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Transcript of Environmental and Natural Resource Economics 2 nd ed. Jonathan M. Harris Data Updates for 2008...
Environmental and Natural Resource Economics 2nd ed.
Jonathan M. Harris
Data Updates for 2008
Copyright © 2008 Jonathan M. HarrisCopyright © 2008 Jonathan M. Harris
Notes on Data Updates
• Resource and environmental issues are subject to rapid change. Since publication of the second edition of Environmental and Natural Resource Economics in 2006, there have been a number of significant developments. Many of these are in the area of climate change, leading to a complete update of Chapter 18 on Global Climate Change, available as a module, The Economics of Global Climate Change, at: http://ase.tufts.edu/gdae/education_materials/modules.html This module can be substituted for Chapter 18; new data and figures from the module are in the Powerpoint file Economics of Global Climate Change Figures and Tables at: http://ase.tufts.edu/gdae/publications/textbooks/ENREupdate.html
• Other significant areas of change are resource and energy prices. After a long period of stability or decline, many resource prices turned sharply upward in 2006-2008. Some of these price changes are reflected in this update, along with recent energy use trends and projections.
Sources: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 2008, National Agricultural Statistics Service, Agricultural Prices; USDA, World Agricultural Outlook Board, World Agricultural Supply and Demand Estimates; USDA, Agricultural Marketing Service, Grain and Feed Market News.
Recent Prices for Selected Cereal Crops
0
50
100
150
200
250
1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010
Year
Cu
rre
nt
$U
S/T
on
ne
Wheat
Rice
Maize
Recent Price Trends for Selected Minerals
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007est
Year
Pri
ce
($
/lb
)
Copper(DomesticProducer,cathode)
Zinc(DomesticProducers)
Lead (NorthAmericanProducer)
Source: Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey, http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/index.html
International Energy Agency, World Energy Outlook 2007
http://www.worldenergyoutlook.org/
Source: Energy Information Administration (EIA), 2007
http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/steo/pub/contents.html
U.S. Oil Production and Consumption, 1950-2007
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1940 1960 1980 2000 2020
Year
Petr
ole
um
(b
illio
ns o
f b
arr
els
per
year)
U.S. Consumption
U.S. Production (total)
U.S. Production (crude oil)
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration: World Crude Oil Priceshttp://tonto.eia.doe.gov/dnav/pet/hist/wtotusaw.htm
2000 Dollars calculated using price indices from the Department of Commerce (Bureau of Economic Analysis).
2008 Price Index calculated from the Bureau of Economic Analysis, National Economic Accounts
Crude Oil Price in 2000 Dollars/Barrel 1998-2008
0
20
40
60
80
100
12019
98
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
Year
Mid
year
Cru
de O
il Pr
ice
in 2
000
Dolla
rs/B
arre
l
Source: Earth Policy Institute, 2007 Eco-Economy Indicators, http://www.earthpolicy.org/Indicators/Solar/2007_data.htm.
World Photovoltaic Production and Cost per Watt
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
Year
Co
st
($U
S/W
att
)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
Pro
du
cti
on
(M
eg
aw
att
s) Cost per
Watt 2007U.S.Dollars
AnnualProductionMegawatts
Developed Country Energy Intensity
0.650
0.700
0.750
0.800
0.850
0.900
0.950
1.000
1.050
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Year
Btu
per
US
do
llar
(200
0), 1
00-b
ased
United States
France
Germany
United Kingdom
Source: Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 2004
Energy Intensities, Selected Countries
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
Year
En
erg
y C
on
sum
pti
on
(B
TU
) p
er d
olla
r G
DP
United States
France
Germany
United Kingdom
India
China
Brazil
Mexico
Indonesia
Source: Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 2004
Developing Countries Energy Intensity
0.400
0.500
0.600
0.700
0.800
0.900
1.000
1.100
1.200
1.300
1.400
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Year
Btu
per
(20
00)
US
Do
llar,
100
-bas
ed
India
China
Brazil
Mexico
Indonesia
Source: Energy Information Administration, International Energy Annual 2004
Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC), http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/
Per Capita Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emission Rates (2000)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Met
ric
To
ns
of
Car
bo
n
1990-2025 HISTORICAL AND PROJECTED CO2 EMISSIONS
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025Year
Mil
lio
n M
etr
ic T
on
s C
arb
on
Dio
xid
eLatin America(Central and SouthAmerica, Mexico)
Africa
Middle East
Emerging Asia
TransitionalEconomies
Other Developed(Canada, Japan,Australia/NewZealand)Western Europe
United States
Source: U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Information Administration, International Energy Outlook 2005 ,
CARBON STABILIZATION SCENARIOS (450 and 550 ppm) Source: Adapted from IPCC, Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis, http://www.ipcc.ch/
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080 2100 2120
Year
Car
bo
n E
mis
sio
ns
(Bill
ion
To
ns
Car
bo
n)
550ppm
450ppm