significantly damage non-replicable cultural property, and will assist only those projects that are sited or designed so as to prevent such damage.

� The Bank will assist in the protection and enhancement of cultural properties encountered in Bank-financed projects, rather than leaving that protection to chance. In some cases, the project is best relocated in order that sites and structures can be preserved, studied, and restored intact in situ. In other cases, structures can be relocated, preserved, studied, and restored on alternate sites. Often, scientific study, selective salvage, and museum preservation before destruction is all that is necessary. Most such projects should include the training and strengthening of institutions entrusted with safeguarding a nation’s cultural patrimony. Such activities should be directly included in the scope of the project, rather than being postponed for some possible future action, and the costs are to be internalized in computing overall project costs.

� Deviations from this policy may be justified only where expected project benefits are great, and the loss of or damage to cultural property is judged by competent authorities to be unavoidable, minor, or otherwise acceptable. Specific details of the justification should be discussed in project documents.

� This policy pertains to any project in which the Bank is involved, irrespective of whether the Bank is itself financing the part of the project that may affect cultural property.

Since the project activities will be carried out in the cultivated fields and inhabited areas, it is unlikely that any sites of cultural, archeological, historical, or religious significance will be affected. However, in case of discovery of any such sites or artifacts during the project implementation, the work will be stopped at that site and the provisions of this Policy will be followed. Additionally, the provincial and federal archeological departments will be notified immediately, and their advice sought before resumption of the construction activities at such sites.

1.6.9 Indigenous People (OP 4.10)

For purposes of this policy, the term “Indigenous Peoples” is used in a generic sense to refer to a distinct, vulnerable, social and cultural group possessing the following characteristics in varying degrees:11

� self-identification as members of a distinct indigenous cultural group and recognition of this identity by others;

� collective attachment to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories in the project area and to the natural resources in these habitats and territories;

� customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions that are separate from those of the dominant society and culture; and

� an indigenous language, often different from the official language of the country or region.

10

Excerpts from the OPN 11.03. WB Operational Manual. September 1986. 11 Excerpts from the OP 4.10. WB Operational Manual. July 2005.



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The OP defines the process to be followed if the project affects the indigenous people.

No indigenous people - with a social and cultural identity distinct from the dominant society that makes them vulnerable to being disadvantaged in the development process – are known to exist in FATA. Therefore this OP is not triggered.

However if such groups are identified during the project implementation, the proponents will develop an Indigenous People Development Plan, in compliance with the OP and get it approved by the Bank.

1.6.10 Projects in Disputed Areas (OP 7.60)

Projects in disputed areas may raise a number of delicate problems affecting relations not only between the Bank and its member countries, but also between the borrower and one or more neighboring countries. In order not to prejudice the position of either the Bank or the countries concerned, any dispute over an area in which a proposed project is located is dealt with at the earliest possible stage.

The Bank may proceed with a project in a disputed area if the governments concerned agree that, pending the settlement of the dispute, the project proposed for country A should go forward without prejudice to the claims of country B. 12

This OP is not triggered since no part of FATA is located in any disputed territory.

1.6.11 Applicability of Safeguard Policies

Applicability of the WB safeguard policies – on the basis of the discussion in Sections 2.2.1 to 2.2.10 above - with respect to the environmental and social issues associated with the proposed project is summarized below.

Operational Policy Triggered

Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01) Yes

Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) No

Forestry (OP 4.36) No

Natural Habitat (OP 4.04) No

Pest Management (OP 4.09) No

Safety of Dams (OP 4.37) No

Projects in International Waters (OP 7.50) No

Cultural Property (OP 4.11) No

Indigenous People (OP 4.10) No

Projects in Disputed Area (7.60) No

1.7 Obligations under International Treaties

Pakistan is signatory of several Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs), including:

12 Excerpts from the OP 7.60. WB Operational Manual. November 1994.



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� Basel Convention,

� Convention on Biological Diversity, Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar),

� Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES),

� UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),

� Kyoto Protocol,

� Montreal Protocol,

� UN Convention to Combat Desertification,

� Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL),

� UN Convention on the Law of Seas (LOS),

� Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs),

� Cartina Protocol.

These MEAs impose requirements and restrictions of varying degrees upon the member countries, in order to meet the objectives of these agreements. However, the implementation mechanism for most of these MEAs is weak in Pakistan and institutional setup mostly nonexistent.

The MEA most applicable for the Project is the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), under which certain pesticides such as dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane (commonly known as DDT) cannot be used.

1.8 Institutional Setup for Environmental Management

The apex environmental body in the country is the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC), which is presided by the Chief Executive of the Country. Other bodies include the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA), provincial EPAs (for four provinces, AJK and Gilgit Baltistan), and environmental tribunals.

The EPAs were first established under the 1983 Environmental Protection Ordinance; the PEPA 1997 further strengthened their powers. The EPAs have been empowered to receive and review the environmental assessment reports (IEEs and EIAs) of the proposed projects, and provide their approval (or otherwise).

The proposed project would be located in FATA. Hence this ESA report will be sent to the Pakistan EPA for review.

1.9 Environmental and Social Guidelines

Two sets of guidelines, the Pak-EPA’s guidelines and the World Bank Environmental Guidelines are reviewed here. These guidelines address the environmental as well as social aspects.

1.9.1 Environmental Protection Agency’s Environmental and Social Guidelines

The Federal EPA has prepared a set of guidelines for conducting environmental assessments. The guidelines derive from much of the existing work done by international donor agencies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The package of regulations, of which the



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guidelines form a part, includes the PEPA 1997 and the NEQS. These guidelines are listed below.

� Guidelines for the Preparation and Review of Environmental Reports,

� Guidelines for Public Consultation,

� Guidelines for Sensitive and Critical Areas,

� Sectoral Guidelines.

It is stated in the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, 2000 that the EIA or IEE must be prepared, to the extent practicable, in accordance with the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Guidelines.

1.9.2 World Bank Environmental and Social Guidelines

The principal World Bank publications that contain environmental and social guidelines are listed below.

� Environment, Health, and Environment (EHS) Guidelines prepared by International Finance Corporation and World Bank in 1997.

� Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook 1998: Towards Cleaner Production

� Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Volume I: Policies, Procedures, and Cross-Sectoral Issues.

� Social Analysis Sourcebook.

� All environmental and social safeguard operational policies.



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Project Description

This Chapter describes the salient features of the proposed Project, including its objectives, location, components and implementation arrangements. Further details are available in the WB Emergency Project Paper (EPP).

1.10 Project Location

The RLCIP will be implemented in Bajaur and Mohmand agencies, and also possibly in cluster of villages in the southern agencies of FATA. The FATA is a semi-autonomous tribal region in the northwest of Pakistan, located between the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) and Balochistan, and the neighboring country of Afghanistan. The FATA comprise seven Agencies (tribal districts) and six Frontier Regions (FRs).

1.11 Project Objectives

The RLCIP aims to improve the well-being of un-served and underserved low income communities starting with Mohmand and Bajaur agencies, and possibly in cluster of villages in the southern agencies that are becoming accessible after military operation and where families are being facilitated by the Government to return and reestablish their livelihoods.

The project seeks to address the recovery and rehabilitation needs in FATA as a result of the militancy crisis. The project development objective (PDO) is to improve livelihoods and access to basic service infrastructure in selected Agencies in FATA.

The RLCIP will contribute to the economic rehabilitation of local communities in FATA under the recently completed Post Crisis Needs Assessment (PCNA) supported by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), European Commission (EC), United Nations (UN) and the World Bank (WB), that was formally issued in October 2010. The Bank is targeting its interventions through a Multi Donor Trust Fund (MDTF) established for KP, FATA and Balochistan. Additional resources would be sought for specific interventions to generate knowledge and in-depth analysis of the prost-crisis rehabilitation through community participation.

The proposed Project would help finance the costs associated with the recovery and rehabilitation needs in FATA as a result of the militancy crisis. The proposed support will help respond to the situation by:

� Financing investments for community development activities, basic services and small scale productive infrastructure;

� Generating livelihoods opportunities within the agriculture and livestock sectors; and

� Strengthening capacity of the government institutions for responsive and inclusive planning and delivery of services.

1.12 Project Components

The Project aims to reach the un-served and underserved low income communities in FATA in a phased manner. Initially, the project implementation is concentrated in two Agencies (Bajaur and Mohmand) and within these up to three tehsils

13 in order to concentrate project

13 Tehsil is a subdivision of a district.



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coverage and monitor for quick impacts and demonstrative effects. The Project would also initiate some level of interventions in cluster of villages in the southern agencies that are becoming accessible after military operation and where families are being facilitated by the Government to return and reestablish their livelihoods. The key principles for project design are flexibility, scalability and community participation. For this the project would adopt a saturation approach for working in villages/settlements in the selected tehsils to ensure that a demonstrable impact of the project interventions can be clearly seen. The project components include the following:

Component A – Community Development and Social Capital Building: The FATA region is traditionally based on the principle of close association by tribe or kinship. The tribal elder (Malik) often serves as an intermediary between their people and the local administrative structures for identifying the priorities. The tribal council of elders (Jirga) is the main mechanism for decision making on behalf of the local population and is also considered the key entity for conflict resolution and providing judgment for punitive actions. The Jirga is essentially the only mechanism for out-of-court settlements over enmities that span generations. The tribe’s identity in FATA is the key to how local communities exercise their right to and ownership of natural resources and other assets. The tribal identity as depicted through the Malik and Jirga is therefore essential for access and use of resources and is often seen as the only safety net available to poorer segments of the population. This intricate community system has survived for centuries with adequate legitimacy by the political administration as well as acceptance by local communities as it continues to exert its influence on communal life. In more recent times, some development projects14 working in the tribal agencies have invested in forming local community based groups and indigenous organizations that have cooperated with the local Jirga as well as the political administration for implementing their programs.

Under the RLCIP, the objective of this component is to engage with the local communities in order to secure their involvement in project implementation and monitoring. Recognizing that the FATA region is traditionally based on the principle of close association by tribe or clan, the project would use the local/indigenous structures including agency development councils, peace (aman) committees, Jirga (council of elders), and tribal elders (Malik) as facilitating partners for ensuring participation of local communities, especially the poorest and marginalized members of the communities. The locally based indigenous organizations would be engaged for the social mobilization process as well as for building their capacities to play an active role in the sustainable development process of their areas. The two sub-components include:

Sub-Component A1: Social Mobilization: This would include consultations with local communities; village mapping with agriculture and livestock related needs that can be supported through the project; informing communities on site and beneficiary selection and implementation of infrastructure and livelihoods support through farmer and community groups. The locally based indigenous organization would be engaged as social mobilization partners for raising awareness on intended results of this project as well as the participatory process required for achieving these. The social mobilization partners would be identified at the tehsil level for carrying out social mobilization and awareness raising activities. These partners would be selected on the basis on their local presence and outreach in order to ensure

14 For example, the ADB supported the FATA Rural Development Project in Khyber, Bajaur and Mohmand

agencies that implemented the project interventions through Community Organizations for delivering

services including drinking water supply schemes; irrigation and small dams; natural resource management

e.g. raising forest nurseries; etc.



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that the coordination process amongst local tribal communities and the tehsil and Agency level administration is effective. The selected local/indigenous organizations would be recognized entities with the FATA Social Welfare Directorate to ascertain their legal status and enable contract payments to them for social mobilization. The social mobilization process would be aimed at not only at organizing communities around the interventions of this project but would encompass an approach for developing a sense of civic-engagement, promoting citizen-state interaction, and enabling local communities to take charge of their own development agenda.

Sub-Component A2: Institutional Strengthening of Local Indigenous Groups: This would include training and capacity building of the involved local communities as well as farmers and other community groups formed and/or revitalized by the project. Also, recognizing that a limited number of locally based, indigenous civil society organizations exist in various areas, there is merit in investing and strengthening in their capacities to enable them become viable, empowered, professionally functioning, and representative organizations in near future. Therefore the locally based indigenous organizations engaged with the project as social mobilization partners would also be provided with training to strengthen their institutional capacities for becoming viable, inclusive and professional organizations. These organizations would be provided training and mentoring through more established organizations in neighboring KP and other areas.

Component B – Community Infrastructure and Services: This component focuses on community physical infrastructure as well as infrastructure for agriculture (including irrigation) and livestock development. Specifically, the project would finance rehabilitation of damaged infrastructure, the construction of new infrastructure, and operation and maintenance (O&M), with priorities to be established in consultation with the community groups, recognizing that overall priority would be accorded to rehabilitation and O&M. In the FATA region, water and sanitation and agriculture and livestock sectors have been identified to be especially poorly resourced and under-developed.

Water and Sanitation: About 58.7% of the FATA population does not have access to clean drinking water, including 16.2% who use surface water. Sources of drinking water for the population vary significantly by agency and FR. The most common drinking water sources in FATA are water pipelines (used by 16.8% of the population), which run into the dwelling or onto the property, and public taps. The protected well inside and outside the house, including the tube well, is a common facility in the rural areas of FATA. Family members spend considerable time in fetching water on a daily basis. The majority of households collect water from sources outside their dwelling. Nearly 85% of families in rural areas collect water from sources outside their house. Around 46.4% of households in rural areas fetch water in 30 minutes to one hour, while 25% spend more than one hour to fetch water. Fetching water is a gender specific activity in FATA. In around 96% of the households, adult women collect water. Rarely, female children fetch water (1.7%), and adult men (2.4%)15. The sanitation coverage is reported to be a mere 28.1% of households that use sanitary hygienic facilities. Amongst these the rural households with improved sanitation facilities are 26%. A common type of improved sanitation is the pit latrine with flush, used by 12.4% of households.

Agriculture and Livestock: The FATA region is a predominantly agrarian economy, with livelihoods predicated on agriculture and livestock. While agriculture is a profitable activity with good income potential, particularly from horticulture (fruit and vegetables), given the limited water availability, agriculture is practiced in just a few valleys. The rural economy remains mainly pastoral, with low quality rangelands providing more than 70 percent of the

15 Multi Indicator Cluster Survey, Planning and Development Department, FATA Secretariat, 2009



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total fodder and forage requirement. Yields are substantially lower than national averages and dependant on rainfall. FATA is dominated by small farmers with less than 5 acres (approximately 2 ha) of land and a few livestock. Many of these households experience food deficits and rely on remittances to meet their needs. The traditional pattern of migration entails young men leaving for jobs in other parts of the country or abroad, while women, children and the old remain behind and rely on farm production for most of their meat, milk, vegetable and fruit consumption, as well as for much of their cereals. Despite heavy dependence on agriculture and horticulture, the full economic benefits of commercial agriculture development have not been fully exploited. For instance, much of the harvesting, packing, storage and marketing is done by people from outside the area. Local small farmers and the landless – who are under/unemployed - are often not used in these activities representing lost employment opportunities. Credit flows from institutional sources such as the Agriculture Development Bank are limited and commercial banks are required by the State Bank not to lend in FATA. These factors have led to a sense of backwardness and deprivation and contributed to the susceptibility to conflict. The key crisis impacts included abandonment and distress sale of livestock; standing crops being left without being harvested; damages to irrigation and animal shelters; and loss to stocks of seed, fertilizers and feed. 16

Therefore this component responds to the rehabilitation and development of infrastructure for the above identified sectors. Under this component the implementation strategy would be twofold: (i) providing infrastructure as “quick win schemes” that are identified at the time of entry to a village/settlement through consultations with the entire community facilitated by the local Jirga; and (ii) providing infrastructure as “development schemes” that directly support agriculture and livestock development following a social mobilization process to identify the targeted farmer interest groups or community groups that agree to implement the scheme as well as take the responsibility for O&M. The “quick win” schemes would be implemented within the first two years of the project after establishing the first contact at a village/settlement level. The village/local Jirga and the larger community members would be consulted for identification of these “quick win” schemes. The “development schemes” are intended for longer-term agriculture and livestock development and these would also be identified through consultations with Jirga and larger communities, but would be implemented through newly formed or revitalized farmer interest groups or community groups identified through a social mobilization process.

The examples of “quick win schemes” would include water supply, sanitation and solid waste management schemes; street paving; renewable energy technologies e.g. solar, wind, biogas, etc. smokeless stoves; rehabilitation of damaged irrigation infrastructure, etc. The “development schemes” would include inter alia irrigation and water infrastructure including watercourses/channels, tube-wells and dug-wells, water storage tanks, ponds and check dams, flood protection structures; micro hydro; culturable waste land development and land leveling; produce and input storage facilities; processing/packaging facilities; and rural link roads for farm-to-market access. The “development schemes” would generally be larger in scope, requiring a higher degree of social mobilization and strengthened farmer or community organization.

The above listed schemes are indicative and the actual type of infrastructure for both “quick win” and “development” schemes would depend on the local communities’ needs prioritization. The project would provide infrastructure to all settlements/villages starting with "quick win schemes" and later "development schemes" as the needs are assessed. Most of the

16 PCNA sectoral report on agriculture, 2010.



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schemes are expected to be small scale (costing less than US$ 25,000) and would be implemented through community based contracts. However projects requiring higher degree of technical skills such as lining of channels, access roads, check dams, integrated irrigation projects, micro-hydro etc., would be implemented through the line departments. Even in these schemes use of community based skilled and un-skilled labor, material supplies and other inputs would be encouraged. Additionally, the prioritization process would also include information regarding other ongoing programs by donors and government to ensure that project interventions are complimentary and duplication is checked. Community lead decision making for identification and implementation of any selected scheme would remain the key principle for implementing this component. While the detailed selection criteria are included in the Operations Manual, the scheme development cycle with various stages is presented in the flow chart in Figure 3.1.

Figure 0.1: Scheme Development Flow Chart

Component C – Livelihoods Support: In FATA region, agriculture is the key pillar for tribal economy and small farmers largely practice farming at subsistence level, characterized by underutilization of land and cultivation of low input crops. Of the total reported area of 2.7

Social Mobilization (Community consultation and

mobilization)

Scheme Identification (Consultative process leading to needs

assessment and prioritization)

Eligibility Assessment (Assessing eligibility for project

support as per criteria)

Technical Feasibility & Implementation Arrangements (Communities participating with line directorates and AIUs, in detailed

assessment, walkthrough surveys, design and cost discussions, and community contribution and O&M arrangements)

Agreement between community AIU, PMU and line directorate (Partnership plan developed and Terms of partnership agreed and signed)

Procurement (Contract documents prepared, contract awarded with specified role of all parties)

Construction Supervision and Quality Control (Technical support and supervision by community, line directorates, AIUs and

third party verification)

Scheme Completion (Formally inaugurated by community and local administration and handed over

to community for O&M)



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million hectares in FATA, barely 200,000 hectares (approximately 7%) is cultivated17. Just under half of all potentially cultivable land is used for agriculture as reclaiming wasteland remains unexplored. The climatic conditions favor a verity of fruits and vegetables however productivity has remained low due to insufficient investments in agricultural inputs especially seed variety, grafting, and proper water management. Additionally, most of the crop area is planted with cereals, which indicates that household level food security remains priority for farmers. Complementing agricultural activities, livestock rearing is an equally essential contributor for household economy. Animals are key the source of milk, meat and provide draught power and dung used as fuel and fertilizer. Similarly, poultry farming is an additional supplement to household diets and much-needed income support. Form most household livestock also serves as a buffer in times of drought and other unpredictable externalities.

Livestock productivity is challenged by feed shortages, inadequate veterinary cover, inferior genetic potential, and poorly developed market facilities. Based on the above analysis, this component focuses on generating livelihood opportunities in agriculture and livestock sectors by targeting small and marginal farmers and women in the project area to help them sustainably adopt improved production technologies and management practices. Specifically, this component addresses the challenge of moving farmers out of a traditional, low-input/low-output production system through changes in improved seed availability and farming practices. It does so by providing subprojects that enhance enhancing farmers’ knowledge and skills base, organize them to improve distribution and farming techniques through availability of quality seed and other inputs at farm level and strengthening farm and animal husbandry practices.

RLCIP would adopt a demonstration-adoption approach through identifying farmer/community groups in a phased manner. The scoping for livelihoods subprojects eligibility would be done through social mobilization process where community needs assessment would be carried out and farmer or community groups would be identified. The involvement of local Jirga and other community members would be ensured at the time of farmer/community group identification. A detailed partnership plan would be developed for agreed livelihood subproject that would include technical and financial details of the subproject. An agreed level of contribution from the participating community/farmer group members would be required which in most instance would be in the form of in-kind contributions however where cash contributions are possible, the communities will be responsible for procuring goods as per agreed specifications. Details of the livelihood subproject implementation, selection criteria and demonstration-adoption approach are included in Operations Manual.

The project would provide livelihood interventions as pilots for specific settlements/villages where there is willingness to organize groups, the needs are clearly identified and detailed partnership plans are prepared. All livelihood support would include training on technical and managerial skills through various methodologies including farmer field schools etc. The project would also promote activities such as increasing fodder and feed supplies by joint and rotational farming amongst households and developing “pilot areas” for dairy production with linkages with agro-industry for marketing and service delivery. The following two sub-components are included:

Sub-Component C1: Agricultural Based Livelihoods: This would include providing farmer/community groups with livelihoods subprojects for procuring improved extension services, quality agriculture inputs, tools and implements, and to help in the development of

17 FATA Sustainable Development Plan 2006-2015.



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selected products’ value chains. The project would utilize the local input and output marketing and distribution network to ensure sustained availability of inputs and services. The participating farmer/community group members will receive agriculture packages based on the needs assessment. The agriculture packages would include (but not limited to) improved cereal and/or vegetable seed varieties, improved technology and farm inputs (e.g. high efficiency irrigation, tools, machinery, etc.), technical assistance on post-harvest techniques (especially for highly perishable horticultural crops), training and technical assistance for improved water conservation and farming practices, promoting off-season and tunnel farming, etc. The package will also be combined with infrastructure provided under Component B to ensure availability of water where needed. The type and size of the agriculture package will be determined jointly by the participating farmer/community group, the agriculture specialists facilitated by the social mobilization partners, with the object to increase the yield per acre while benefiting the most number of farmers.

Sub-Component C2: Livelihoods through Livestock Development: This would support livestock production as an important source of income and nutrition for poorer households. Efforts will be made to target households where women are actively engaged in livestock management. The project would identify target households to provide livelihoods subprojects including backyard poultry and small rudiments (goats/sheep); backyard dairy development; improved veterinary health care through campaigns, vaccinations, de-worming; provision of mobile veterinary services for the communities as well as capacity building for livestock farmers; and supporting the local veterinary dispensaries and existing artificial insemination centers for dairy farmers. The inputs and technologies provided through the subprojects are envisaged to enhance production and reduce animal mortality within a short period of time. The beneficiaries for livestock development would be identified by the community through the involvement of local Jirga and with the help of the social mobilization partners, however preference will be given to those households where women are involved in livestock management and that the household agrees for the women or a male member of their household to participate in the animal husbandry and health improvement campaigns and trainings.

Component D – Institutional Strengthening, Monitoring and Evaluation and Project Management: Interventions under this component include establishment of systems and procedures for participatory planning, implementation and performance monitoring, technical training program for the extension and management staff of the involved line directorates, and exposure to similar community-driven development (CDD) models through in-country and international experience exchange. Additionally, this sub-component would explore introduction of new/innovative approaches for community-government partnerships. Examples of these innovations may include introducing Information Communication Technology (ICT) based technologies for monitoring and community O&M. Similarly, the project facilitates creating linkages between FATA Government, project implementation team and local communities with similar interventions underway in other parts of the country. The component also provides capital and incremental operating costs for implementation of the project; technical assistance for quality delivery and impact assessments including functional reviews and third party monitoring; development of a communications strategy; and a functional and well-communicated complaints handling system.

1.13 Project Implementation Arrangements

Project Steering Committee (PSC): For policy formulation and overall supervision, a Project Steering Committee headed by the Additional Chief Secretary (ACS) FATA and



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represented by Secretaries of the respective departments in Planning and Development Department and Directors of involved line directorates. The PSC will meet on quarterly basis to review the overall implementation progress and advice on corrective measures as needed.

Project Management Unit: The FATA Secretariat’s Directorate of Project has established the Project Management Unit (PMU) that would be responsible for implementation of this project as well as coordination with involved line directorates of agriculture, livestock, irrigation and works and services for implementation of various components of the project. The PMU would have the overall responsibilities for planning, implementation, coordination, monitoring and reporting. The PMU would be strengthened with additional staff for technical and support functions through new recruitments as well as inter-departmental secondment.

Agency Implementation Unit: At the community level, the PMU would be supported through the Agency Implementation Units (AIUs) responsible for implementation, monitoring and coordination with line directorates and political administration. The social mobilization would be carried out by local/indigenous organizations and the PMU and AIU would organize technical assistance for the social mobilization partners to strengthen their capacities. The selected local/indigenous organizations would be recognized entities with the FATA Social Welfare Department to ascertain their legal status and enable funds transfer to them for social mobilization. The AIU would also closely coordinate with the field based staff of the line directorates at all stages of implementation and for monitoring and reporting as well as quality control of ongoing subprojects.

1.14 Communication Strategy

The project would develop a detailed communications strategy in the project Operations Manual. The strategy would focus on providing various stakeholders with relevant project design information; bring transparency to the process; and develop a close link with, and understanding of the targeted beneficiaries of the project procedures for different interventions. As recommended by the PCNA findings also, the need to bridge the trust deficit between local communities and the Government agencies is a critical first step in limiting crisis relapse. The project’s communications strategy would therefore ensure that the intended benefits of the planned interventions are widely communicated amongst the local populations, while simultaneously managing expectations. The PMU would hire requisite resources to develop the strategy together with a communications campaign and community outreach plan. The communications strategy would essential serve the following objectives:

� Ensure that communities are kept well informed on a continuous basis, about the objectives and interventions of the project;

� Respond to requests from persons with queries on the project;

� Stakeholders are aware of complaints registration and tracking system; and

� Manage expectations.

The main parameters will include:

� Information and how it reaches the potential clients and how their first contact is made

� The manner in which activist and representatives are identified and involved in dialogue and participation in decision making forum i.e. forms of representation.



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� The formation of community organization/ working committees, the influences that guide the formation process and its potential impact on the overall community organization

� Decisions on priorities; sharing/ contributions how they are made; and the role of women.

� The forum and medium of consultations between stakeholders: community members, FATA Secretariat and line directorates’ staff, Indigenous Organizations and others including consultants and World Bank staff.

� Types of agreements and memorandum of understanding (MoU) and their social and legal worth

� Consultation process during the survey, planning and design, costing and financing, implementation and the O&M stages as well as the tendering and procurement of land, materials and labor.

� The process of taking ownership and satisfaction on work done, including links established between stakeholders beyond the project period.



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Baseline Conditions

This Chapter presents the baseline conditions of the physical, biological and human environment of the Project area. The description is based upon the secondary sources, since the ESA team could not visit the area because of the security concerns.

1.15 Physical Environment

1.15.1 Climate, Temperature and Rainfall

Bajaur is located at the extreme end of the Himalayan Rang which creates variation and uncertainty in the monsoon rains from month to month and year to year. Nevertheless on account of the peculiar geographical position of the area, Bajaur does get its share of rains with winter and spring rains being more predictable than rains at other times of the year. Rabi crops have a good chance of reaching maturity. But variation in the timing and amount of precipitation creates risks and lead to variable yields.

Mohmand is hot and dry in summer and cold in winter. The summer season commences in April and continues till October. June, July and August are the hottest months. The rainfall is scanty. Most of the rainfall occurs during the winter months.

The atmospheric data recorded in the two Agencies during 2009-10 are presented below.

Table 0.1: Temperature Data

Mohmand Bajaur

Mean Temperature (°C)

Mean Temperature (°C)

max min max min

July 2009 40 30 40 19

August 2009 36 32 40 11

September 2009 33 28 33 14

October 2009 35 20 31 7

November 2009 35 20 20 2

December 2009 28 25 14 -2

January 2010 15 12 21 -3

February 2010 17.7 13.5 20 -3

March 2010 26 23 28 6

April 2010 27.3 24.4 29 14

May 2010 34 29 37 16

June 2010 34 31 38.0 19

Mean 30.08 23.99 29.25 8.33



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1.15.2 Land use

The land use pattern and climate indicate water scarcity across the project area. Farmlands are small in size and farming practices are old fashioned with very low yields per hectare. Most of the land is unproductive, only 7.2 % is cultivated area. Ranged land is extensively used for grazing. Table 4.2 presents the land use data of the two Agencies.

Table 0.2: Land Use (Area in Hectare)

Land Classification Mohmand Bajaur

Total Reported Area 229,620 129,035

Total Cultivated Area 21,410 75,300

Net Sown Area 20,300 54,365

Current Fallow Area 1,110 20,935

Total Cropped Area 24,410 68,045

Area Sown More than Once 4,110 13,680

Total Uncultivated Area 208,210 53,735

Culturable Waste Area 9,474 10,850

Forest Area 8,670 20,180

Area Not Available for Cultivation 190,066 22,705

1.15.3 Energy

Less than 62 per cent of houses are supplied with electricity, which is used for lighting. Fuel for cooking comes primarily in the form of wood: 92 per cent of all households use wood-burning stoves and barely two per cent have access to natural gas.

1.15.4 Water Resources

Groundwater is the main source of water for irrigation and other purposes. At present the Project area has 449 tube wells, 1,238 dug wells, 48,245 open wells and 154 springs. Agency-wise breakdown is given in Table 4.3 below.

Table 0.3: Ground Water

Agency Tube Wells Dug Wells Open Wells

Bajaur 301 744 25,198

Mohmand 148 494 23,047

Total:- 449 1,238 48,245

Other development indicators paint a similarly dismal picture of basic services. Official records show that 56 per cent of the population is supplied with drinking water but less than a third of this supply is in the form of individual connections to households. In many rural areas, women are required to travel long distances, in some cases up to 2 kilometers, to fetch water. Water from pipelines is supplied directly, either through indoor or outdoor connections, to less than 20 per cent of households.



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1.15.5 Waste Water Disposal

Sanitation facilities are even less widely available and more difficult to assess. Overall, it appears that just 10 per cent of the population has access to adequate sanitation in the form of toilets, sewerage, drainage and solid waste disposal. Results from 1998 show that 37 per cent of houses in FATA have “separate” latrines while 56 per cent have no latrines at all.

1.15.6 Irrigation

Some 44 per cent of agricultural land is under irrigation, while the remaining farms rely exclusively on rainfall. Water for irrigation is provided through a combination of delivery systems, including tube wells, dug wells, lift pumps, surface irrigation networks and traditional community-built canals. In some areas, however, entire irrigation systems have ceased to function.

1.15.7 Surface Water

The rainfall in the project area is rather scanty. Most of the rainfall converts into flash floods due to steep slopes and drains into main rivers like Kabul, Swat, Panjkora and Bara. These rivers run in deep gorges in the project area and no irrigation systems exist in the project area except few on Bara River. There is no discharge measurement facility in the project area. Few rain gauges exist but their data is not properly recorded and reported, therefore, there is a total lack of required data. As a result, rainfall data of Peshawar, Saidu Sharif and Kohat rain gauging stations, located in the immediate vicinity of the project area, has been used for estimating runoff generated from rainfall. FATA Development Authority (FDA) and Pakistan Metrological Department are presently in the process of installing rain gauges in various parts of FATA.

The results of the surface water study are summarized as under:

i. Based on the analysis of 30 years rainfall data the estimated surface runoff has been categorized in wet, average and dry years.

ii. The project area has been climatically sub divided into three zones i.e semi-arid sub tropical, sub humid sub tropical and sub humid temperate. The annual rainfall varies from 295 mm to 1048 mm in the project area.

iii. The surface runoff varies from watershed to watershed depending upon the area of watershed, topography, soil type, soil cover and rainfall intensity. The estimated runoff ranges from 2 % to 21 % of the annual rainfall.

The study results clearly indicate most of the surface runoff generated in the project area drains out due to lack of infrastructure instead of being utilized for productive purpose. Hence there is a dire need for enhancing utilization and conservation of surface water by constructing small storages, diversion structures and recharge/delay action dams. Major focus is proposed on construction of small recharge/delay action dams to enhance groundwater recharge, which is major source of water being utilized for irrigation and other purposes. FDA is constructing 18 storage dams in the project area, which are at various stages of implementation. The study recommends construction of 12 small dams for storage and/or groundwater recharge in different watersheds by FRDP and 45 such dams in near future. Construction of 370 small water ponds (in addition to 80 to be implemented by FRDP) and lining of all existing irrigation channels (in addition to 90 being lined by FRDP) is also proposed in near future.



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1.15.8 Industry

Industrial activity is restricted primarily to small, owner-financed units, operating without government oversight. These include stone processing, textile weaving, furniture manufacture and light engineering units producing firearms. It is estimated that some 10,000 workers are currently employed in the industrial sector in FATA. With the exception of those engaged in weapons and furniture manufacture, most local workers are unskilled. Some mineral extraction is taking place in various agencies, using outdated technology and antiquated methods.

1.15.9 Minerals Resources

Significant reserves of minerals and commercially valuable stone remain unexplored. With few industries and only limited unorganized mining, unemployment and under-employment are high. Many seek employment as short-term unskilled laborers or enlist in the local security and paramilitary forces. Those who are able to travel find work in cities across Pakistan as well as in the Middle East, using their earnings to support families at home. The more highly qualified among them have in many cases migrated permanently with their families. They and their children are reluctant to return to the tribal areas, leading among other things to an acute shortage of doctors, teachers and skilled workers generally and in particular to a dearth of qualified female teachers and doctors.

The local economy operates on an informal basis and is undocumented, since few laws providing for the regulation of economic activity have been extended to FATA. Access to financing is also restricted by State Bank of Pakistan rules prohibiting banks from extending credit to people in the tribal areas.

1.16 Biological Environment

In many parts of the world, development has put excessive pressure on the environment. Industrial pollution, toxic waste, and the indiscriminate use of fertilizer and pesticides, are but a few of the hazards that accompany progress in any society. Land becomes degraded, water unsafe, and the sky dark with smog. These risks are no less serious in a place such as FATA.

There is a close link between poverty and the environment. Poverty often leads to the over-exploitation and unsustainable use of natural resources. At the same time, it is the poorest communities who depend most intensely on natural resources for their survival. As such, they are also the ones who suffer directly as a consequence of environmental degradation.

Although FATA lags far behind the rest of the country in terms of development, it has not escaped the ill-effects of environmental degradation. Widespread deforestation has led to a scarcity of fuel wood and timber, while denuded hills are unable to retain soil or water. Erosion increases the incidence of flash floods which wipe away crops, farmland and valuable infrastructure, while low water retention has led to a drawing down of the water table, creating scarcity where none existed a few generations ago. For the growing population, it is today becoming increasingly difficult to obtain water in sufficient quantities to irrigate crops and meet domestic requirements. Rangeland is also becoming degraded, partly as a result of pressure from overgrazing but also because of extended periods of drought.

Biodiversity



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Local natural ecosystems are very diverse. These are largely plantations of broad leaf, maize crop, highly degraded forests, grasslands, bare lands and non-economic fruit orchards. None of these habitats are believed to support significant indigenous biodiversity, either in terms of species richness, genetic diversity or key endemic or threatened species. This biodiversity has been threatened by loss, degradation and fragmentation of habitats, and by hunting and over-collection of valuable species. Many species are threatened with extinction in villages, and the needs of these species and their habitats should be considered by any development project, particularly if project sites are near or adjacent to key natural habitats, such as existing or proposed nature reserves.

Issues such as hunting and collection of different products by migrant workers and fragmentation of natural forests need to be considered when sitting and managing project activities.

The assessment indicates that no obvious landscape and biodiversity changes will be caused by this project alone. However, the project must be considered in the context of larger changes in landscape.

Although most of the original vegetation in Bajaur and Mohmand was lost long ago, an intricate mosaic of agricultural ecosystems and native and planted-forest ecosystems co-exist and shape the landscape today. This landscape variation is very diverse and to some, aesthetically attractive. Landscape diversity may provide significant benefits to the industry in the long-term by reducing risks from pests and disease. Management at a landscape level should be one of WB major considerations for the long-term sustainability of its project.

1.17 Socioeconomic Baseline

1.17.1 Demography

According to the 2008-09 population estimates the total population of FATA is about 4.02 million people with an annual growth rate of 2.19% but certain agencies and FRs do not follow this trend, showing a decline during the same period. Population density, according to 1998 Census, stands at 117 persons per square kilometer in FATA as a whole, with wide variations between individual agencies and FRs. In Dera Ismail Khan FR, for example, the population is thinly scattered with 19 persons per square kilometer, while population density in Bajaur Agency reaches 461 persons per square kilometer. The key demographic data for the Project area is presented in Table 4.4 and Table 4.5 below.

Table 0.4: Population Data (1998)

Area

(sq km) Population

(Total)

Population Density

(persons per sq

km)

Annual Growth

(1981–98) (%)

Bajaur 1,290 595,227 461 4.33

Mohmand 2,296 334,453 146 4.28

Table 0.5: Demographic Indicators (Pakistan, KP and FATA, 1998)

Indicator Pakistan KP FATA



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Geographical area (sq km) 796,096 74,521 27,220

Annual population growth, 1981–98 (%)

2.69 2.82 2.19

The average annual population growth for FATA is slightly lower than the provincial average of 2.8 per cent and the national average of 2.7 per cent. The average household in FATA consists of 9.3 persons, compared to 8 persons in the KP and 6.8 persons in the country as a whole. The household data is presented below.

Table 0.6: Household Size

Indicator Pakista

n

KP FATA

Average household size (persons)

6.80 8.00 9.30

Urban population (% of total) 32.50 16.87 2.70

Population density (persons per sq km)

166.30 238.10 116.70

The gender ratio of 108 males for every 100 females (table 4) is somewhat perplexing, since some 126,577 persons, most of whom are likely to be men, are recorded as migrants from FATA in other parts of Pakistan during the 1998 census. This should in theory leave a higher proportion of females in the local population. Census reporting in FATA is likely to have been distorted by problems in gathering data, since tribal custom forbids the disclosure of information about women to outsiders.

The data on gender is presented in Table 4.7 below.

Table 0.7: Population by Gender (1998)

Total Male Female Ratio*

FATA 3,176,331

1,652,047 1,524,284 108

Bajaur 595,227 305,137 290,090 105

Mohmand 334,453 175,404 159,049 110

* Number of males per 100 females.

1.17.2 Access to Education

Overall literacy in FATA is as low as 17.42 per cent for 1998, compared to 35.41 per cent in the KP and 43.92 per cent at the national level. Just 3 per cent of females aged 10 years and above are literate in FATA, compared to 18.82 percent in the KP and 32.02 per cent across



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the country. While 29.51 per cent of males over the age of 10 are literate in FATA, this figure trails the KP (51.39 per cent) and the national average (54.81 per cent) by a wide margin. See Table 4.8 below for the key education indicators for Pakistan, KP and FATA.

Table 0.8: Education Indicators for Pakistan, KP and FATA (1998, 2003–04)*

Indicator Pakistan KP FATA

Literacy ratio (both sexes, %) 43.92 35.41 17.42

Male literacy ratio (%) 54.81 51.39 29.51

Female literacy ratio (%) 32.02 18.82 3.00

Government primary schools (total number) 155,000 18,924 4,189

Government primary schools for boys 111,100 11,633 2,524

Government primary schools for girls 43,900 7,291 1,665

Total enrolment in primary school 19,781,000

2,041,693 339,794

Government middle schools (total number) 28,700 2,053 404

Government middle schools for boys 22,100 1,319 284

Government middle schools for girls 6,600 734 120

Government high/higher-secondary schools (total number)

16,100 1,534 240

Government high schools for boys 13,100 1,059 206

Government high schools for girls 3,000 273 27

* Literacy rates according to 1998 census; all other figures for 2003–04.

1.17.3 Access to Health Services

Health care indicators are equally disappointing, with one doctor for every 7,670 persons in FATA, compared to 4,916 persons per doctor in the KP and 1,226 persons for every doctor in Pakistan. Health indicators for FATA are incomplete and in many cases only estimates are available. These highlight the poor state of the health care system. Infant mortality is estimated to be as high as 87 deaths per 1,000 live births, while maternal mortality is thought to exceed 600 deaths per 100,000 live births. Access to health services is severely limited, with just one dispensary, basic health unit or rural health centre reported in the year 2004 for every 50 square kilometers of area, and these facilities concentrated near the settled areas. Available bed strength in the same year stands at 1,762 for all of FATA. Public-sector health services available in 2006 are shown in table below.

Table 0.9: Public-sector health institutions (FATA, 2006)

Type of service Number

Secondary-level curative

Agency headquarters hospital 6

Tehsil headquarters hospital 4

D-type hospital, surgery, gynecology/obstetrics

16*

Primary health



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Type of service Number

Rural health centre 8

Primary health, community outreach

Basic health unit 168

Community health centre, dispensary, maternal and child health centre, sub health centre

454

* Under construction.

The more vulnerable segments of the population—women, children, the elderly and the disabled—depend on others to access health services. Cultural norms discourage the movement of women in the public sphere and inhibit them from consulting male health care providers. Coupled with a shortage of female doctors and nurses, this restricts women’s access to health services. For younger people, the absence of constructive recreational opportunities and the easy availability of drug places them at risk of narcotics addiction. Care of the elderly is a tribal custom but the lack of adequate health facilities leads to problems in this area as well. The population is clearly bifurcated into the haves and the have-nots. Those with the financial means to do so seek care from tertiary hospitals and specialists in the settled areas. For those who do not have this opportunity, the choice of providers is restricted to practitioners available locally.

1.17.4 Housing and Settlements

More prosperous residents of FATA maintain large homes with expansive courtyards, guest rooms and separate quarters for the women of the household. Occasionally, a meeting place to entertain visitors, known as a hujra, and a mosque are also attached to the dwelling. The average house is modest by comparison.

According to figures for 1998, a total of 341,114 housing units are reported. Of these, 38.95 per cent are made up of just one or two rooms, 40.49 per cent have three or four rooms and 20.56 per cent are larger, with five or more rooms. Large or small, the vast majority of dwelling units are owner-occupied (90.08 per cent), while a small number of homes are recorded as rented accommodation (2.8 per cent) or rent-free housing (7.2 percent). Nearly 64 per cent of all houses are built of unbaked brick, earth, wood or bamboo, while pucca

(permanent, cemented) houses account for just 36.73 per cent of the total. Roofing for nearly 87 per cent of all homes is made of wood or bamboo. Less than 62 per cent of houses are supplied with electricity, which is used for lighting. Fuel for cooking comes primarily in the form of wood: 92 per cent of all households use wood-burning stoves and barely 2 per cent have access to natural gas. Water from pipelines is supplied directly, either through indoor or outdoor connections, to less than 20 per cent of households.

The key housing indicators for FATA are presented in Table 4.10 below.

Table 0.10: Housing Indicators (FATA, 1998)

Indicator FATA

Total number of housing units 341,114

Persons per housing unit 9.30



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Indicator FATA

Persons per room 2.91

1 room per unit (%) 13.04

2 rooms (%) 25.91

3 or 4 rooms (%) 40.49

5 or more rooms (%) 20.56

Pucca (brick, stone) units (%) 36.73

Owner-occupied units (%) 90.08

Separate kitchen (%) 56.37

Indoor water supply (%) 12.39

Outdoor water supply (%) 6.92

Electricity supply (%) 61.97

Natural gas supply (%) 1.28

The vast majority of the population (97 %) resides in rural areas with 2.7 million hectares under agricultural use18. Rural settlements number 2,560 in total, most of which are small, with populations ranging from 500 to 2,000 (table 7). Some 748 localities are home to less than 500 individuals, another 697 have a population of 500 to 999, and 708 are home to between 1,000 and 1,999 people. There are 359 localities with a population of 2,000–4,999, while just 48 have more than 5,000 residents.

The population distribution with respect to the settlement size is presented below.

Table 0.11: Rural Settlements (FATA, 1998)

Population Settlements

More than 5,000 48

2,000–4,999 359

1,000–1,999 708

500–999) 697

Less than 500 748

1.17.5 Water Supply and Sanitation

Springs, streams, rivers and perennial watercourses serve as the primary source of water for drinking and domestic use. In mountainous areas, where natural surface and ground sources are not available, people rely on rain-water ponds. In the plains where surface water is scarce, shallow wells allow the people to meet their basic requirements.

Most of FATA is situated in the arid and semi-arid zone, with low annual precipitation. A combination of factors, including the large-scale movement of displaced persons from neighboring Afghanistan, has adversely affected forest reserves which are critical for watershed protection. The depletion of forest resources has reduced the water retention capacity of the soil, while ecological and climatic conditions have led to the low recharge of

18 FATA Development Brief 2008-09, Bureau of Statistics, FATA Cell, Planning and Development

Department, Peshawar.



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groundwater sources. As a result, many springs, streams and perennial watercourses have dried up, forcing people to turn to deep groundwater sources.

Official records for 2004–05 show that 56 per cent of the population is covered by water supply schemes, mainly through community tanks and taps. Just 27 per cent of supply through these schemes consists of individual residential connections. Some 85 per cent of public-sector schemes rely on groundwater, while the remainder use surface sources. The majority of groundwater schemes consist of tube wells, while dug wells and infiltration galleries using electric or diesel pumps are few in number. The normal water table in most parts of FATA is between 300 and 500 feet. Surface schemes are gravity-based, using slopes and gradients to carry water to distribution points. Sources developed by the works and services department are analyzed for physical and chemical properties alone, and these results show that the water is fit for human consumption.

Water supply schemes constructed prior to 1992 are operated by the government. The maintenance of these schemes consumes almost one third of the total budget for the sector each year. Since 1992, however, the works and services department has only developed water supply schemes in areas where the resident clan or tribe agrees beforehand to take over operation and maintenance. Some 27 per cent of all schemes currently in operation were constructed after 1992 and have been handed over to local beneficiaries. Where the source is located within the territorial boundaries of one clan or tribe but the water is to be supplied to another, the department requires a formal agreement between the political agent and the clans or tribes concerned before commencing work.

In areas not covered by water supply schemes, women are responsible for fetching water for drinking, cooking and washing, while clothes are usually washed at the source. The point where women congregate to collect water or do laundry, known locally as a gudar, also serves as a meeting place. Women are required to travel long distances, in some cases up to 2 kilometers, to fetch water. Where the source is located outside the area controlled by their own clan or tribe, water is brought to the village by men and payment is made for the service. Water was traditionally transported by donkey but today motorized vehicles are used.

Traditionally, settlements in the tribal areas have always been widely dispersed. For reasons of security, meanwhile, communities have generally preferred to build their houses on mounds and hill-tops. In such areas, the drainage of rainwater and domestic wastewater was never a problem. Perhaps as a result, most communities failed to pay much attention to sanitation infrastructure. But as the population has grown and settlements have expanded, this arrangement is no longer safe or practicable.

The physical growth of settlements without any provision for basic sanitation is degrading the living environment and polluting water sources. Commerce, trade and business activities, and related services, add to the congestion. Today, the lack of adequate sanitation infrastructure poses a serious health hazard. Children, women and the elderly are particularly vulnerable.

Recent figures on sanitation coverage in FATA are not available. Results from the 1998 housing census show that 36.86 per cent of houses have “separate” latrines, 6.99 per cent have access to shared latrines and 56.15 per cent have no latrines. No details about the type of latrine (flush or pit) are given in the census report, making it difficult to assess what percentage of the population has access to hygienic sanitation facilities. Overall, it appears that just 10 per cent of the population has access to adequate sanitation in the form of toilets, sewerage, drainage and solid waste disposal.



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1.17.6 Social Setup

About a dozen major tribes make their home in FATA, along with hundreds of smaller sub-tribes and clans. The Afridi are settled in the Khyber and Orakzai agencies as well as the FRs of Peshawar and Kohat. The Ahmadzai live in South Waziristan, the Bangash and Masozai in Kurram, and the Bhittani in the FRs of Lakki and Tank. The Dawar, Gurbaz and Saidgai hail from North Waziristan Agency, while the Darwesh Khel Wazirs reside in North Waziristan and South Waziristan, where the Mahsud also live in the central part. The Mohmand and Tarkani occupy the Bajaur and Mohmand agencies, and the Mullagori, Shilmani and Shinwari reside in Khyber. The Orakzai make their home in the agency that goes by the same name, while the Safi and Utmanzai occupy Mohmand. The Wazir are settled in FR Bannu, with a subsection also living in North Waziristan. Other tribes include the Shirani and Ustrana in FR Dera Ismail Khan, the Turi in Kurram Agency, the Utmankhel in Bajaur and the Kharasin in South Waziristan. Within Pakistan, these groups are referred to collectively as ‘tribals’.

Pashto is the main language of the tribal areas, with a softer form spoken in the north and a harder dialect in the south. Urmari, although less commonly used, is spoken in the south. More than 99 per cent of the population is Muslim, with small minority communities including Christians, Hindus and Sikhs.

Men are the dominant force in the household, with final say in the affairs of all members of the family. Women, by comparison, play a subservient role and observe strict pardah

(veiling). Although divorces or separations are extremely rare in tribal households, a husband is free to take on additional wives.

Tribal people are accustomed to managing their own resources and solving disputes without outside intervention. They act collectively to assist others in the group and help fulfill social obligations. Marriages and deaths, for example, draw support from all members of the tribe, as do everyday activities such as harvesting and threshing, laying and clearing irrigation channels, carrying out flood protection, maintaining paths, cutting grass, and constructing hujras (meeting places), mosques or other buildings.

The malik (chief/elder) serves as an intermediary between the tribe and the political administration, in exchange for a regular allowance with which to meet social and leadership obligations. The more weapons at a malik’s disposal, and the more men he can command to bear arms when needed, the greater is his stature within the tribe. The jirga plays an important part in tribal society as a traditional mechanism for conflict resolution.

1.17.7 Local Conflict Management Mechanism

FATA region is traditionally based on the principle of close association by tribe or kinship. The people of FATA have long been accustomed to witnessing violent conflict between the members of different tribes and clans. Inter- or intra-tribe conflict may range from minor family disputes that create tensions and uncertainty to full-blown armed clashes that result in irreparable losses. While for many generations the people have managed to build their lives in this climate of instability, today there is growing awareness that internecine conflict of this sort is a waste of resources and a major obstacle in the way of development.

The tribal elder (Malik) often serves as an intermediary between people and the local administrative structures for identifying the priorities. The tribal council of elders (Jirga) is the main mechanism for decision making on behalf of the local population and is also considered the key entity for conflict resolution and providing judgment for punitive actions.



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The Jirga is essentially the only mechanism for out-of-court settlements over enmities that span generations. The tribe’s identity in FATA is the key to how local communities exercise their right to and ownership of natural resources and other assets. The tribal identity as depicted through the Malik and Jirga is therefore essential for access and use of resources and is often seen as the only safety net available to poorer segments of the population. This intricate community system has survived for centuries with adequate legitimacy by the political administration as well as acceptance by local communities as it continues to exert its influence on communal life. In more recent times, some development projects19 working in the tribal agencies have invested in forming local community based groups and indigenous organizations that have cooperated with the local Jirga as well as the political administration for implementing their programs.

1.17.8 Economy and Livelihood

There are few livelihood opportunities available to the people. The local economy is chiefly pastoral, with agriculture practiced in a few fertile valleys. Most households are engaged in primary-level activities such as subsistence agriculture and livestock rearing, or small-scale business conducted locally. Others are involved in trade within the tribal belt or with down-country markets. Women take active part in agricultural activities, collect fuel wood and fetch water, besides attending to household work and family duties.

With few industries and only limited unorganized mining in some areas, many seek employment as short-term unskilled laborers or enlist in local security and paramilitary forces. about 24.4% of the employed population which is predominantly male works as migrant workers in Gulf countries while just under 30% of the population is reported as employed in other provinces of Pakistan20. Those who are able to travel find work in cities across Pakistan as well as in the Middle East, using their earnings to support families at home. The more highly qualified among them have in many cases migrated permanently along with their families to urban centers outside the tribal areas, including Bannu, Dera Ismail Khan and Peshawar. They and their children are reluctant to return to FATA, leading among other things to an acute shortage of doctors, teachers and skilled workers generally, and in particular to a dearth of qualified female teachers and doctors.

In and around the Bannu and Dera Ismail Khan FRs, some have bought land for farming. Elsewhere, urban property is purchased for the purpose of setting up businesses. The transport sector and the timber trade are two enterprises where FATA businessmen have made their fortune. Cross-border trading is mostly the domain of relatively prosperous segments of society.

Historically, and particularly during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan beginning in 1979, the region was a major centre for opium production and trafficking. Today, the transit trade

19 For example the ADB supported the FATA Rural Development Project in Khyber, Bajaur and Mohmand

agencies that implemented the project interventions through Community Organizations for delivering

services including drinking water supply schemes; irrigation and small dams; natural resource management

e.g. raising forest nurseries; etc.

The persistence of patriarchal and conservative societal values and related gender-discriminatory practices

affect women's access to basic social services and productive resources in the project area. Women have

virtually no chance to form networks or support organizations, or become part of community self-help

groups; and are not included in land and water resource decision-making processes. Furthermore 5–7% of

households are headed by women, mostly widows; these households are among the poorest.

20 MICS 2007, FATA Secretariat



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with Afghanistan is a major source of employment for the local population. The economy operates on an informal basis and is undocumented, since few laws providing for the regulation of economic activity have been extended to the tribal areas.

1.17.9 Governance

The tribal agencies are administered through political agents who serve as intermediaries between the government and the people. A limited form of local self-governance is in place but FATA remains excluded from the legislative regime in force throughout the rest of the Pakistan. Instead, the tribal areas are governed primarily through the archaic Frontier Crimes Regulation, a procedural law distinct from the criminal and civil codes operative elsewhere in the country.

The various tribes of FATA are insular and prefer to keep to themselves. Although a strong tradition of hospitality exists, tribal communities are generally wary of outsiders. Even between tribes and clans, relations are not always cordial and hostilities are known to break out sporadically. Inter-tribe clashes, criminality and extremism affect the quality of life of ordinary people. For example, many girls are taken out of school by their families over concerns for their safety. Security is equally important to service providers and government officials who travel to and work in the area. At the moment, access to many parts of FATA is restricted. In such areas, government officials and service providers cannot move freely without a local escort. This creates difficulties on a number of levels, from the performance of field-level duties and the provision of extension services to monitoring and inspection. Besides the pervasive sense of fear that is created, persistent conflict is also a waste of resources. With the government and tribal elders required to concentrate on resolving disputes, there are fewer opportunities to focus on development activities.

The traditional jirga mechanism, meanwhile, is increasingly out of the reach of common people. In many cases, the jirga fails to provide justice to poorer segments of the population. Many also blame the system for fuelling tribal enmities that have in some cases persisted over several generations. There are no separate civil courts to provide the people with an alternative means to address grievances. With many now accusing the jirga of being biased in favor of the rich and influential, this in effect leaves ordinary people with no access to justice of any kind, whether in a traditional forum or by means of a formal judicial system.

1.17.10 Poverty

The FATA region has historically remained amongst the poorest parts of Pakistan. There are serious disparities in service provision as compared to the rest of the country. The absence of visible progress and the perceived lack of interest by both sub-national and federal governments in redressing the disparities have consequently deteriorated citizens’ trust in the ability of government institutions to meet the basic needs of the population. The general lack of basic services and weak institutional capacity to provide these have been recognized as drivers of crisis creating conducive environment for opportunistic militant groups whose economic incentives for potential recruits greatly outweighed the alternatives available to the people for their livelihoods.

A large segment of population in FATA lacks access to basic services including clean drinking water, sanitation and adequate physical access to social services. The region lags behind other provinces across a wide range of social and economic indicators, with a lag even more pronounced when viewed through a gender lens. The vulnerable groups including women, children, elderly, disabled and minorities remain amongst the worst affected.



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Moreover, unemployment is particularly high among young men aged 15-30 (the main resource pool for militant recruitment).

Furthermore, there is a broad-based awareness of the region’s acute development disparities with the rest of Pakistan. The region is the most underdeveloped in Pakistan with over 60% of its population living below national poverty line. Majority of people depend on subsistence agriculture and livestock and the visible absence of progress translates even small shocks into large increases in destitution whereas the ongoing crisis could only have exacerbated the poverty incidence.

The militancy crisis in KP and FATA is a key contributor to stagnant growth and high unemployment. The ranks of the unemployed have risen with the intensification of the crisis in 2009/10, and even are likely to continue rising. These conditions have created a conducive environment for opportunistic militant groups whose economic incentives for potential recruits greatly outweigh alternative available options. Many are dependent on the black economy, drug trafficking and criminal activity for survival.

In early 2009, the GoP launched major military operations in the KP-FATA. The conflict has imposed a huge economic cost, on top of the obvious human tragedy. The military operations led to significant damage to physical infrastructure and services while displacing some 3 million people. While the majority of the internally displaced persons (IDPs) have returned to their places of origin, many have lost their homes and livelihoods. Those who stayed behind have suffered equally and tend to be just as poor and vulnerable as the IDPs.

No systematic quantitative data is available on poverty in FATA. What is known, however, is that poverty in the tribal areas is high compared to the rest of Pakistan. The results of a recent participatory assessment, meanwhile, reveal the existence of a nuanced system of determining social status, involving more than a dozen classifications for poverty including miskeen (meek), aajiz (needy), ghareeb (poor), faqeer (beggar), bechara (pitiable), spera

(hungry or unfortunate), tabah-o-barbad (destroyed), khwaar (frustrated) and bebakht

(unlucky).

Official statistics on rural income and poverty in the FATA area are quite weak. Factors underlying the region's poverty include (i) historical, political, and social isolation; (ii) a legal system reliant on executive and judicial authority administered through civil servants preferring to maintain the status quo; (iii) poor quality and coverage of institutions responsible for the provision of basic services; (iv) social practices that preclude women’s participation in economic life; and (v) lack of effective institutions for skill training to enable the labor force to shift from low to high-productivity sectors.

A social survey could not be conducted due to security and social constraints within the FATA agencies, the use of a random sample was impossible. Most houses are very private (even fortress-like) and gaining access to potential respondents was very difficult and often impossible. Also, the locations of the actual project interventions have not yet been determined, so specific information about definite project beneficiaries is unavailable.

Poverty has to some extent made the population vulnerable to extremist tendencies and criminality. In the absence of viable options to earn a living, the lure of illicit activities such as smuggling (consumer goods, weapons) and drug trafficking is as difficult to resist as the call of extremist elements.



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1.17.11 Gender Issues

Tribal society is dominated by men. Cultural tradition, social practices and low female literacy have left women in a vulnerable position. They are for the most part restricted to performing household work, and are excluded from decision-making both on the domestic front and at the community level. Women’s access to education and health care is limited because such services are not available close to home.

Women in the FATA play a dominant role in running the household, rearing and guiding children, managing household finances, and providing much of the labor for agriculture and animal husbandry. They do not normally have a public role, particularly in interactions with the broader society. The federal and provincial governments recognize the importance of addressing poverty, especially as it more affects women. Women’s inclusion in project activities and surveys from the earliest days and early discussion with community elders over including them in project benefits will assist communities to focus on problems that especially affect women, such as water availability and small-scale income generation. Too overt a focus on women’s programs and women’s issues can generate hostility within communities where elders perceive proposed gender programs as a potential corrupting threat to the local social and cultural fabric. In the event such a problem arises, it could lead to rejection of all project activities until community confidence revives. The threat will be highest at the early stages of implementation, but experience in other conservative areas of Pakistan, like Dir district, demonstrates that a patient and considered approach does result in increased economic activity by women.

Gender inequality and discrimination is a common experience of women in FATA, as is true for other areas of Pakistan. Gender-related indicators show that the social, legal, and political status of women is lower than in the rest of the country. The Project includes considerable investment in the drinking water sector and proactive gender-specific measures to align resource allocation and institutional arrangements in green sectors as well. To ensure women’s access to services provided under the Project, gender mainstreaming will be the key strategy to integrate gender equality perspectives into all project components and implementation arrangements. A gender mainstreaming strategy will be developed and will be a part of project Operational Manual.

1.17.12 Road and Transport

According to figures from the works and serviced department, total coverage extends to 3,390 kilometers of blacktop and another 2,000 kilometers of shingle roads in the year 2006. Land acquisition laws in force in the rest of the country do not apply to FATA. If a proposed road or bridge is to pass through qaumi (tribal) land, a ‘tribal commission’ amounting to 6.25 per cent of the total project cost is handed over to the political agent, to be distributed among local clans and tribes according to ownership. Where roads or bridges are to pass through private land, the political administration meets with the local malik and a settlement is reached through jirga negotiations.

1.17.13 Social Issues

Duplication of Efforts: Presence of other development partners in the region may lead to overlap between the Bank project and other ongoing programs as well as duplication of efforts. To mitigate these risks, regular meetings and coordination would be done with the development partners to check overlap and duplication.



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Elite Capture: In addition, given the strong influence of the political administration in the tribal agencies, there may be elite capture of services provided through the project. Similarly, the consultative and participatory planning may be resisted by the traditional decision making structures of tribal councils (Jirga) and elders (Malik) if seen as questioning traditions of tribal culture. Involving political administration as well as traditional tribal elders early on in the project would ensure ownership of the project. The project would build upon traditional structures of Jirga and Malik and incorporate tribal cultural norms in the communications campaign to introduce transparency and collective action. In addition, information about the project would be disseminated widely through community information boards and other mechanisms on project procedures for activity selection, expenditure reporting and O&M.

Outdated Baseline Data: Outdated information on baseline data including household income levels, agriculture and livestock assets, etc. may affect the project preparation especially designing of actual interventions. Additionally, given the post-crisis scenario, there may be greater levels of demand generated by the local communities than can be addressed through the project. To mitigate these risks, the project used available information from government and other sources. These considered for initial planning purposes but detailed assessments of project areas for needs and ongoing interventions on agriculture including irrigation, livestock and associated sectors will be collected within six months of project implementation. Similarly, the project design is based on flexibility in order to respond to the demands generated from the communities. The project would initially be concentrated in limited areas within an Agency to provide adequate coverage before moving to new areas. The geographic concentration will also ensure generating demonstrative effect and lessons that are incorporated in the project implementation.

Restriction on Access to communities due to Security Constraints: The security environment sporadically impacts the government’s ability to deliver services and programs in limited areas and may pose a risk to Bank operations (e.g. periodic office closings and restrictions on staff travel). Militancy and conflict in the western provinces have rendered Bank engagement in KP/FATA risky. The project has flexible implementation arrangements that take into account access and movement restrictions and can quickly adapt to changing circumstances on the ground. For example, the Bank will develop delivery mechanisms through nongovernment channels, third-party monitoring, and strengthening government capacity at provincial level.

Governance: The centralized structure at the FATA Secretariat and various line directorates may limit stakeholder involvement in decision making process. The project would adopt a participatory mode of operation at all levels where line directorate staff diligently adheres to a process of regular consultation with beneficiaries. Consistent application of this process will reinforce the message of community participation.

Affordable Participation: A majority of households live on subsistence, making cash contribution in the development work is very difficult for them and they prefer to provide labor. It is also difficult for them to plan and take time off for participating in consultation meetings. Secondly, many of the heads of the household are barely literate and lack management know-how about village level development work. They participate in the consultation process through their tribal elders and trust them to make the process equitable and affordable. The tribal elders provide time voluntarily and in many cases this means sacrificing family time and money. Where the consultation and development process drags on it is difficult for them to participate and make any meaningful contribution. Complicated procedures and too many options and choices may confuse and lead to lengthy deliberations



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thereby delaying the decision-making. In order to make the process affordable for the majority, simple and flexible procedures will be developed under the project.

Women's Participation: In FATA there are cultural barriers to meetings women while women are more vulnerable and prone to poverty. The largest percentage of domestic worker group is made up of women. A lower enrollment rate for females as compared to males that is visible, in the ages between 10 and 15 is due to their involvement with domestic chores. It is therefore imperative that women are consulted and special arrangements made to involve them actively in the development works as part of the community development component. The enhancement of women's role and encouraging them to actively participate may lead to mainstreaming them into contributing to household economic development and thereby in the long term reduce the household's vulnerability to poverty. The platform of Indigenous Organizations will be used to mobilize women to enable them to benefit from project interventions in an equitable manner.

Remote Villages may be Covered: Conscious efforts to be made to benefit remote villages that are located away from the main vehicular access roads and where other infrastructure (such as electricity coverage) may be minimal.

Self Help Activities and Willingness to Pay: The past experiences showed that there is precedence of self help activities taken up by the community. Communities have partnerships experience for project related interventions under several projects and they contributed for development works.

1.17.14 Agriculture/Crops

The FATA region is a predominantly agrarian economy, with livelihoods predicated on agriculture and livestock. While agriculture is a profitable activity with good income potential, particularly from horticulture (fruit and vegetables), given the limited water availability, agriculture is practiced in just a few valleys. The rural economy remains mainly pastoral, with low quality rangelands providing more than 70 percent of the total fodder and forage requirement. Yields are substantially lower than national averages and dependant on rainfall. FATA is dominated by small farmers with less than 5 acres (approximately 2 ha) of land and a few livestock. Many of these households experience food deficits and rely on remittances to meet their needs. The traditional pattern of migration entails young men leaving for jobs in other parts of the country or abroad, while women, children and the old remain behind and rely on farm production for most of their meat, milk, vegetable and fruit consumption, as well as for much of their cereals. Despite heavy dependence on agriculture and horticulture, the full economic benefits of commercial agriculture development have not been fully exploited. For instance, much of the harvesting, packing, storage and marketing is done by people from outside the area. Local small farmers and the landless – who are under/unemployed - are often not used in these activities representing lost employment opportunities. Credit flows from institutional sources such as the Agriculture Development Bank are limited and commercial banks are required by the State Bank not to lend in FATA. These factors have led to a sense of backwardness and deprivation and contributed to the susceptibility to conflict. The key crisis impacts included abandonment and distress sale of livestock; standing crops being left without being harvested; damages to irrigation and animal shelters; and loss to stocks of seed, fertilizers and feed21.

21 PCNA sectoral report on agriculture, 2010



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Agriculture is the lifeline of the people of FATA and a pillar of the tribal economy. Small landholders, who make up the majority of farmers, practice agriculture mainly at the subsistence level, characterized by the underutilization of land and the prevalence of risk-averse behaviors such as the cultivation of low input crops.

Only 7 per cent of the total geographic area of FATA is cultivated, with another one percent recorded as fallow, accounting for roughly half of all potentially cultivable land. A little over 40 percent of the cultivated area in FATA is irrigated, while the remaining farmland relies exclusively on rainfall. In irrigated areas, water is provided through a combination of delivery systems, including tube wells, dug wells, lift pumps and traditional communal canals.

According to figures for the year 2000, the majority of farms (33.9 per cent) are between 0.4 and 1 hectare in size, followed by smaller agricultural holdings of less than 0.4 hectares (22.8 per cent), and slightly larger holdings of between 1 and 2 hectares (18.6 per cent). Cropping intensity for 1999–2000 stood at 126.4 per cent and has fallen since, to 115.95 per cent in 2003–04. This means that most farmland produces a single crop each year and barely 16 per cent of cultivated land is put to use during two seasons.

By far the largest majority of farms (90.79 per cent) are cultivated by owners. Land tenure is governed by customary law and falls under the categories of individual, joint family or collective ownership of the tribe (shamilat). Land settlement has not been carried out in FATA, except in Kurram Agency, and no legislation related to agriculture or tenancy has been extended to the tribal areas. A small proportion of farms is in the hands of tenants or cultivated under an ‘owner-cum-tenant’ sharecropping arrangement.

Crops selected for cultivation depend on factors such as topography, rainfall, water availability, soil quality, land potential and management practices. Most of the cropped area is planted with cereals, indicating that household food security receives priority. Wheat, barley, maize and rice are the major cereals, while vegetables and orchards are cultivated to a lesser extent. The irrigated midland agricultural system is based on wheat, oilseed and pulses, with some fodder and vegetables, mainly onion in the winter (October–March), while maize, sugarcane, rice, potato and tomato are grown in the summer (April–September). Household income is supplemented by the cultivation of high-value produce such as apple, apricot, date, fig, grape, peach, persimmon, plum, pomegranate and walnut. Significant scope exists to increase off-season vegetable cultivation. Poppy is still cultivated in some parts of FATA and remains a major source of income for farmers in remote areas. Poverty has to some extent made the population vulnerable to extremist tendencies and criminality. In the absence of viable options to earn a living, the lure of illicit activities such as smuggling (consumer goods, weapons) and drug trafficking is as difficult to resist as the call of extremist elements.

Overall production and per-hectare yields in FATA compare poorly to figures for the KP and the country as a whole. Yields per hectare for rice and maize are slightly lower than KP and national figures but the per-hectare yield for wheat in FATA is just 38.47 per cent of the national average. Wheat production falls far short of needs, and the deficit is imported from other parts of the country or abroad. Cropping intensity has fallen over the last four years, with only a small fraction of farmland producing more than one crop a year. Overall production and per-hectare yields in FATA compare poorly to figures for the country as a whole. While yields per hectare for rice and maize are slightly lower than national figures, the yield per hectare for wheat in FATA is just 38 per cent of the national average. Wheat production falls far short of local needs and the deficit is imported from other parts of the country or abroad.

The key data for agriculture extension, production, and yields are provided in tables below.



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Table 0.12: Impact on Socio-economic Indicators for the Last Eight Years of Agriculture

Extension in Fata

Indicators 2001-02 2008-09 Percentage

Reported Area (ha) 2,722,042 2,722,042 0%

Cultivated Area (ha) 198,748 220,901 11.15%

Cropped Area (ha) 234,911 234,563 0.15%

Irrigated Area (ha) 79,884 85,605 7.1%

Cultivated Area as % of reported Area

7.3% 8.12% --

Irrigated Area as % of cultivated Area

40% 39% --

Area under Fruit Orchard (ha) 7,666 8,253 7.6%

Area under Vegetable (ha) 5,857 8,153 40%

Crop Intensity 118% 106% --

Yield Per Hectare (Kgs)

Wheat. 696 1,301 85%

Maize. 1,462 1,536 5%

Potato 11,222 11,223 8.9%

Onion 12,305 12,491 1.5

Vegetable 6,618 7,131 7.7%

Table 0.13: Area, Production and Yield per Hectare of Wheat in FATA, 2009-10

Area (Hectares) Production (Tonnes) Yield per Hectare

(Kg.) Agency

Irrig: Un-

Irrig: Total Irrig:

Un-

Irrig: Total Irrig:

Un-

Irrig: Total

Mohmand 5,500 10,000 15,500 10,180 11,058 21,238 1,851 1,106 1,370

Bajaur 10,500 21,650 32,150 13,120 13,430 26,550 1,250 620 826

Table 0.14: Area and Production per Hectare of Rabi Vegetable in FATA, 2009-10

(Area in Hectare; Production in Tonnes)

Agency

Tu

rnip

Ca

rro

t

Sp

ina

ch

To

ma

to

Ca

uli

Flo

wer

Ca

bb

ag

e

Pea

s

Ra

dis

h

Oth

ers

To

tal



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Area 130 0 15 50 0 0 0 100 0 295 Mohmand Prod. 810 0 90 400 0 0 0 617 0 1,917

Area 460 0 380 60 270 20 5 45 0 1,240 Bajaur

Prod. 6,460 0 2,500 465 1,675 130 20 370 0 1,1620

1.17.15 Agricultural Improvement

Agriculture improvement is directly related to availability of water in the project area. Since the surface flows are underutilized and groundwater is over exploited change in cropping pattern is fist step till water availability is improved. The proposed cropping pattern for the project area is provided in the following table.

Table 0.15: Cropping Pattern

Agency Present Cropping

Pattern Proposed Cropping Pattern

Bajaur Wheat-Maize-Wheat Wheat-Tomato-Onion-Off Season Vegetables

Mohmand Wheat-Sorghum-Wheat Wheat-Onion-Tomato-Off Season Vegetables

The area housing tribal population of 3.200 millions according to 1998 Census has only 0.200 million ha irrigated land which is only 7.3% of the country. The potential for increasing irrigated agriculture in FATA through management, conservation and harvesting of rainfall/flood runoff, shows possibility of providing more irrigation facility to 0.100 million hectors in FATA in the next five years.

Inadequate showers in tribal areas hampered the ultimate production cycle. The recently concluded drought severely affected the rain-fed (barani) agriculture in FATA and gave a setback to the farming community and as a whole to the economy. There is scarcity of small/medium dams and perennial water supply. If the dams are constructed on proper location and the underground water is exploited through tube wells, then the irrigation problems of the farming community will be solved to some extent.

Surface water, where available, is presently utilized by the locals in a traditional way, which is required to be managed through proper technical design and use of better water management. The available land in FATA is under direct hit of flood erosion, which is to be protected through river training and flood protection schemes.

As a Government of Pakistan policy to enhance the quality of life and uplift economic condition of the people of FATA, FATA DC, and Irrigation and Hydroelectric Power Department, FATA Secretariat made efforts to develop their lands by construction of long channels, water courses, flood protection schemes for the protection and reclamation of lands against the action of rivers. Besides large scale efforts have been made to explore ground



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water in the areas situated on higher elevation, where river water could not be diverted. Some 800-tube wells have been constructed in all seven Agencies of FATA, and four FR areas. Besides numerous dug wells schemes have also been completed where water is available at shallow depths providing regular supply of irrigation water to the agricultural land, previously waste land.

1.17.16 Livestock

Livestock not only provides milk, meat, eggs for daily human consumption but also provides hides/skins and wool/hair and bones/blood for industrial products and manure /urine for soil fertilization. Livestock is also a source of rural transport and draft power in Agricultural farming and provides an easy source of income to majority of the rural population. The FATA, being mostly dry hilly terrain, has little land for crops production whereas sizeable land is available for grazing. The land-less and small holders (more than 85% of farmers) are mostly dependent on Livestock production. Livestock provides employment to 50% of the population either directly or indirectly. About 80% of the income of trans-hum ant families accrues from Livestock.

The livestock numbers are presented in Table 4.16 below.

Table 0.16: Livestock Population

Mohmand Bajaur

Cattle 232,544 132,274

Buffaloes 3,439 15,207

Sheep 133,887 53,025

Goats 378,245 173,358

Poultry 1,031,552 697,361

Total 1,779,667 1,071,225

Source: Livestock Census 2006

The government is providing Artificial Insemination (AI) services at doorstep of the farmers through 174 artificial insemination centers at the subsidized rate of PKR 40 per insemination both inside and outside the AI centers.

The existing artificial insemination centers are being strengthened through regular supply of all required inputs and capacity build up of staff. Semen and liquid nitrogen is being supplied to each Agency Head quarter on regular basis. It is estimated that the AI coverage will be increased up to 12 % of the breed-able stock by the year 2015, which at present is 06 % only. For this purpose the existing staff working in Hospitals/ Dispensaries will be trained in AI and necessary equipments will be provided in order to extend AI services to all corners of FATA.

There is a good enough net work of Veterinary Institutions in FATA established since years, providing Veterinary services to the poor Livestock Farmers; but due to meager amount of



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operational funds, lack of access to appropriate know how the SDS is not up to the required level. See Table 4.17 below for the status of veterinary services in Project area.

Table 0.17: Veterinary Service

1.17.17 Fisheries

The rivers and streams that traverse the land harbor a variety of fish, depending on the climatic regime. Cold waters in the upper reaches are suitable for trout, while warmer waters in the lower reaches favor carp. These aquatic resources are ideally suited for the development of pisciculture. Available surface water resources include 934 kilometers of rivers and streams, 1,450 kilometers of irrigation canals, seven small dams (five of them under construction) spread over an area of approximately 647.50 hectares (1,600 acres), six harnessing ponds/reservoirs over an area of 9.71 hectares (24 acres), 40.47 hectares (100 acres) of water-logged areas and 50 springs. Groundwater extracted through 550 tube wells and 872 dug wells can also be utilized for fish culture. Except for rivers in which extensive fish farming is already practiced, resources need to be developed for both extensive and intensive fish culture.

Fish farming is practiced mainly at the household level, and mostly on wasteland and marginal lands. Carp farming was launched in 2003–04 and 121 carp farms covering 25.29 hectares (62.5 acres) have since been established. Of these, approximately 100 are in operation at various stages of production. Half the farms receive water from tube wells while the remainder use water from streams. In 2004–05, a total of 22 farms of varying size were test harvested and yielded 7,680 kilograms of fish.

These farms have been established on the build, operate and transfer principle. Farmers contribute land and water, and provide watch and ward, while the fisheries directorate develops the farm. On the recommendation of the agency administration, the directorate carries out a suitability survey of the site and floats tenders for construction. Cost estimates run to 108,680 rupees per hectare (44,000 rupees per acre) of carp farm established. As an incentive to farmers, the cost of construction and inputs such as seed and feed is not recovered. More than 1,100 individuals have so far been trained in various basic disciplines related to fish farming. Fish farms have been constructed for income substitution in areas where poppy cultivation is popular.

Two trout farms, spread over 0.61 hectares (1.5 acres), are also operating. These were established without external support. A trout fish hatchery at Malana in Kurram Agency produces approximately 100,000 eggs and 50,000 fry. A demonstration marketable trout production unit at Shablan in Kurram Agency was operationalized in May 2006, and is expected to produce around 1,000 kilograms of fish. Numerous other sites have been found feasible for trout fishery, especially in the upper reaches of FATA.

Vet

Hospitals

Vet

Dispensar

y

Vet

Centers

AI

Centers

VOs VAs

Bajaur 01 15 09 12 03 35

Mohmand 03 14 43 15 07 65



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Dam fishery is in its infancy. The Kot Ragha dam in Kurram Agency and the Milward dam in Khyber Agency have been stocked with fish seed, and test harvesting has yielded promising results. Around 121 additional sites have been identified as being feasible for the construction of small dams. Eight new dams are already planned in addition to five that are currently nearing completion. According to conservative estimates, these dams will yield close to 40,000 kilograms of fish annually. This will provide a much-needed boost to fish production. Additional opportunities will be made available through 800 water harvesting ponds/basins of varying size which will be constructed.

1.17.18 Irrigation and Hydroelectric Schemes

The salient data of the irrigation and hydroelectric schemes in the Project area is presented in the tables below.

Table 0.18: List of Completed Schemes in Bajaur Agency



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Name of Scheme Year of

Completion

Cost

(m PKR)

Area

(Acres)

Present

Condition

A. Surface Irrigation Scheme

1. Dagai Irrigation Scheme 1986-87 1.622 250 Functioning

2. Barri kao Irr: Scheme 1986-87 0.936 80 -do-

3. Gul Bela Irr: Scheme 1987-88 2.01 350 -do-

4. Shahlemar Irr: Scheme 1987-88 0.800 350 -do-

5. Anayat Killi Irr: Scheme 1987-88 1.223 495 -do-

6. Batano Irr: Scheme 1987-88 0.671 150 -do-

7. Narai Kach Irr: Scheme Jar 1987-88 1.356 125 -do-

8. Gabbar Irr: Scheme 1988-89 0.671 410 -do-

9. Balla Irr: Scheme 1988-89 1.026 250 -do-

10. Girai Irr: Scheme 1990-91 2.366 500 -do-

11. Khararai Irr: Scheme 1990-91 0.673 50 -do-

12. Chowthara Irr: Scheme 1990-91 1.231 190 -do-

13. Darrakai Irr: Scheme 1991-92 0.996 220 -do-

14. Mandow Cheena Irr: Scheme

1991-92 0.700 153 -do-

15. Nalai Kach Irr: Scheme Mandal

1991-92 0.803 105 -do-

16. Tarkho Karaz Irr: Scheme 1991-92 0.596 60 -do-

17. Thakht Irr: Scheme 1994-95 1.941 200 -do-

18. Loi Baba Irr: Scheme 1989-90 2.749 190 -do-

19. Mathako Irr: Scheme 1991-92 3.398 205 -do-

20. Khazana Irr: Scheme 1992-93 2.00 170 -do-

21. Chenaro Irr: Scheme Alizai 1999-2000 1.807 150 -do-

22. Irr: Scheme in Salarzai 2000-01 7.221 1360 -do-

23. Mamund Irr: Scheme 2001-02 4.098 650 -do-

24. Uthman Khel Irr: Scheme 2001-02 3.675 345 -do-

25. Tia Irr: Scheme 2002-03 1.575 100 -do-

26. Kharkai Irri: scheme 2003-04 2.956 200 -do-

27. Rehabilitation of 3 Nos Irr: Schemes

2006-07 6.828 -do-

28. 2 Surface Irrigation Schemes in Bajaur Agency (Yousaf Abad, Haji Lawang & Rodh Barang & Srowono)

2007-08 8.773 400 -do-

Total 64.701 7708

Lift Irrigation Schemes (completely/partially damaged by miscreants)

1. Sultan Kass Lift Irrigation Scheme

1990-91 3.247 300 Non functioning

2. Kodago Lift Irr. Scheme 1993-94 1.856 130 -do-

3. Ragha Dag Lift Irr. Scheme 1992-93 3.308 280 -do- 4. Toota Shah Lift Irr. Scheme 1992-93 5.111 400 -do-

5 Kharkano Lift Irr. Scheme 1994-95 3.919 300 -do-

6. Gerai Lift Irrigation Scheme

1994-95 4.868 450 -do-

7. Palang Shah & Kulala Lift Irr. Scheme

1994-95 4.868 410 -do-

Total 27.177 2270

Flood Protection Scheme

1. F/P scheme at Khar Seiko Khwar Ph-I

1990-91 2.882 250 Functioning

2. F/P scheme at Khar Seiko Khwar Ph-II

1992-93 4.926 1000 -do-

3. F/P scheme at Pashat Salarzai

1992-93 1.856 200 -do-



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Table 0.19: Detail of Completed Irrigation Schemes in Mohmand Agency



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Name of Scheme Year of

completion

Cost

(m PKR)

Area

(Acres)

Present

Condition

A SURFACE IRRIGATION SCHEME

1. Construction of Sherano Killi Irrigation Scheme in Lower Mohmand.

1990-91 0.625

190 Functioning

2. Construction of Rahim Koroona Irrigation Scheme in Lower Mohmand.

1994-95 1.232 245 Functioning

3. Construction of Tapo Irrigation Scheme in Danish Kool Mohmand Agency.

1994-95 1.877 225 Functioning

4. Construction of Malakano Irrigation Scheme in Danish Kool Mohmand Agency.

Functioning

5. Construction of Malochay Irrigation Scheme in Ambar Mohmand Agency.

Functioning

6 Construction of Inzaro Irrigation Scheme in Ambar Mohmand Agency.

Functioning

7. Construction of Sharobi Irrigation scheme in Danish Kool Khawar in Mohmand Agency.

2000-20001 1.951 187 Functioning

8. Construciton of Najo Irrigation scheme in Mohmand Agency.

2001-2002 4.467 415 Functioning

9. Construciton of Kota Trup & Kota Magai irrigation scheme.

2001-2002 2.330 321 Functioning

10. Construction of Karora irrigation channel in Ambar.

2004-05 4.462 395 Functioning

11. Construction of Baghano irrigation scheme in Ambar area.

2004-05 3.774 375 Functioning

12. Construction of Jarobi Dara irrigation scheme in Baizai area (Package for newly opened area.)

I2007-08 4.400 385 Functioning

22.250 1200

25 NOS. WATER STORAGE

RESERVOIRS

1 Construction of Water Storage Reservoir in Ghazi Baig Ali Khaider Killi

17/12/2007 0.728 95 Functioning

2 Construction of Water Storage Reservoir in Bar Sagi Malik Khadal Killi.

Do 0.728 85 Functioning

3 Construction of Water Storage Reservoir in Hameed Khan Killi


4 Construction of Water Storage Reservoir in Kuz Sagi Safi.


5 Construction of Water Storage Reservoir in Baro Khel Nasraat Kore Halimzai


6 Construction of Water Storage Reservoir in Zirat




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TUBE WELLS

1. Sinking & Installation of 28 Tube wells in Mohmand Agency.

280.00/ Functioning

2 Sinking & Installation of 16 Nos. Test Wells in different area Mohmand Agency which is not converted into Tube Wells.

80.000 Functioning

3. Sinking & Installation of 2 Nos. tube wells in Mohmand Agency.

2.000 - Functioning

4. Conversion of 3 Nos. test wells into tube wells in Mohmand Agency.

3.000/ - Functioning

5. Construction of 3 Nos. Tube wells in Mohmand Agency.

2004-2007 6.707 Functioning

2 DUG WELLS SCHEMES

1. Sinking & Installation of 50 Nos. Dug wells in Prang Ghar area Mohmand Agency.

1993-94 8.995 500 Functioning

2. Sinking & Installation of 16 Nos. Dug wells in Ambar area Mohmand Agency.

2002-03 4.250 180 Functioning

3. Sinking & Installation of 20 Nos. Dug wells in Ambar area Mohmand Agency.

2002-03 6.232 200 Functioning

4. Sinking & Installation of 14 Nos. Dug Wells in Ambar area Mohmand Agency.

2003-04 3.290 150 Functioning

5. Sinking & Installation of 20 Nos. Dug wells in Khawazai Mohmand Agency.

2001-02. 4.996 210 Functioning

6. Sinking & Installation of 40 Nos. Dug wells in Khawazai Mohmand Agency (Governor Directive).

2003-04 12.216 400 Functioning

7. Sinking & Installation of 40 Nos. Dug wells in Baizai Mohmand Agency (PSDP).

2003-04 12.216 390 Functioning

8. Sinking & Installation of 40 Nos. Dug wells in Khawazai Mohmand Agency (PSDP).

2004-05 22.570 420 Functioning

9. Sinking & Installation of 50 Nos. Dug wells in Mohmand

2005-06 34.970 490 Functioning


2006-07 21.870 310 Functioning

11. Sinking & Installation of 4 Nos. Dug wells in Ambar

2006-07 1.501 55 Functioning



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area Mohmand Agency.

12 Sinking & Installation of 3 Nos. Dug wells in Ambar area Mohmand Agency.

2006-07 2.100 35 Functioning


2007-08 14.207 200 Functioning

14. Sinking & Installation of 10 Nos. Dug wells in Khawazai area Mohmand Agency.

2007-08 5.445 190 Functioning

Total Nos. of Dug Wells 391

E FLOOD PROTECTION SHCMES

1 Flood Protection Scheme of Shati Khel in Haleemzai

1.4556 185 Functioning

2 Flood Protection Scheme of Osra Khel in Safi


3 Flood Protection Scheme Of Baro Khel in Haleemzai


4 Flood Protection Scheme of Sangar in Haleemzai


5 Flood Protection Scheme of Auto Khel in Haleemzai


6 Flood Protection Scheme of Musa Kore in Ambar


7 Flood Protection Scheme of Danish Kool in Pindialai


8 Flood Protection Scheme of Bakhshi Khel in Khawazai


9 Flood Protection Scheme of Koda Khel in Baizai


10 Flood Protection Scheme of Mamazai in Baizai




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Consultation and Participation

This Chapter describes the consultations carried out during the ESA study/project preparation, and also the consultation planned during the project implementation.

1.18 Objectives of Stakeholder Consultations

The stakeholder consultation is an integral part of the environmental and social assessment for a project such as RLCIP, and aims to provide a two-way communication channel between the stakeholders and the project proponents. In line with this aim, the objectives of the stakeholder consultations which are usually conducted as part of the ESA are to:

� develop and maintain communication links between the project proponents and stakeholders,

� provide key project information to the stakeholders, and to solicit their views on the project and its potential or perceived impacts, and

� ensure that views and concerns of the stakeholders are incorporated into the project design and implementation with the objectives of reducing or offsetting negative impacts and enhancing benefits of the proposed project.

However, during the present ESA, very limited consultations could be carried out, primarily because of lack of access to the Project area owing to the security concerns. This shortcoming will be at least partially addressed with the help of the participatory framework included in the Project design and discussed later in the Chapter.

1.19 Stakeholders

The key stakeholders of the Project include low income communities, officials and staff of Agencies’ concerned line departments, FATA Secretariat, other related agencies and Indigenous organizations. It is anticipated that the community members will participate in project activities by joining the community-based organizations (CBOs) and indigenous organizations who may be involved in neighborhood and block activities including arranging and organizing community and neighborhood events.

The RLCIP will largely rely on the approach taken by the community based rural development and Infrastructure projects in FATA, and other successful community driven development programs in Pakistan in terms of i) following the community driven approach where men, women and children define the problems and issues and design practical solutions through a community action planning process; ii) selecting competitively communities based on human, financial and O&M commitments. iii) integrating physical, social and economic components managed and mediated by CBOs; and, iv) continuing to incorporate and strengthen the role of women in all aspects of sub-project preparation, implementation and operation and maintenance activities.

Potential beneficiary communities will be the key stakeholders to RLCIP and they will be able to contribute in terms of labor. Women are important stakeholders of the project interventions; project will ensure effective participation of women in decision making and benefit sharing.

Grant provider of the MDTF will also be the stakeholders. They include ten donors: Australia, Denmark, Finland, European Union, Germany, Italy, Turkey, UK, USA and



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Sweden. The World Bank, being the manager of MDTF, is also one of the key stakeholders of the Project.

1.20 Consultation Process

Consultations with all stakeholders have been an integral part of the RLCIP preparation. Workshops of stakeholders have been held and the social assessment has been carried out in consultation with the Line Directorates, community/indigenous organizations, tribal elders and political administration. Mechanisms for consultation and participation will be developed and included in the Operations Manual of the project. The project would adopt a participatory mode of operation at all levels where line directorate staff diligently adheres to a process of regular consultation with beneficiaries. Consistent application of this process will reinforce the message of community participation. Key aspects of consultation are described below:

� The public involvement started early during the project preparation phase, continued during conducting the present ESA, and will also be ensured at the screening stage of a sub-project proposal and then continue throughout the sub-project design, implementation and monitoring process. All schemes will be identified through consultations with the entire community facilitated by the local Jirga.

� The “development schemes” for longer-term agriculture and livestock development will be identified through consultations with Jirga and larger communities, but would be implemented through newly formed or revitalized farmer interest groups or community groups identified through a social mobilization process.

� Women do not play an active part in village level decision making. Ideally, separate meetings will be held for women, especially with regard to village level projects, but if it will not possible to held separate meeting with women, women will be consulted through indigenous organizations, women with relatively higher awareness level manage to express their concerns e.g. teachers, health workers, members of indigenous women organizations.

� A certain percentage of household heads are employed abroad or in Pakistan. In such cases, consultations will be held with women at household level and/or a male relative of the house will be asked to attend consultation meetings.

� All efforts will be made to avoid using/taking productive land for any sub-project investments. It will be ensured that the land donation do not cause adverse impacts on the income of any households. In case, if land may come up as an issue for a priority investment, the procedures for essential consultations and agreements with owners/affected persons will be laid down in the Operations Manual. In case of disagreements with owners/affected persons, the project will not take/used such lands. The FATA Secretariat’s PMU, line directorates and local community groups in consultation with tribal elders/Jirga and Political Administration will be responsible for following the procedures described in the Operations Manual, in a transparent manner without duress.

The FATA Secretariat and Bank led the process of consultations from July to November, 2011. In this connection a series of consultation meetings/discussions were held with a number of stakeholders including community representatives, Community Organizations, concerned line directorates, Political Administrations, tribal elders and separately with Women. In general, the participants expressed satisfaction over the consultative process and assured their support and active participation in implementation. Due to security situation,



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most of the consultations were held in Peshawar and Islamabad. Following is the detail of consultations conducted:

� Seven Assistant Political Agents of FATA agencies and Frontier Regions

� Meeting and consultations with all relevant staff of Line Directorates (irrigation, agriculture, livestock, works and services, and social welfare) of the concerned agencies.

� Meeting and discussions with tribal elders of Bajaur and Mohmand agencies

� Meetings and Focus Group Discussions with representatives of five indigenous organizations of FATA.

� Focus Group Discussions with 10 women of indigenous organizations.

� A number of internal meetings/discussions within FATA Secretariat, FATA Secretariat and Line Directorates, FATA Secretariat, Line Directorates and Bank staff/consultants.

1.21 Participation during Project Implementation

The participation framework, defining the consultation and participation mechanism to be followed during the Project implementation is provided below.

Table 0.1: Participatory Framework

Activity Stakeholders Duration Output Constraints

Lining of Channels (Almost 1 KM per Channel in Length)

FATA Irrigation and Hydroelectric Power Department RLCIP staff and communities through COs

Preparation of CN and IM

CN and IM Roles and responsibilities of each stakeholder should be clarified before implementation of the project to avoid consequences.

Gravity Flow Irrigation Schemes

FATA Irrigation and Hydroelectric Power Department RLCIP staff and communities through COs

At least one month for feasibility.

Social and Env assessments, financial and implementation guide lines.

Obtaining agreements of all stakeholders on sharing of power, which should be reflected in the feasibility report.

Check Dams

-do-

At least two month for feasibility.

Awareness and information about project, and roles and responsibilities.

Interest group stakeholders may participate in planning and implementation stage.

Installation of Community Irrigation Tube

-do- 15-days for

Feasibility.

Awareness about project and how to benefit and terms

To ensure participation of all stake holders for



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wells

of conditions e.g cost sharing, capacity building as a pre requisite.

the transparency of the project.

Water Storage Tanks (12x12 each)

-do- 15-days for

Feasibility.

Initiation of implementation process, and positive response from the community.

To avoid duplication take snaps before and after the project implementation.

Water Testing Laboratories in Existing Govt. Building

FATA Irrigation and Hydroelectric Power Department RLCIP staff and private firms

At least two months for establishment.

Water testing facilities are available and operational manual.

Proper application of Operational Manual

Water Distribution Channel / Nakkas

FATA Irrigation and Hydroelectric Power Department RLCIP staff and communities through Cos

During scheme selection

Awareness about project and how to benefit and terms of conditions e.g. cost sharing, capacity building as a pre requisite.

To ensure participation of all stake holders for the transparency of the project.

Mobile Veterinary Service Van

L&DD Department FATA and RLCIP Staff and Private Firms

At least six months for procurement and conversion.

Door steps veterinary services available for the communities members and operational manual.

Services according to the operational manual to ensure transparency.

Dairy Farms Rehabilitation

L&DD ,CNW Department FATA, RLCIP Staff, Community and local administration

Over project cycle

One month for need assessment and priority.

MOU with communities, cost sharing arrangements finalized, construction of works

Participation of interest farmers as per MOU.

Poultry Vaccination Services

L&DD Department FATA, RLCIP Staff and community

As and when project implementation of mobile veterinary services starts.

No’s of poultry birds vaccinated, reports, of depart; staff and response of communities.

Mass awareness of the activity to avoid biases, negative role of media, to improve the capacity, to carry out the activities.

Localized Veterinary Dispensaries

L&DD, CNW Department FATA, RLCIP Staff, Community and local administration

One moth for feasibility and cost estimates

Basic veterinary services available to local communities.

Consensus of all stake holders in identification and establishment of the dispensary.

Strengthen of L&DD, CNW Three months Increase in Milk Participation



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Existing Artificial Insemination Center

Department FATA, RLCIP Staff, Community and local administration

for procurement of equipments and materials and capacity building.

and meat production by providing the good quality semen for insemination services

equity and transparency

Both by the depart; and beneficiaries.

Establishment of Demonstration Plots

Agriculture Department FATA and RLCIP Staff and Private Firms

Inputs supply at least three weeks before sowing seasons.

Improvement in crops production.

Mass awareness of the activity to avoid biases, negative role of media, to improve the capacity, to carry out the activities.

Farmers Orientation Towards Water Conservation

Agriculture department FATA, water user groups and local administration

2 to 3 weeks before implementation of the project

Availability of water for drinking and irrigation and hence improvement in crops production and quality of life

Consensus of all stake holders in identification and establishment of the project.

Distribution of improved Variety Wheat Seeds with ADP & Urea

Agriculture department FATA, Cash crop farmers and private firms


Improved wheat production and by-products in shape of wheat straw hence increase the income of the farmers and availability of dry fodder for animals

Roles and responsibility of the stake holders be clarified to avoid consequences in future

Distribution of Hybrid Maize Seeds with DAP and Urea

Agriculture department FATA, Cash crop farmers and private firms


Improved Maize production and by-products in shape of Maize stalks and green fodder, hence to increase the income of the farmers and availability of dry fodder for animals


Distribution of Fruits Plants of Malta

Agriculture department FATA, Orchid farmers and private firms

Inputs supply as and when the Plantation season on.

Improved fruit production and value chain addition, hence to increase the income of the farmers


Distribution of Fruits Plants of Apricot


Inputs supply as and when the Plantation season on..

Improved fruit production and value chain addition, hence to increase the income

Roles and responsibility of the stake holders be clarified to avoid



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of the farmers consequences in future

Provision of Pesticides for Fruit Plants


Inputs supply as and when the plantation season on.

Improved fruit production and value chain addition, hence to increase the income of the farmers


1.22 Information Dissemination

The project would develop a detailed communications strategy in the project Operations Manual. The strategy would focus on providing various stakeholders with relevant project design information; bring transparency to the process; and develop a close link with, and understanding of the targeted beneficiaries of the project procedures for different interventions. The PMU would hire requisite resources to develop the strategy together with a communications campaign and community outreach plan. The communications strategy would essential serve the following objectives:

� Ensure that communities are kept well informed on a continuous basis, about the objectives and interventions of the project;

� Respond to requests from persons with queries on the project;

� Stakeholders are aware of complaints registration and tracking system; and

� Manage expectations.

Under the Social Mobilization component of the project, the communities on site will be informed and beneficiary will be selected through farmer and community groups. The locally based indigenous organization would be engaged as social mobilization partners for raising awareness on intended results of this project as well as the participatory process required for achieving these.

1.23 Dispute Resolution

Conflict management and resolution approaches will use Jirga (traditional mechanism) for making agreements, for negotiations, and for managing conflict in communities. A comprehensive conflict and grievances redress/complaint handling system will be devised in Operations Manual of the project.

1.24 Monitoring and Evaluation

M&E Responsibilities of the PMU and AIUs: The monitoring and evaluation of project would be the overall responsibility of the project’s PMU. PMU would be responsible to undertake regular supervision of all project activities and prepare quarterly reports to be shared with the Project Steering Committee, FATA Secretariat’s Directorate of Monitoring and Evaluation, the World Bank, and any other stakeholder. The PMU staff would include a dedicated focal point for M&E and a small team of for regular field monitoring and report



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preparation. Additionally, the AIU would also have focal points for monitoring and evaluation (M&E) to collect information, prepare agency level updates and facilitate preparation of project’s quarterly reports.

Participatory Monitoring Processes: The project would adopt participatory M&E approaches with in depth involvement of local communities and beneficiaries in monitoring of project outreach and performance of various components. Periodic beneficiary surveys, community score cards, project feedback fora, interactive case studies, etc. would be some of the tools to be used for this purpose. Additionally, the project would have a complaint handling system which would be widely communicated.

Annual Reviews: The Bank team would also organize detailed annual review to evaluate implementation progress against the annual work plans approved by the PSC. These annual reviews would be held with project staff from PMU and AIUs and the field staff of involved line directorates.

Progress Review Partners (PRPs): The project would also explore involving youth for monitoring and case studies as being done by other development partners in FATA. This would encourage youth-to-youth knowledge sharing and learning process as well as raise the profile of development initiatives in FATA. The young PRPs would be identified from amongst university students in neighboring KP province and other interested organizations.

Independent Third Party Monitoring: The PMU would also recruit independent third party monitors for the project who would interact with the communities, local administration, project staff, line directorates and other stakeholders for independent appraisal of project performance and impact evaluation. The third party monitors would be engaged in the first year of the project implementation and would remain engaged during the remaining project period. The third party monitors would collect information on quality assurance and cross verification as an independent assessment of the reported progress. The third party monitors would report directly to the Project Steering Committee on the findings and recommendations.

Technology Based Monitoring: The project would make use of the ICT based monitoring tools including (but not limited to) Global Positioning System (GPS) enabled cameras for geo referencing and physical verification of all project interventions. Other hand-held and mobile based technologies for beneficiary verification and feedback would also be used. Additionally, the project would also make use of the Pakistan Space and Upper Atmosphere Research Commission (SUPARCO) for satellite-based monitoring across the border areas for the entire MDTF portfolio, which is being arranged by the MDTF Secretariat.

Communications and Feedback Mechanisms: The project would have a comprehensive communications strategy included in the Operations Manual. The strategy would primarily focus on establishing a “two-way” process that engages stakeholders, understands their socio-political context, and takes their perspectives into account. The communications strategy would be an integral part of the project design for all interventions in order to ensure that an effective and interactive flow of information is generated amongst all stakeholders. The strategy would be fully owned and internalized by the PMU and AIU staff as well as the line directorate staff as project implementers and would be used for facilitating coordination and transparency for the project.

1.25 Suggested Indicators

The suggested indicators for the consultation process are listed below.



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� Memberships reflecting distribution of population by social and occupation group within the village

� Percentage of villages (through CBOs/IOs) that applied for sub-project and the reasons for some communities not applying

� Percentage of minority social and occupation group involved in the Village Organization/CBOs.

� Any conflicts in sub project /scheme implementation? How resolved?

� Separate women organization formed and women consulted and their concern incorporated in the area development plan and the selection of sub projects

� Percentage of sub project benefits reaching the vulnerable groups.

� Satisfaction of poor and women groups regarding project design, cost, implementation procedure, contribution and distribution

� Reasons why women and vulnerable groups are satisfied/not satisfied with the progress/result of the subproject.

� Relationship between amount of community contribution and amount spent on labor and local resources.

� Role of locals and contribution pledged in Operation and Maintenance, and actual roles and contributions after six months of use.



FATA Secretariat 1

December 2011

Impact Assessment and Mitigation

This Chapter identifies the potentially negative environmental and social impacts of the Project and also proposes appropriate mitigation measures to address these impacts.

1.26 Environmental Assessment Process

The environmental assessment process that was employed during the present ESA is discussed below.

1.26.1 Screening of the Environmental Impacts

As part of the environmental impact assessment process, a screening matrix was developed tailored specifically to the proposed project, focusing the potential environmental impacts during the design, construction and operation phases. The matrix examined the interaction of project activities with various components of the environment. The impacts were broadly classified as physical, biological and social, and then each of these broad categories further divided into different aspects. The potential impacts thus predicted were characterized as follows:

� High negative (adverse) impact,

� Low negative impact,

� Insignificant impact,

� High positive (beneficial) impact,

� Low positive impact, and

� No impact.

The matrix is provided in Table 6.1 (next page).

The negative impacts predicted in this manner were the ‘unmitigated’ impacts. Appropriate mitigation measures were recommended as part of this ESA, thus reducing the occurrence possibility and severity of the potentially adverse impacts.

The negative impacts identified through this process are discussed in the sections below.

1.27 Potential Impacts and Mitigation

The following types of schemes have been identified in the Project design (see Section 3.3) at this stage:

� Water Supply Schemes

� Sanitation Schemes

� Solid Waste Management Schemes

� Street Pavement

� Renewable Energy Technologies

� Rehabilitation of irrigation infrastructure

� Water Courses and Channels

� Tube-Wells and Dug Wells

� Water tanks, Ponds, Check Dams

� Flood Protection Schemes

� Micro Hydro

� Land Development

� Land Leveling



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December 2011

� Storage, Packing/processing Facilities

� Rural Roads

� Livestock Schemes



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December 2011

Table 0.1: Environmental and Social Screening Matrix (Unmitigated)

Physical Biological Social and Socioeconomic

Soil

Ero

sio

n/C

onta

min

ation

Air

Qualit

y

Surf

ace W

ate

r Q

ualit

y

Gro

undw

ate

r Q

ualit

y

Wate

r A

vaila

bili

ty a

nd

Consum

ptio

n

Natu

ral V

egeta

tion

Wild

life

Blo

cked A

cce

ss R

oute

s

Nois

e a

nd V

ibra

tion

Impacts

on A

gri

culture

Impacts

on Irr

igatio

n

Netw

ork

Liv

esto

ck G

razin

g

Com

pensation Issues

Safe

ty H

azard

Infr

astr

uctu

re

Public

He

alth

Aesth

etic V

alu

e

Cultura

l Is

su

es

Gend

er

Issue

s

Water Supply Schemes -1 0 -1 0 -1 -1 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1

Sanitation Schemes -2 -1 -2 -2 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 -1 0 0 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 0

Solid Waste Management Schemes -2 -1 -2 -2 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 -1 0 0 -1 -1 -2 -1 -1 0

Street Pavements -1 0 -1 0 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 -1 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1

Renewable Energy Schemes -1 0 -1 0 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 -1 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 0

Rehabilitation of Irrigation infrastructure

-1 0 -1 0 -1 -1 0 -1 0 -1 -1 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 0

Construction/repair of water courses -1 0 -1 0 -1 -1 0 -1 0 -1 -1 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 -1 0

Tube wells / dug wells -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 -1 -1 -1 0 -1 0

Water tanks, ponds -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 -1 -1 -1 0 -1 0

Micro hydro -1 -1 -1 0 -1 -1 0 -1 -1 0 -1 0 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 0

Flood protection -1 -1 0 0 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 -1 -1 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 0

Land development -1 0 0 0 0 -1 0 -1 0 0 -1 -1 0 0 -1 0 0 -1 0

Land leveling -1 -1 0 0 0 -1 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 -1 0

Storage Packing/processing facilities -1 0 -1 0 0 -1 0 -1 0 -1 -1 0 0 -1 -1 -1 0 -1 0

Rural road construction -1 -1 -1 0 0 -1 0 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 0 -1 -1 -1 0 -1 0

Livestock schemes 0 0 -1 0 -1 -1 0 -1 0 -1 0 +1 0 -1 0 -1 0 0 0

Key: -2: High negative impact; -1: Low negative impact; 0: insignificant/negligible impact; +1: low positive impact; +2: High positive impact, N: no impact.



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December 2011

The potentially negative environmental and social impacts of the above schemes are discussed here.

1.27.1 Water Supply Schemes

The potential impacts of the water supply schemes are listed below.

� Supply of contaminated water to the users

� Depletion of water source, and affecting others water users

� Location and design of scheme socially unacceptable

� Location of scheme unsuitable for women of the area

� Inequitable distribution of scheme benefits.

� Construction activities causing:

o Soil erosion and contamination

o Water contamination

o Blocked access routes

o Noise

o Damage to crops/cultivation fields/trees/natural vegetation of significance

o Damage to existing infrastructure (road, irrigation, pavements, drains, others)

o Safety hazard for nearby population

o Damage to sites of archeological, historical, cultural, or religious significance (ie, cultural heritage sites).

Mitigation Measures. Most of the above impacts particularly those associated with the construction activities are temporary in nature and low to moderate in significance, as shown in Table 6.1. Furthermore, their possibility of occurrence and significance will be further reduced with the help of the mitigation measures listed below.

� Land if required for the scheme will be donated by the community on voluntary basis. Checklist and agreement format in Annex B and Annex C will be used for this purpose.

� Selection of water source after laboratory analysis to ensure that it complies with the NEQS for drinking water.

� Protecting the water source from contaminants

� Selecting a water source in a manner that it does not negatively affect the existing water users.

� Locating and designing the scheme using the following criteria (checklist in Annex D will also be used for this purpose):

o ensuring equitable distribution of scheme benefits through community participation

o ensuring no blocked access, avoiding damage to crops, cultivation fields, cultivation fields, graveyards and cultural heritage sites



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December 2011

o after carrying out consultation with the beneficiary community, including women - ensuring that the scheme is socially acceptable and suitable to women.

o ensuring no damage to cultural heritage sites and graveyards.

o minimizing tree felling requirements to the extent possible. If unavoidable, maintain documentary and photographic record of each tree felled, and carry out compensatory tree plantation (five plants for every tree felled).

� Employing good engineering/construction practices and due diligence during construction activities to avoid/minimize: soil erosion and contamination; release of polluted water/effluents; excessive noise generation near the communities; damage to crops and cultivation field; tree cutting, damage to public infrastructure (damaged infrastructure to be restored/repaired); damage to graveyards and other cultural heritage sites; and safety/health hazard for the community. The site will be restored and cleared of all debris/scrap/left over construction material after completion of construction works. The generic safeguards requirements for construction works are presented in Annex E.

� Awareness raising of communities regarding the importance of safe drinking water and methods of water purification.

1.27.2 Sanitation Schemes

The potential impacts of the sanitation schemes are listed below.

� Contamination of soil and water from the release of untreated sewage, sludge from the treatment facility, and the associated health hazards.

� Odor

� Location and design of scheme socially unacceptable






o Noise

o Damage to crops/cultivation fields/natural vegetation of significance, trees







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December 2011


� Treating and disposing the sewage in a manner that the soil and water (particularly the drinking water) is not contaminated (eg, septic tanks, oxidation ponds, treatment plants, others)

� Appropriately disposing the sludge from the treatment facility in a manner not to cause soil and water contamination.








� Awareness raising of communities on importance of safe sewage disposal, hygiene practices, and clean drinking water.

1.27.3 Solid Waste Management Schemes

The potential impacts of the solid waste management schemes are listed below.

� Contamination of soil and water from inappropriately disposing the solid waste, and the associated health hazards.

� Health hazard for the sanitary workers

� Odor from the solid waste

� Location of disposal site socially unacceptable

� Inappropriately located disposal site affecting public infrastructure, crops/cultivation fields, trees and natural vegetation of importance, access routes, or cultural heritage sites.



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December 2011


Mitigation Measures. The possibility of occurrence and significance of the above impacts will be further reduced with the help of the mitigation measures listed below.


� Disposing the solid waste in a manner that the soil and water (particularly the drinking water) is not contaminated (eg, sanitary earth-fill).

� ensuring equitable distribution of scheme benefits through community participation


o away from drinking water sources, cultural heritage sites, forested areas, trees, natural vegetation of significance, and sensitive receptors such as schools and hospitals




� Inculcating environmental awareness in the community to reduce waste generation, minimizing disposal of plastics (eg, polyethylene bags), and to promote recycling of waste. Awareness raising of communities on importance of safe waste disposal, hygiene practices, and clean drinking water.

� Promoting composting of biodegradable waste

� Providing personal protective equipment to the sanitary workers and also their awareness raising regarding the health hazards associated with inappropriately handling the solid waste.

1.27.4 Street Pavement

The potential impacts associated with the street pavement are listed below.

� Blockage of drainage and sewerage

� Tree cutting








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December 2011

o Noise



o Safety hazard for nearby population.


� Designing the scheme:


o ensuring no blockage of drainage and sewerage

o after carrying out consultation with the beneficiary community, including women - ensuring that the scheme is socially acceptable.

o minimizing tree felling requirements to the extent possible. If unavoidable, maintain documentary and photographic record of each tree felled, and carry out compensatory tree plantation (five plants for every tree felled)


1.27.5 Renewable Energy Schemes

The potential impacts of the renewable energy schemes including solar, wind, and biogas include the following:

� Inappropriately located schemes causing blocked access, damage to crops and cultivation fields, tree cutting, and damage to graveyards and cultural heritage sites.

� Soil and water contamination caused by inappropriate waste disposal (eg, batteries, residue from biogas plant)

� Safety hazards from wind mill, generators, batteries, others








FATA Secretariat 9

December 2011

o Noise

o Damage to crops/cultivation fields/natural vegetation of significance, trees




Mitigation measures. Most of the above impacts particularly those associated with the construction activities are temporary in nature and low to moderate in significance, as shown in Table 6.1. Furthermore, their possibility of occurrence and significance will be further reduced with the help of the mitigation measures listed below.





o after carrying out consultation with the beneficiary community, including women - ensuring that the scheme is socially acceptable.


� Providing training to the community for appropriate operation and maintenance of the systems (solar system, wind mill, biogas plant)

� Raising awareness and providing training to the community for safe waste disposal.


1.27.6 Construction of Water Courses/Channels and Rehabilitation of irrigation

infrastructure

The potential impacts of constructing the water courses/channels and rehabilitating the damaged irrigation infrastructure include the following:

� Soil erosion and contamination



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December 2011

� Water contamination

� Blocked access routes and drainage

� Noise

� Damage to crops/cultivation fields

� Tree cutting

� Damage to existing infrastructure (road, irrigation, pavements, drains, others)

� Safety hazard for nearby population

� Damage to sites of archeological, historical, cultural, or religious significance (ie, cultural heritage sites).

Mitigation measures. Most of the above impacts are temporary in nature and low to moderate in significance, as shown in Table 6.1. Furthermore, their possibility of occurrence and significance will be further reduced with the help of the mitigation measures listed below.


� Designing the schemes in such a way that water rights of the people are not affected.




o after carrying out consultation with the beneficiary community, ensuring that the scheme is socially acceptable.

o avoiding blockage of natural drainage. Provide alternates as appropriate after carrying out consultation with the beneficiary community, including women - ensuring that the scheme is socially acceptable.





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December 2011

� Educating farmers on modern irrigation (eg, sprinkler system) and cultivation (eg, bed and furrow) practices, water conservation, safe use of farm inputs, integrated pest management, disease control, and other related aspects.

1.27.7 Tube-Wells and Dug Wells

The potential impacts of installing tube-wells and constructing dug wells are listed below.


� Depletion of water source, and affecting others water users

� Location of tube-well and dug-wells socially unacceptable

� Location of scheme unsuitable for women of the area



o Inappropriate disposal of spoil/surplus soil




o Noise







� Carrying out laboratory analysis to ensure that that water complies with the NEQS for drinking water – if the water is to be used for drinking purposes.

� Protecting the dug wells from contaminants

� Locating the tube-wells and dug wells in a manner that it does not negatively affect the existing tube-wells, dug wells and hand pumps, and water rights of others.





FATA Secretariat 12

December 2011





� Appropriately disposing the surplus soil, in consultation with community (eg, in existing ditches/depressions, proper contouring)



1.27.8 Water Tanks, Ponds, Check Dams

The potential impacts of constructing water tanks, ponds and check dams are listed below.


� Location of water tanks, ponds, and check dams socially unacceptable

� Disruption of natural drainage causing flooding in nearby areas in case of rains (particularly check dams)

� Blocking water supply to any other area (check dams)

� Safety hazards for people and livestock

� Mosquito breeding and associated health risks for nearby population (including malaria and dengue)






o Noise



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December 2011








� Carrying out laboratory analysis to ensure that that water complies with the NEQS for drinking water – if the water is to be used for drinking purposes.

� Protecting the water tanks and ponds from contaminants

� Protective fencing for tanks and ponds to minimize safety hazards



o ensuring equitable distribution of scheme benefit through community participation


o avoiding blockage of natural drainage. Provide alternates as appropriate after carrying out consultation with the beneficiary community, including women - ensuring that the scheme is socially acceptable and suitable to women.




� Taking appropriate steps against mosquito breeding and educating the communities in preventive and curative measures against malaria and dengue.

� Employing good engineering/construction practices and due diligence during construction activities to avoid/minimize: soil erosion and contamination; release of polluted water/effluents; excessive noise generation near the communities; damage to crops and cultivation field; tree cutting, damage to public infrastructure (damaged



FATA Secretariat 14

December 2011

infrastructure to be restored/repaired); damage to graveyards and other cultural heritage sites; and safety/health hazard for the community. The site will be restored and cleared of all debris/scrap/left over construction material after completion of construction works. The generic safeguards requirements for construction works are presented in Annex E.

� Educating the community regarding the importance and methods of cleaning the ponds and tanks.


1.27.9 Flood Protection Schemes

The potential impacts associated with the flood protection schemes (embankments, drain channels, others) include the following:

� Blockage of natural drainage route thus causing flooding in other areas.

� Location of schemes socially unacceptable, causing loss of productive land, blocked access routes, and other similar problems







o Noise











FATA Secretariat 15

December 2011



o avoiding blockage of natural drainage. Provide alternates as appropriate




� Minimizing safety hazards through installing safety fencing where necessary


1.27.10 Micro Hydro

The potential impacts associated with the micro hydro schemes are listed below.

� Diverting water from other users

� Changed land use of the area

� Location of schemes socially unacceptable, causing loss of productive land, blocked access routes, and other similar problems








o Noise





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December 2011



� Inappropriate waste disposal during O&M of the plant.



� Designing the scheme ensuring no disruption of existing water/area usage.








� Minimizing safety hazards through installing perimeter fencing where necessary


� Educating the community for proper O&M of the plant and safe waste disposal.

� Promoting usage of electricity for cooking and heating thus reducing the load on forests and trees.



FATA Secretariat 17

December 2011

1.27.11 Land Development and Land Leveling

The potential impacts associated with the land development and land leveling for cultivation purposes include the following:

� Land use change

� Soil erosion

� Loss of grazing land

� Tree cutting

� Blockage of natural drainage

� Noise generation and safety hazards associated with machinery movement.

� Blockage of access routes.

� Damage to public infrastructure.

Mitigation Measures. Most of the above impacts are of low to moderate significance as shown in Table 6.1. The following mitigation measures will further reduce the possibility of occurrence and severity of the potentially negative impacts:


� Designing the scheme after consultations with the community

� ensuring equitable distribution of scheme benefit through community participation

� minimizing tree felling requirements to the extent possible. If unavoidable, maintain documentary and photographic record of each tree felled, and carry out compensatory tree plantation (five plants for every tree felled)

� Avoid blockage of existing routes and natural drainage. Provide alternates as appropriate.

� Avoid damage to public infrastructure. Repair/restore damaged caused by the scheme.

� Minimize noise generation near the communities.

� Minimize the possibility of soil erosion by employing appropriate techniques such as check-dams, embankments, and turfing.


1.27.12 Storage, and Packing/Processing Facilities

The potential impacts associated with the storage, packing, or processing facilities include the following:

� Location of facilities socially unacceptable, causing loss of productive land, damage to crops, blocked access routes, and other similar problems



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December 2011

Excessive traffic creating safety hazards

� Tree cutting






o Noise





� Inappropriate waste disposal during O&M of the facility.

Mitigation measures. The following mitigation measures will greatly reduce the possibility of occurrence and the severity of the potentially negative impacts listed above:


� Locating and designing the facility using the following criteria (checklist in Annex D will also be used for this purpose):







� Minimizing safety hazards through installing perimeter fencing where necessary, and by designing/identifying safe access road to the facility

� Employing good engineering/construction practices and due diligence during construction activities to avoid/minimize: soil erosion and contamination; release of polluted water/effluents; excessive noise generation near the communities; damage to



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December 2011

crops and cultivation field; tree cutting, damage to public infrastructure (damaged infrastructure to be restored/repaired); damage to graveyards and other cultural heritage sites; and safety/health hazard for the community. The site will be restored and cleared of all debris/scrap/left over construction material after completion of construction works. The generic safeguards requirements for construction works are presented in Annex E.

� Educating the community for proper O&M of the facilities and safe waste disposal.

1.27.13 Rural Roads

The potential impacts associated with rural roads include the following:

� Road alignment socially unacceptable, causing loss of productive land, damage to crops, blocked access routes, and other similar problems

� Disruption of natural drainage

� Tree cutting






o Noise





� Safety hazards for the community associated with vehicular traffic on the completed road.



� Locating and aligning the road using the following criteria (checklist in Annex D will also be used for this purpose):





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December 2011


o avoiding blockage of natural drainage. Provide alternates as appropriate




� Installing warning signs along the road.

� Educating the community for appropriate precautionary measures against safety hazards associated with vehicular traffic.

1.27.14 Livestock Schemes

The potentially negative impacts associated with the livestock schemes include the following:

� Location of farm socially unacceptable, causing loss of productive land, damage to crops, blocked access routes, and other similar problems

� Tree cutting

� Odor






o Noise





� Inappropriate waste disposal during O&M of the farm, veterinary services.



FATA Secretariat 21

December 2011

� Bio-security issues for the livestock as well as for the farm workers and nearby population.










� Minimizing safety hazards through installing perimeter fencing where necessary


� Educating the community for proper O&M of the farms and safe waste disposal.

� Educating the farm workers on bio-security issues and safe vaccination practices.

� Proper waste disposal mechanism for veterinary clinics/teams.



FATA Secretariat 1

December 2011

Environmental and Social Management Plan

This Chapter presents the environmental and social management plan (ESMP) for the Project.

1.28 ESMP Objectives

The specific objectives of the ESMP include the following:

� To provide a mechanism to implement the mitigation and control measures identified during the present ESA.

� To propose institutional arrangements to implement the above-mentioned mitigation and control measures

� To define environmental monitoring requirements to ensure effective implementation of the mitigation and control measures.

� To identify capacity building needs with respect to the environmental and social aspects of the project.

� To specify the documentation requirements with respect to the ESMP implementation.

1.29 ESMP Components

The key elements of the ESMP include the following:

i) Institutional Setup;

ii) Mitigation Plans;

iii) Monitoring Mechanism;

iv) Environmental and Social Trainings;

v) Documentation and Reporting System; and

vi) Disclosure Requirements.

These ESMP components are described below.

1.29.1 Institutional Arrangements

The Project Director will be responsible for the overall implementation of ESMP as well as environmental and social performance of the Project. S/he will be supported by the environmental and social focal points (ESFPs) appointed/nominated separately in PMU, AIUs, and Line Directorates. These ESFPs will coordinate within the PMU/AIUs and with line directorates for the effective implementation of ESMP, including integrating the environmental and social guidelines in the scheme design, monitoring, and preparing quarterly progress reports on ESMP implementation.

1.29.2 Mitigation Plans

Separate environmental and social Mitigation Plans have been prepared for each type of scheme discussed in Chapter 6. These Plans are presented in Tables 7.1 to 7.14. These Plans will be used during the scheme inception and design stage, and will be made part of the scheme proposal preparation and approval process – thus ensuring integration of



FATA Secretariat 2

December 2011

environmental and social considerations in the entire identification-design-implementation cycle of each scheme shown in Figure 3.1.



FATA Secretariat 3

December 2011

Table 0.1: Mitigation Plan for Water Supply Schemes

Environmental and

Social Aspect

Mitigation Measures Responsibility Notes

Land requirement Land if required for the scheme will be donated by the community on voluntary basis. Checklist and agreement format in Annex B and Annex C will be used for this purpose.

AIU/community

Water quality Selection of water source after laboratory analysis to ensure that it complies with the NEQS for drinking water.

AIU

Use checkilist in Annex D for scheme location Community/AIU

Protect the water source from contaminants Community

Select a water source in a manner that it does not negatively affect the existing water users.

Community/AIU

ensure equitable distribution of scheme benefits through community participation

Community/AIU

ensure no blocked access Community/AIU

carrying out consultation with the beneficiary community

Community/AIU

ensuring no damage to cultural heritage sites and graveyards.

Community/AIU

Scheme locaion

minimizing tree felling requirements to the extent possible. If unavoidable, maintain documentary and photographic record of each tree felled, and carry out compensatory tree plantation (five plants for every tree felled).

Community/AIU

Construction Phase Employing good engineering/construction practices and due diligence during construction activities to avoid/minimize: soil erosion and contamination; release of polluted water/effluents; excessive noise generation near the communities; damage to crops and cultivation field; tree cutting, damage to public

Community/AIU



FATA Secretariat 4

December 2011

Environmental and

Social Aspect


infrastructure (damaged infrastructure to be restored/repaired); damage to graveyards and other cultural heritage sites; and safety/health hazard for the community. The site will be restored and cleared of all debris/scrap/left over construction material after completion of construction works. The generic safeguards requirements for construction works are presented in Annex E.

O&M Phase Awareness raising of communities on the importance of safe drinking water and methods of water purification.

AIU



FATA Secretariat 5

December 2011

Table 0.2: Mitigation Plan for Sanitation Schemes

Environmental and

Social Aspect



AIU/community

Treating and disposing the sewage and sludge in a manner that the soil and water (particularly the drinking water) is not contaminated (eg, septic tanks, oxidation ponds, treatment plants, others)

AIU/community Water quality

Appropriately disposing the sludge from the treatment facility in a manner not to cause soil and water contamination.

Community

ensuring equitable distribution of scheme benefits through community participation

Community


ensuring no blocked access, avoiding damage to crops, cultivation fields, cultivation fields, graveyards and cultural heritage sites

Community/AIU

carrying out consultation with the beneficiary community, including women - ensuring that the scheme is socially acceptable and suitable to women.

Community/AIU


Community/AIU

Scheme locaion


Community/AIU

Construction Phase Employing good engineering/construction practices Community/AIU



FATA Secretariat 6

December 2011

Environmental and

Social Aspect


and due diligence during construction activities to avoid/minimize: soil erosion and contamination; release of polluted water/effluents; excessive noise generation near the communities; damage to crops and cultivation field; tree cutting, damage to public infrastructure (damaged infrastructure to be restored/repaired); damage to graveyards and other cultural heritage sites; and safety/health hazard for the community. The site will be restored and cleared of all debris/scrap/left over construction material after completion of construction works. The generic safeguards requirements for construction works are presented in Annex E.

O&M Phase Awareness raising of communities on importance of safe sewage disposal, hygiene practices, and clean drinking water.

AIU



FATA Secretariat 7

December 2011

Table 0.3: Mitigation Plan for Solid Waste Management Schemes/Systems

Environmental and

Social Aspect



AIU/community

Water quality Disposing the solid waste in a manner that the soil and water (particularly the drinking water) is not contaminated (eg, sanitary earth-fill).

AIU


Community


away from drinking water sources, cultural heritage sites, forested areas, trees, natural vegetation of significance, and sensitive receptors such as schools and hospitals

Community/AIU


Community/AIU


Community/AIU

Disposal site locaion


Community/AIU



FATA Secretariat 8

December 2011

Environmental and

Social Aspect



Community/AIU

O&M Phase Inculcating environmental awareness in the community to reduce waste generation, minimizing disposal of plastics (eg, polyethylene bags), and to promote recycling of waste. Awareness raising of communities on importance of safe waste disposal, hygiene practices, and clean drinking water.

AIU

Promoting composting of biodegradable waste AIU

Providing personal protective equipment to the sanitary workers and also their awareness raising regarding the health hazards associated with inappropriately handling the solid waste.

AIU



FATA Secretariat 9

December 2011

Table 0.4: Mitigation Plan for Street Pavement Schemes

Environmental and Social

Aspect


ensuring equitable distribution of scheme benefits

Community

ensuring no blockage of drainage and sewerage


Community/AIU



Community/AIU

Design of Scheme


Community/AIU

Constructoin phase Employing good engineering/construction practices and due diligence during construction activities to avoid/minimize: soil erosion and contamination; release of polluted water/effluents; excessive noise generation near the communities; damage to crops and cultivation field; tree cutting, damage to public infrastructure (damaged infrastructure to be restored/repaired); damage to graveyards and

Community/AIU



FATA Secretariat 10

December 2011


Aspect


other cultural heritage sites; and safety/health hazard for the community. The site will be restored and cleared of all debris/scrap/left over construction material after completion of construction works. The generic safeguards requirements for construction works are presented in Annex E.



FATA Secretariat 11

December 2011

Table 0.5: Mitigation Plan for Renewable Energy Schemes


Aspect



AIU/community


Community


ensuring no blockage of drainage and sewerage

Community/AIU


Community/AIU


Community/AIU

Location and Design of Scheme


Community/AIU

Constructoin phase Employing good engineering/construction practices and due diligence during construction activities to avoid/minimize: soil erosion and contamination; release of polluted water/effluents; excessive noise generation near the communities; damage to crops and cultivation field; tree cutting, damage to public

Community/AIU



FATA Secretariat 12

December 2011


Aspect


infrastructure (damaged infrastructure to be restored/repaired); damage to graveyards and other cultural heritage sites; and safety/health hazard for the community. The site will be restored and cleared of all debris/scrap/left over construction material after completion of construction works. The generic safeguards requirements for construction works are presented in Annex E.

O&M Phase Providing training to the community for appropriate operation and maintenance of the systems (solar system, wind mill, biogas plants

AIU

Raising awareness and providing training to the community for safe waste disposal.

AIU



FATA Secretariat 13

December 2011

Table 0.6: Mitigation Plan for Construction of Water Courses/Channels and Rehabilitation of Irrigation Infrastructure

Environmental and

Social Aspect



AIU/community


Community


Community

ensuring that water rights of people are not affected Community/AIU


avoiding blockage of natural drainage. Provide alternates as appropriate after carrying out consultation with the beneficiary community

Community/AIU


Community/AIU


Community/AIU

Location and Design of Scheme


Community/AIU

Constructoin phase Employing good engineering/construction practices and due diligence during construction activities to avoid/minimize: soil erosion and contamination;

Community/AIU



FATA Secretariat 14

December 2011

Environmental and

Social Aspect


release of polluted water/effluents; excessive noise generation near the communities; damage to crops and cultivation field; tree cutting, damage to public infrastructure (damaged infrastructure to be restored/repaired); damage to graveyards and other cultural heritage sites; and safety/health hazard for the community. The site will be restored and cleared of all debris/scrap/left over construction material after completion of construction works. The generic safeguards requirements for construction works are presented in Annex E.

O&M Phase Educating farmers on modern irrigation (eg, sprinkler system) and cultivation (eg, bed and furrow) practices, water conservation, safe use of farm inputs, integrated pest management, disease control, and other related aspects.

AIU



FATA Secretariat 15

December 2011

Table 0.7: Mitigation Plan for Tube-Well and Dug Well Schemes


Aspect



AIU/community

Water Quality/availability Carrying out laboratory analysis to ensure that that water complies with the NEQS for drinking water – if the water is to be used for drinking purposes.

Protecting the dug wells from contaminants


Community

ensuring no negative effect on existing tube-wells, dug wells, hand pumps, and water rights of others.

Community/AIU



Community


Location


Community/AIU



FATA Secretariat 16

December 2011


Aspect



Community/AIU


Community/AIU

Constructoin phase Employing good engineering/construction practices and due diligence during construction activities to avoid/minimize: soil erosion and contamination; release of polluted water/effluents; excessive noise generation near the communities; damage to crops and cultivation field; tree cutting, damage to public infrastructure (damaged infrastructure to be restored/repaired); damage to graveyards and other cultural heritage sites; and safety/health hazard for the community. The site will be restored and cleared of all debris/scrap/left over construction material after completion of construction works. The generic safeguards requirements for construction works are presented in Annex E.

Community/AIU

Appropriately disposing the surplus soil, in consultation with community (eg, in existing ditches/depressions, proper contouring)

Community/AIU

O&M Phase Educating farmers on modern irrigation (eg, sprinkler system) and cultivation (eg, bed and furrow) practices, water conservation, safe use

AIU



FATA Secretariat 17

December 2011


Aspect


of farm inputs, integrated pest management, disease control, and other related aspects.



FATA Secretariat 18

December 2011

Table 0.8: Mitigation Plan for Water Tanks, Ponds and Check Dams


Aspect



AIU/community

Water Quality/availability Carrying out laboratory analysis to ensure that that water complies with the NEQS for drinking water – if the water is to be used for drinking purposes.

Community/AIU

Protecting the water tanks and ponds from contaminants

Community/AIU

Protective fencing for tanks and ponds to minimize safety hazards

Community/AIU


Community

ensuring no effect on the water rights of others Community/AIU



Community


Location/design


Community/AIU



FATA Secretariat 19

December 2011


Aspect



Community/AIU


Community/AIU


Community/AIU


Community/AIU

O&M Phase Taking appropriate steps against mosquito breeding and educating the communities in preventive and curative measures against

AIU



FATA Secretariat 20

December 2011


Aspect


malaria and dengue.

Educating the community regarding the importance and methods of cleaning the ponds and tanks.

AIU

Educating farmers on modern irrigation (eg, sprinkler system) and cultivation (eg, bed and furrow) practices, water conservation, safe use of farm inputs, integrated pest management, disease control, and other related aspects.

AIU



FATA Secretariat 21

December 2011

Table 0.9: Mitigation Plan for Flood Protection Schemes


Aspect



AIU/community


Community

ensuring no effect on the water rights of others Community/AIU


ensuring equitable distribution of scheme benefit



Community/AIU


Community


Community/AIU

Location/design


Community/AIU



FATA Secretariat 22

December 2011


Aspect


Constructoin phase Employing good engineering/construction practices and due diligence during construction activities to avoid/minimize: soil erosion and contamination; release of polluted water/effluents; excessive noise generation near the communities; damage to crops and cultivation field; tree cutting, damage to public infrastructure (damaged infrastructure to be restored/repaired); damage to graveyards and other cultural heritage sites; and safety/health hazard for the community, The site will be restored and cleared of all debris/scrap/left over construction material after completion of construction works. The generic safeguards requirements for construction works are presented in Annex E.


O&M Phase Minimizing safety hazards through installing safety fencing where necessary



FATA Secretariat 23

December 2011

Table 0.10: Mitigation Plan for Micro Hydro Schemes


Aspect



AIU/community


Community


ensuring no effect on existing water uses and water rights of others

Community/AIU


Community

avoiding blockage of natural drainage. Provide alternates as appropriate


Community/AIU


Community/AIU

Location/design


Community/AIU

Constructoin phase Employing good engineering/construction practices and due diligence during

Community/AIU



FATA Secretariat 24

December 2011


Aspect


construction activities to avoid/minimize: soil erosion and contamination; release of polluted water/effluents; excessive noise generation near the communities; damage to crops and cultivation field; tree cutting, damage to public infrastructure (damaged infrastructure to be restored/repaired); damage to graveyards and other cultural heritage sites; and safety/health hazard for the community. The site will be restored and cleared of all debris/scrap/left over construction material after completion of construction works. The generic safeguards requirements for construction works are presented in Annex E.


Community/AIU

O&M Phase Educating the community for proper O&M of the plant and safe waste disposal.

AIU

Promoting usage of electricity for cooking and heating thus reducing the load on forests and trees.

AIU



FATA Secretariat 25

December 2011

Table 0.11: Mitigation Plan for Land Development and Leveling Schemes


Aspect



AIU/community


Community

Minimize the possibility of soil erosion by employing appropriate techniques such as check-dams, embankments, and turfing.

Community/AIU

Use checkilist in Annex D for scheme location Community/AIU ensuring equitable distribution of scheme benefits through community participation

Community


Community/AIU

after carrying out consultation with the beneficiary community, including women - ensuring that the scheme is socially acceptable and suitable to women.

Community/AIU


Community/AIU

Location/design


Community/AIU

Avoid damage to public infrastructure. Repair/restore damaged caused by the scheme.

Community/AIU



FATA Secretariat 26

December 2011


Aspect


Minimize noise generation near the communities.

Community/AIU

O&M Phase Educating farmers on modern irrigation (eg, sprinkler system) and cultivation (eg, bed and furrow) practices, water conservation, safe use of farm inputs, integrated pest management, disease control, and other related aspects.

AIU



FATA Secretariat 27

December 2011

Table 0.12: Mitigation Plan for Storage, and Packing/Processing Facilities


Aspect



AIU/community


Community


Minimizing safety hazards through installing perimeter fencing where necessary, and by designing/identifying safe access road to the facility

Community/AIU


Community/AIU


Community/AIU


Community/AIU


Community

Location/design


Community/AIU



FATA Secretariat 28

December 2011


Aspect



Community/AIU


Community/AIU


Community/AIU

O&M Phase Educating the community for proper O&M of the facilities and safe waste disposal.

AIU



FATA Secretariat 29

December 2011

Table 0.13: Mitigation Plan for Rural Roads


Aspect



AIU/community


Community/AIU



Community


Community/AIU

after carrying out consultation with the beneficiary community, including women - ensuring that the scheme is socially acceptable and suitable to women.

Community/AIU


Community/AIU

Road alignment


Community/AIU

Constructoin phase Employing good engineering/construction practices and due diligence during construction activities to avoid/minimize: soil

Community/AIU



FATA Secretariat 30

December 2011


Aspect


erosion and contamination; release of polluted water/effluents; excessive noise generation near the communities; damage to crops and cultivation field; tree cutting, damage to public infrastructure (damaged infrastructure to be restored/repaired); damage to graveyards and other cultural heritage sites; and safety/health hazard for the community. The site will be restored and cleared of all debris/scrap/left over construction material after completion of construction works. The generic safeguards requirements for construction works are presented in Annex E.

O&M Phase Installing warning signs along the road. AIU

Educating the community for appropriate precautionary measures against safety hazards associated with vehicular traffic.

AIU



FATA Secretariat 31

December 2011

Table 0.14: Mitigation Plan for Livestock Schemes


Aspect



AIU/community


Community/AIU



Community/AIU


Community/AIU


Community/AIU


Community


Community/AIU

Location


Community/AIU

Constructoin phase Employing good engineering/construction practices and due diligence during

Community/AIU



FATA Secretariat 32

December 2011


Aspect


construction activities to avoid/minimize: soil erosion and contamination; release of polluted water/effluents; excessive noise generation near the communities; damage to crops and cultivation field; tree cutting, damage to public infrastructure (damaged infrastructure to be restored/repaired); damage to graveyards and other cultural heritage sites; and safety/health hazard for the community. The site will be restored and cleared of all debris/scrap/left over construction material after completion of construction works. The generic safeguards requirements for construction works are presented in Annex E.


Community/AIU

O&M Phase Educating the community for proper O&M of the farms and safe waste disposal.

AIU

Educating the farm workers on bio-security issues and safe vaccination practices.

AIU

Proper waste disposal mechanism for veterinary clinics/teams.

AIU



FATA Secretariat 33

December 2011

1.29.3 Monitoring Plan

The purpose of the environmental and social monitoring is to ensure the effective implementation of the ESMP, particularly the environmental and social Mitigation Plans described in Section 7.2.2 above.

The monitoring will be carried out at two tiers. At the first tier, the ESFPs of the AIUs will carry out monitoring during their routine visits to the field, with the help of visual observations and discussions with the communities/farmers/beneficiaries. At the second tier, the ESFP of the PMU will provide top supervision of the monitoring carried out by the AIUs, with the help of spot checks during his/her field visits. Monitoring checklists will be prepared on the basis of the environmental and social Mitigation Plans described in Section 7.2.2 (Tables 7.1 to 7.14) and will be used for the environmental and social monitoring described above.

In view of the difficult access to the Project area, it is recommended that the use of hi-tech equipment such as GPS, mobile phones with GPS facility, and digital camera is maximized in obtaining, recording, processing, and disseminating the baseline and monitoring data collected in the field. Furthermore, satellite imagery and geographical information system (GIS) should also be used to document and process the field data.

Third Party Monitoring. In addition to the monitoring described above, an outside agency (such as an independent consultant/firm) will carry out the third party monitoring (or third party validation – TPV) twice, once before the mid term review of the project and second and last time three months prior to the closing of the project implementation. The objective of this monitoring would be to review the entire ESMP implementation process and its effectiveness, to identify any environmental and/or social issues caused by the project that may exist on ground, and to frame recommendations to improve ESMP and its various components.

1.29.4 Training Plan

The objectives of the environmental and social trainings include providing basic knowledge and information on the key environmental and social issues associated with the proposed interventions to the key project personnel including the ESFPs.

The training plan is presented in Table 7.15. The PMU’s ESFP will be responsible for the implementation of this plan.

Table 0.15: Environmental and Social Training Plan

Description Aspects to be Covered Participants Frequency

Environmental and social orientation

Environmental and social awareness;

Key environmental and social issues associated with project

ESA findings;

ESMP and its components;

ESMP implementation.

PMU, AIU, Line Directorates

At the start of the project;

Afterwards as required

ESMP implementation ESMP components ESFPs At the start of the project;



FATA Secretariat 34

December 2011

Description Aspects to be Covered Participants Frequency

Environmental and Social Mitigation Plans; Environmental Monitoring; Documentation and reporting

project;

Afterwards as required

Environmental and social management

Environmental and Social Mitigation Plans;

Waste disposal;

Importance of safe drinking water;

Personal hygiene;

Water conservation;

Prevention and cure of diseases such as malaria and dengue.

Scheme beneficiaries;

Communities

On-going/informal

1.29.5 Documentation and Reporting

Complete documentation will be maintained for the entire ESMP implementation process. This will include the following:

� environmental and social Mitigation Plans filled by the AIUs/line directorates,

� environmental and social monitoring checklists filled by ESFPs of PMU and AIUs,

� visit reports with photographs prepared by the ESFPs,

� training reports to be prepared by PMU’s ESFP,

� Agency quarterly reports on ESMP implementation activities prepared by each ESFP in his/her respective Agency,

� quarterly reports on overall ESMP implementation of the project, to be prepared by the PMU’s ESFP on the basis of the Agency quarterly reports described above,

� annual third party monitoring reports,

� project completion report on overall ESMP implementation for the entire duration of the project – to be prepared by PMU’s ESFP.

The PMU’s ESFP will be overall responsible for the above documentation and reporting. These reports will be shared with the Bank and other stakeholders on a regular basis.

1.29.6 Disclosure Requirements

The present ESA and ESMP will be shared with all relevant agencies, line directorates and concerned indigenous/community organizations. Subsequently, it will be disclosed in Urdu and English by the FATA Secretariat, and also made available at the websites of FATA



FATA Secretariat 35

December 2011

Secretariat and the relevant line directorates. Copies of ESA will also be sent to Federal EPA and KP EPA. It will also be made available at the World Bank’s InfoShop. Relevant project specific safeguard documents/mitigation plans to be prepared subsequently will also be disclosed in a similar manner.

1.30 ESMP Implementation Cost

The cost of ESMP implementation over the project duration of three years has been estimated to be PKR 5.1 million. This cost has been included in the overall project cost. The breakdown of this estimate is provided below.

Table 0.16: ESMP Implementation Budget

Description Cost (m PKR) Notes/basis

Personnel cost (ESFPs) - No additional manpower is needed.

Third party monitoring 2.4 PKR 1.2 m per year

Trainings 1.2 PKR 100,000 per training; 12 trainings

Miscellaneous expenses 1.5 PKR 0.5 m per year

Total (for 3 years) 5.1



FATA Secretariat A-1

December 2011

Annex A: National Environmental Quality Standards

The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS), promulgated under the PEPA 1997, specify the following standards:

� Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in gaseous emissions from industrial sources,

� Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants in municipal and liquid industrial effluents discharged to inland waters, sewage treatment and sea (three separate set of numbers).

� Maximum allowable emissions from motor vehicles.

� Ambient air quality standards.

� Drinking water standards

� Noise standards.

The above NEQS’s are presented in Tables A.1 to A.6 below. Only a few of these standards will be applicable to the gaseous emissions and liquid effluents discharged to the environment from the activities under the proposed project.




December 2011

Table A.1: Selected NEQS for Waste Effluents

Parameter Unit Standards (maximum

allowable limit)

Temperature increase °C < 3

pH value (acidity/basicity) pH 6-9

5-day biochemical oxygen demand

(BOD) at 20 °C

mg/l 80

Chemical oxygen demand (COD) mg/l 150

Total suspended solids mg/l 200

Total dissolved solids mg/l 3,500

Grease and oil mg/l 10

Phenolic compounds (as phenol) mg/l 0.1

Chloride (as Cl) mg/l 1,000

Fluoride (as F) mg/l 10

Sulfate (SO4) mg/l 600

Sulfide (S) mg/l 1.0

Ammonia (NH3) mg/l 40

Cadmium mg/l 0.1

Chromium (trivalent and hexavalent) mg/l 1.0

Copper mg/l 1.0

Lead mg/l 0.5

Mercury mg/l 0.01

Selenium mg/l 0.5

Nickel mg/l 1.0

Silver mg/l 1.0

Total toxic metals mg/l 2.0

Zinc mg/l 5

Arsenic mg/l 1.0

Barium mg/l 1.5

Iron mg/l 8.0

Manganese mg/l 1.5

Boron mg/l 6.0

Chlorine mg/l 1.0

Notes:

1. The standard assumes that dilution of 1:10 on discharge is available. That is, for each cubic meter of treated effluent, the recipient water body should have 10 m3 of water for dilution of this effluent.

2. Toxic metals include cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, selenium, nickel and silver. The effluent should meet the individual standards for these metals as well as the standard for total toxic metal concentration.

Source: Government of Pakistan (2000) (SRO 549 (I)/2000).




December 2011

Table A.2: NEQS for Industrial Gaseous Emissions

mg/Nm3

unless otherwise stated

Parameter Source of Emission

Standards

(maximum allowable

limit)

Smoke Smoke opacity not to exceed 40% or 2 Ringlemann Scale or equivalent smoke number

(a) Boilers and furnaces:

i. Oil fired

ii. Coal fired

iii. Cement Kilns

300

500

300

Particulate matter 1

(b) Grinding, crushing, clinker coolers and related processes, metallurgical processes, converters, blast furnaces and cupolas

500

Hydrogen Chloride Any 400

Chlorine Any 150

Hydrogen fluoride Any 150

Hydrogen sulphide Any 10

Sulfuric acid/Sulphonic acid plants 5,000 Sulphur Oxides 2, 3

Other Plants except power Plants operating on oil and coal

1,700

Carbon Monoxide Any 800

Lead Any 50

Mercury Any 10

Cadmium Any 20

Arsenic Any 20

Copper Any 50

Antimony Any 20

Zinc Any 200

Nitric acid manufacturing unit 3,000 Oxides of Nitrogen 3

Other plants except power plants operating on oil or coal: i. Gas fired ii. Oil fired iii. Coal fired

400 600

1,200

Explanations: 1. Based on the assumption that the size of the particulate is 10 micron or more.

2. Based on 1% sulphur content in fuel oil. Higher content of sulphur will cause standards to be pro-rated.

3. In respect of emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, the power plants operating on oil and coal as fuel shall in addition to NEQS specified above, comply with the standards provided separately.





December 2011

Table A.3: National Environmental Quality Standards for Ambient Air 22

Concentration in Ambient Air Pollutants

Time-weighted Average

Effective from 1

st July 2010

Effective from 1

st January 2013

Method of Measurement

Annual Average*

80 µg/m3 80 µg/m

3 Sulfur

Dioxide (SO2) 24 hours** 120 µg/m

3 120 µg/m

3

Ultraviolet Fluorescence

Annual Average*

40 µg/m3 40 µg/m

3 Oxides of

Nitrogen as (NO) 24 hours** 40 µg/m

3 40 µg/m

3

Gas Phase Chemiluminescence

Annual Average*

40 µg/m3 40 µg/m

3 Oxides of

Nitrogen as (NO2) 24 hours** 80 µg/m

3 80 µg/m

3

Gas Phase Chemiluminescence

Ozone (O3) 1 hour 180 µg/m3 130 µg/m

3 Non dispersive UV

absorption

Annual Average*

400 µg/m3 360 µg/m

3 Suspended

Particulate Matter (SPM)

24 hours** 550 µg/m3 500 µg/m

3

High Volume Sampling, (Average flow rate not less than1.1 m

3/minute).

Annual Average*

200 µg/m3 120 µg/m

3 Respirable

Particulate Matter. PM10

24 hours** 250 µg/m3 150 µg/m

3

β Ray absorption

Annual Average*

25 µg/m3 15 µg/m

3

24 hours** 40 µg/m3 35 µg/m

3

Respirable Particulate Matter. PM2.5

1 hour 25 µg/m3 15 µg/m

3

β Ray absorption

Annual Average*

1.5 µg/m3 1.0 µg/m

3 Lead (Pb)

24 hours** 2.0 µg/m3 1.5 µg/m

3

ASS Method after sampling using EPM 2000 or equivalent Filter paper

8 hours** 5 mg/m3 5 mg/m

3

Carbon Monoxide (CO) 1 hour 10 mg/m

3 10 mg/m

3

Non Dispersive Infra Red (NDIR)

*Annual arithmetic mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval.

** 24 hourly /8 hourly values should be met 98% of the in a year. 2% of the time, it may exceed but not on two consecutive days.


22 Full text of the Standards is available at the Pak-EPA website:

(http://www.environment.gov.pk/info.htm).




December 2011

Table A.4: NEQS for Motor Vehicles Exhaust and Noise 23

(i) For In-use Vehicles

Parameter

Standard

(Maximum

Permissible Limit)

Measuring Method Applicability

1 Smoke 40% or 2 on the

Ringlemann Scale

during engine

acceleration mode.

To be compared with

Ringlemann Chart at a

distance 6 or more. r

2 Carbon

Monoxide

6% Under idling

conditions: Non-

dispersive infrared

detection through gas

analyzer.

3 Noise 85 db (A). Sound meter at 7.5

meters from the

source.

Immediate effect

(ii) For new Vehicles Emission Standards for Diesel Vehicles (a) For Passenger Cars and Light Commercial Vehicles (g/Km)

Type of

Vehicle Category/Class Tiers CO

HC+

NOx PM

Measuring

Method Applicability

Pak-II IDI 1.00

0.70 0.08 Passenger Cars

M 1: with reference mass (RW) upto 2500 kg. Cars with RW over 2500 kg to meet NI category standards.

Pak-II DI 1.0

0 0.90 0.10

NEDC (ECE 15+ EUDCL)

Pak-II IDI 1.00 0.70 0.08 NI-I (RW<1250

kg) Pak-II DI 1.00 0.90 0.10

Pak-II IDI 1.25 1.00 0.12 NI-II (1250 kg<

RW <1700 kg0 Pak-II DI 1.25 1.30 0.14

Pak-II IDI 1.50 1.20 0.17

Light

Commercial

Vehicles

NI-III (RW>1700

kg) Pak-II DI 1.50 1.60 0.20

i. All imported and local manufactured diesel vehicles with effect from 01-07-2012

Parameter Standard (maximum permissible limit) Measuring Method

Noise 85 db (A) Sound meter at 7.5 meters from the

source.

23 Full text of the NEQS is available at the Pak-EPA website:





December 2011

(b) For Heavy Duty Diesel Engines and Large Goods Vehicles (g/Kwh)

Type of

Vehicle

Category /

Class Tiers CO HC NOx PM

Measuring


Heavy Duty

Diesel

Engines

Trucks and

Buses

Pak-II 4.0 1.1 7.0 0.15 ECE-R-49 All Imported

and local

manufactured

diesel vehicles

with the effect

1-7-2012

Large goods

Vehicles

N2 (2000 and

up

Pak-II 4.0 7.0 1.10 0.15 EDC

Parameter Standard (maximum permissible limit) Measuring Method

Noise 85 db (A) Sound meter at 7.5 meters from the

source.

Emission Standards for Petrol Vehicles (g/km)

Type of

Vehicle Category / Class Tiers CO

HC+

NOx

Measuring


Passenger M 1: With reference

mass (RW) upto

2500 kg. Cars with

RW over 2500 kg. to

meet N1 category

standards

Pak-II 2.20 0.50

N1-I (RW<1250 kg) Pak-II 2.20 0.50

N1-II (1250 kg>RW

<1700 kg)

Pak-II

4.00

0.65

Light

Commercial

Vehicles

N1-III (RW>1700 kg) Pak-II 5.00 0.80

NEDC (ECE

15 +

EUDCL)

2.4 strokes <150 cc Pak-II

5.50

1.50

Motor

Rickshaws &

motor Cycles 2.4 strokes>150 cc Pak-II 5.50 1.30

ECER 40

All imported and

new models*

locally

manufactured

petrol vehicles with

effect from 1st July,

2009**

Parameters Standard (maximum permissible limit) Measuring Method

Noise 85 db (A) Sound meter at 7.5 meters

from the source

Explanations:

DI: Direct Injection

IDI: Indirect Injection

EUDCL: Extra Urban Driving Cycle

NEDC: New Urban Driving Cycle

M: Vehicles designed and constructed for the carriage of passengers and comprising no

more than eight seats in addition to the driver's seat

N: Motor vehicles with at least four wheels designed and constructed for the carriage of goods.

* New model means both model and engine type change

** The existing models of petrol driven vehicles locally manufactured will immediately switch ever to

Pak-II emission standards but not later than 30th June, 2012

Source: Government of Pakistan (2009) (SRO 72 (KE)/2009).




December 2011

Table A.5: National Standards for Drinking Water Quality24

Properties/Parameters Standard Values for Pakistan

Bacterial

All water intended for drinking (e.Coli or Thermotolerant Coliform bacteria)

Must not be detectable in any 100 ml samples

Treated water entering the distribution system (E.Coli or thermotolerant coliform and total coliform bacteria)

Must not be detectable in any 100 ml samples

Treated water in the distribution system (E.Coli or thermo tolerant coliform and total coliform bacteria)

Must not be detectable in any 100 ml samples In case of large supplies, where sufficient samples are examined, must not be present in 95% of the samples taken throughout any 12- month period.

Physical

Color ≤15 TCU Taste Non objectionable/Accept able

Odor Non objectionable/Accept able

Turbidity < 5 NTU

Total hardness as CaCO3 < 500 mg/l

TDS < 1000

pH 6.5 – 8.5

Chemical

Essential Inorganic mg/Litre

Aluminum (Al) ≤0.2

Antimony (Sb) ≤0.005 (P)

Arsenic (As) ≤ 0.05 (P)

Barium (Ba) 0.7

Boron (B) 0.3

Cadmium (Cd) 0.01 Chloride (Cl) <250

Chromium (Cr) ≤0.05

Copper (Cu) 2

Toxic Inorganic mg/Litre

Cyanide (Cn) ≤0.05

Fluoride (F)* ≤1.5

Lead (Pb) ≤0.05

Manganese (Mn) ≤ 0.5

Mercury (Hg) ≤0.001

Nickel (Ni) ≤0.02

Nitrate (NO3)* ≤50

Nitrite (NO2)* ≤3 (P)

Selenium (Se) 0.01 (P) Residual chlorine 0.2-0.5 at consumer end; 0.5-1.5 at

source






December 2011

Properties/Parameters Standard Values for Pakistan

Zinc (Zn) 5.0

Organic

Pesticides mg/l PSQCA No. 4639-2004, Page No. 4 Table No. 3 Serial No. 20- 58 may be consulted.**

Phenolic compound (as phenols) mg/l WHO standards: ≤ 0.002

Polynuclear Aromatic hydrocarbon (as PAH) g/L

WHO standards: ≤ 0.01v(by GC/MS method)

Radioactive

Alpha Emitters bq/L or pCi 0.1

Beta Emitters 1

* indicates priority health related inorganic constituents which need regular monitoring.

** PSQCA: Pakistan Standards Quality Control Authority.

Source: Government of Pakistan (2010) (SRO 1063(I)/2010).

Table A.6: National Environmental Quality Standards for Noise 25

Limit in dB(A) Leq * Effective from 1

st July 2010 Effective from 1

st July 2012 Category of

Area/Zone Day time Night time Day time Night time

Residential area 65 50 55 45

Commercial area 70 60 65 55

Industrial area 80 75 75 65

Silence zone 55 45 50 45

Notes:

1. Day time hours: 6:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m.

2. Night time hours: 10:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m.

3. Silence zone::Zones that are declared as such by the competent authority. An area comprising not less than

100 m around the hospitals, educational institutions, and courts.

4. Mixed categories of areas may be declared as one of the four above-listed categories by the competent

authority.

* dB(A) Leq: Time weighted average of the level of sound in decibels on Scale A which is relatable to human hearing.

Source: Government of Pakistan (2010) (SRO 1064(I)/2010).





FATA Secretariat B-1

December 2011

Annex B: Involuntary Resettlement Screening

Checklist

Name of Enumerator:_____________________________ Date: _________________

Province:_________ District:___________ Project:___________ Sector:______

Project Categorization: A B C26

Potential Impacts Yes No Expected Remarks

Does the sub-project involve any physical construction work, i.e. rehabilitation, reconstruction or new construction? Specify in “remarks” column.

Does the sub-project involve impacts on land, assets and people, if “Yes” try to quantify the impacts and check following items. If “No” impacts, explain the situation in “remarks” and move to section 2.

Potential impacts

Land (quantify and describe types of land in “remarks column”.

Government or state owned land free of occupation (agriculture or settlement)

Private land

• Residential

• Commercial

• Agriculture

• Communal

• Others (specify in “remarks”).

Land-based assets:

• Residential structures

• Commercial structures (specify in “remarks”)

• Community structures (specify in “remarks”)

• Agriculture structures (specify in “remarks”)

• Public utilities (specify in “remarks”)

• Others (specify in “remarks”)

Agriculture related impacts

• Crops and vegetables (specify types and cropping area in “remarks).

• Trees (specify number and types in “remarks”).

• Others (specify in “remarks”).

Affected Persons (DPs)

• Number of DPs

• Males



FATA Secretariat B-2

December 2011

Potential Impacts Yes No Expected Remarks

• Females

• Titled land owners

• Tenants and sharecroppers

• Leaseholders

• Agriculture wage laborers

• Encroachers and squatters (specify in remarks column).

• Vulnerable DPs (e.g. women headed households, minors and aged, orphans, disabled persons and those below the poverty line). Specify the number and vulnerability in “remarks”.

• Others (specify in “remarks”)

Section 2

Others (specify in “remarks”.

Are there any indigenous or other minority groups affected by land acquisition or project activities? If “Yes” check the following items

• Indigenous groups (specify groups in “remarks”). Describe nature of impacts

• Minority groups (specify in “remarks”). Describe nature of impacts



FATA Secretariat C-1

December 2011

Annex C: Format to Document Contribution of Assets

The following agreement has been made on............................ day of...................………. between...............................................resident of ............................................(the Owner) and ……………………………………………….(the Recipient). 1. That the Owner holds the transferable right of ........................………………………hectares of land/structure/asset in.........……………………………………………………………………………. 2. That the Owner testifies that the land/structure is free of squatters or encroachers and not subject to other claims. 3. That the Owner hereby grants to the Recipient this asset for the construction and development of ................................for the benefit of the villagers and the public at large. (Either, in case of donation:)

4. That the Owner will not claim any compensation against the grant of this asset. (Or, in case of compensation:)

4. That the Owner will receive compensation against the grant of this asset as per the attached Schedule. 5. That the Recipient agrees to accept this grant of asset for the purposes mentioned. 6. That the Recipient shall construct and develop the……………………and take all possible precautions to avoid damage to adjacent land/structure/other assets. 7. That both the parties agree that the………………………so constructed/developed shall be public premises. 8. That the provisions of this agreement will come into force from the date of signing of this deed. 9. That the owner gives up all claims to the land donated and the title to the land will be transferred to the recipient through notary public. ___________________ _____________________

Signature of the Owner Signature of the Recipient Witnesses: 1. _____________________________ 2. ______________________________

(Signature, name and address)



FATA Secretariat D-1

December 2011

Annex D: Checklist for Scheme Siting

Issues Yes No Don’t

Know Mitigation Measures

1 Does the subproject require land acquisition? [Note: Fill in the land acquisition form if YES]

2 Will the subproject negatively impact livelihoods [Note: Describe separately if YES]

3 Is the sub project located on land with contested ownership?

4 Is the sub project located in an area with security problems

5 Is the sub projected located on land reclaimed from floods ( the ownership here may be contested)

6 Is the subproject located in an area with designated natural reserves?

7 Is the subproject located in an area with unique natural features?

8 Is the subproject located in an area with endangered or conservation-worthy ecosystems, fauna or flora?

9 Is the subproject located in an area falling within 500 meters of national forests, protected areas, wilderness areas, wetlands, biodiversity, critical habitats, or sites of historical or cultural importance?

10 Is the subproject located in an area which would create a barrier for the movement of conservation-worthy wildlife or livestock?

11

Is the subproject located close to groundwater sources, surface water bodies, water courses or wetlands?

12 Is the subproject located in an area with designated cultural properties such as archaeological, historical




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Issues Yes No Don’t

Know Mitigation Measures

and/or religious sites?

13 Is the subproject in an area with religious monuments, structures and/or cemeteries?

14 Is the project located in an area from where people have been displaced?

15 Is the project located in an area where IDPs are temporarily settled?

16 Is the project in a politically sensitive area? 17 Is the subproject in a polluted or contaminated area?

18 Is the subproject located in an area of high visual and landscape quality?

19 Is the subproject located in an area susceptible to landslides or erosion?

20 Is the subproject located in an area of seismic faults?

21 Is the subproject located in a densely populated area?

22 Is the subproject located on prime agricultural land?

23 Is the subproject located in an area of tourist importance?

24 Is the subproject located near a waste dump?

25 Does the subproject have access to potable water? 26 Is the subproject located far (1-2 kms) from accessible

roads?

27 Is the subproject located in an area with a wastewater network?

28 Is the subproject located in the urban plan of the city?

29 Is the subproject located outside the land use plan? Checklist filled by (Name, Designation, Signature): Date:

Checklist reviewed by (Name, Designation, Signature): Date:




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FATA Secretariat E-1

December 2011

Annex E: Safeguards Procedures for Inclusion in the

Technical Specifications of Contracts

I. General

1. The Contractor and his employees shall adhere to the mitigation measures set down and take all other measures required by the Engineer to prevent harm, and to minimize the impact of his operations on the environment.

2. The Contractor shall not be permitted to unnecessarily strip clear the right of way. The Contractor shall only clear the minimum width for construction and diversion roads should not be constructed alongside the existing road.

3. Remedial actions which cannot be effectively carried out during construction should be carried out on completion of each Section of the road (earthworks, pavement and drainage) and before issuance of the Taking Over Certificate:

(a) these sections should be landscaped and any necessary remedial works should be

undertaken without delay, including grassing and reforestation; (b) water courses should be cleared of debris and drains and culverts checked for clear

flow paths; and (c) borrow pits should be dressed as fish ponds, or drained and made safe, as agreed

with the land owner. 4. The Contractor shall limit construction works to between 6 am and 7 pm if it is to be carried out in or near residential areas.

5. The Contractor shall avoid the use of heavy or noisy equipment in specified areas at night, or in sensitive areas such as near a hospital.

6. To prevent dust pollution during dry periods, the Contractor shall carry out regular watering of earth and gravel haul roads and shall cover material haulage trucks with tarpaulins to prevent spillage. II. Transport

7. The Contractor shall use selected routes to the project site, as agreed with the Engineer, and appropriately sized vehicles suitable to the class of road, and shall restrict loads to prevent damage to roads and bridges used for transportation purposes. The Contractor shall be held responsible for any damage caused to the roads and bridges due to the transportation of excessive loads, and shall be required to repair such damage to the approval of the Engineer.




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8. The Contractor shall not use any vehicles, either on or off road with grossly excessive, exhaust or noise emissions. In any built up areas, noise mufflers shall be installed and maintained in good condition on all motorized equipment under the control of the Contractor. 9. Adequate traffic control measures shall be maintained by the Contractor throughout the duration of the Contract and such measures shall be subject to prior approval of the Engineer. III. Workforce

10. The Contractor should whenever possible locally recruit the majority of the workforce and shall provide appropriate training as necessary. 11. The Contractor shall install and maintain a temporary septic tank system for any residential labor camp and without causing pollution of nearby watercourses. 12. The Contractor shall establish a method and system for storing and disposing of all solid wastes generated by the labor camp and/or base camp. 13. The Contractor shall not allow the use of fuelwood for cooking or heating in any labor camp or base camp and provide alternate facilities using other fuels.

14. The Contractor shall ensure that site offices, depots, asphalt plants and workshops are located in appropriate areas as approved by the Engineer and not within 500 meters of existing residential settlements and not within 1,000 meters for asphalt plants. 15. The Contractor shall ensure that site offices, depots and particularly storage areas for diesel fuel and bitumen and asphalt plants are not located within 500 meters of watercourses, and are operated so that no pollutants enter watercourses, either overland or through groundwater seepage, especially during periods of rain. This will require lubricants to be recycled and a ditch to be constructed around the area with an approved settling pond/oil trap at the outlet. 16. The contractor shall not use fuelwood as a means of heating during the processing or preparation of any materials forming part of the Works. IV. Quarries and Borrow Pits

17. Operation of a new borrow area, on land, in a river, or in an existing area, shall be subject to prior approval of the Engineer, and the operation shall cease if so instructed by the Engineer. Borrow pits shall be prohibited where they might interfere with the natural or designed drainage patterns. River locations shall be prohibited if they might undermine or damage the river banks, or carry too much fine material downstream. 18. The Contractor shall ensure that all borrow pits used are left in a trim and tidy condition with stable side slopes, and are drained ensuring that no stagnant water bodies are created which could breed mosquitoes. 19. Rock or gravel taken from a river shall be far enough removed to limit the depth of material removed to one-tenth of the width of the river at any one location, and not to disrupt the river flow, or damage or undermine the river banks.




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20. The location of crushing plants shall be subject to the approval of the Engineer, and not be close to environmentally sensitive areas or to existing residential settlements, and shall be operated with approved fitted dust control devices. V. Earthworks

21. Earthworks shall be properly controlled, especially during the rainy season.

22. The Contractor shall maintain stable cut and fill slopes at all times and cause the least possible disturbance to areas outside the prescribed limits of the work. 23. The Contractor shall complete cut and fill operations to final cross-sections at any one location as soon as possible and preferably in one continuous operation to avoid partially completed earthworks, especially during the rainy season.

24. In order to protect any cut or fill slopes from erosion, in accordance with the drawings, cut off drains and toe-drains shall be provided at the top and bottom of slopes and be planted with grass or other plant cover. Cut off drains should be provided above high cuts to minimize water runoff and slope erosion. 25. Any excavated cut or unsuitable material shall be disposed of in designated tipping areas as agreed to by the Engineer. 26. Tips should not be located where they can cause future slides, interfere with agricultural land or any other properties, or cause soil from the dump to be washed into any watercourse. Drains may need to be dug within and around the tips, as directed by the Engineer. VII. Disposal of Construction and Vehicle Waste 28. Debris generated due to the dismantling of the existing structures shall be suitably reused, to the extent feasible, in the proposed construction (e.g. as fill materials for embankments). The disposal of remaining debris shall be carried out only at sites identified and approved by the project engineer. The contractor should ensure that these sites (a) are not located within designated forest areas; (b) do not impact natural drainage courses; and (c) do not impact endangered/rare flora. Under no circumstances shall the contractor dispose of any material in environmentally sensitive areas. 29. In the event any debris or silt from the sites is deposited on adjacent land, the Contractor shall immediately remove such, debris or silt and restore the affected area to its original state to the satisfaction of the Supervisor/Engineer. 30. Bentonite slurry or similar debris generated from pile driving or other construction activities shall be disposed of to avoid overflow into the surface water bodies or form mud puddles in the area. 31. All arrangements for transportation during construction including provision, maintenance, dismantling and clearing debris, where necessary, will be considered incidental




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to the work and should be planned and implemented by the contractor as approved and directed by the Engineer. 32. Vehicle/machinery and equipment operations, maintenance and refueling shall be carried out to avoid spillage of fuels and lubricants and ground contamination. An 'oil interceptor" will be provided for wash down and refueling areas. Fuel storage shall be located in proper bunded areas. 33. All spills and collected petroleum products shall be disposed of in accordance with standard environmental procedures/guidelines. Fuel storage and refilling areas shall be located at least 300m from all cross drainage structures and important water bodies or as directed by the Engineer.

VIII. HIV/AIDS Education 34. The Contractor shall ensure that detection screening of sexually transmitted diseases, especially with regard to HIV/AIDS, amongst laborers is actually carried out and will submit a certificate of compliance.




December 2011

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