Environmental and human dimensions of deer-vehicle

collisions in southeastern Michigan.

Shawn J. Riley

Alix Marcoux

Krishnan SudharsanBrent Rudolph

Acknowledgements

• Michigan Department of Transportation

• The Institute for Public Policy and Social Research

• Michigan Deer Crash Coalition

• AAA Michigan

DVCs in Michigan

Annually• 64-68K DVCs

(reported)

• 1,500+ injuries

• 10+ fatalities

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

80,000

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010Year

Nu

mb

er o

f D

VC

s

Conceptual Model

DEER+

LANDSCAPE

DRIVER

Environmental Dimension

Objectives• Identify and assess environmental

factors affecting the frequency and rate of DVCs in southern Michigan

• Develop predictive models that explain why DVCs occur on the landscape

• Provide management recommendations on how environmental factors may be managed to alleviate DVCs based on knowledge gained in objectives 1 and 2

Study Area

Detroit

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MONROE

OAKLAND

WASHTENAW

DVCs in the study area

Y2000-2003

6.4% of total crashes

10% of total crashes

3.5% of total crashes

Methods• 1999-2001 DVC locations (SEMCOG)• 450 random DVC points selected from each

county (150 each from 1999 to 2001)• 800 meter radius buffers built (502 acres)• 450 random non-DVC points at least 800

meters away from DVC points placed on roads

• 800 meter radius buffers built• Buffers clipped from 2001 land cover

classification

Model ResultsMODEL LOG

LIKELIHOODAICc ∆i wi K

HSI + TV + S + (TV * S)

-112 265 0 1 11

HSI + TV + S -276 579 314 0 9

HSI + TV -364 745 480 0 7

HSI + S -460 942 677 0 8

TV + S -789 1592 1327 0 6

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

High IntensityUrban

Low IntensityUrban

Agricultural UplandDeciduous

UplandOpenland

LAND COVER

AVE

RA

GE

REL

ATI

VE R

ISK

.

Low

Medium

High

MONROEMONROE

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

7.00

8.00

9.00

High IntensityUrban

Low IntensityUrban

Agricultural UplandDeciduous

Upland Openland

LAND COVER

AV

ER

AG

E R

ELA

TIV

E R

ISK

. Low

Medium

High

WASHTENAW

WASHTENAW

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

High IntensityUrban

Low IntensityUrban

Agricultural UplandDeciduous

UplandOpenland

LAND COVER

AV

ER

AG

E R

ELA

TIV

E R

ISK

.

Low

Medium

High

OAKLANDOAKLAND

Human dimensions: driver characteristics, knowledge,

and attitudes related to DVCs

UD-10 Crash Report Data

• 186,930 collisions reported• 9,790 (5.2%) involved deer• Rate: 1.8 – 5.3 DVCs/1,000 drivers

Time of DayC

olli

sio

ns

per

100

,000

dri

vers

Non-DVCs

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

0:00

4:00 8:

00

12:0

016

:00

20:0

024

:00

Time of day

DVCs

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Accident Timing Characteristics

Month of Year:DVCs vs Non-DVCs

per 100K drivers

Co

llisi

on

s p

er 1

00,0

00 d

rive

rs

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

May

Jun

e

July

Au

g

Sep

t

Oct

No

v

Dec

Jan

Feb

Mar

ch

Ap

ril

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

DVCs

Non-DVCs

Gender

Driver Characteristics

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

DVCs Non-DVCs Licensed drivers

Per

cen

tag

e

Male

Female

Age & Gender

0

2

4

6

<2025

-29

35-3

9

45-4

9

55-5

9

65-6

9

75-7

9

Driver age (Years)

DV

Cs

as a

% o

f al

l acc

iden

ts

Male

Female

Driver Characteristics

Average DVC driver age = 39.9 years

Survey Research

Deer-Vehicle Collisionin Michigan:

A Survey of Your Views

Survey Response Rate

• 3,681 surveys sent • 266 Ineligible

surveys

• 1,653 Responses • 48.4% Response

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

Monroe Oakland Washtenaw

Nu

mb

er o

f R

esp

on

den

ts

Male

Female

Respondent Demographics

Gender• 46.2% Male• 52.7% Female• 1.1% No Response

Age• average 47.9 years

Years in County• average 23 years

Level of Education• 22.1% High School or less• 36.3% Some College• 21.9% 4-year college

degree• 19.7%

graduate/professional degree

DVC Involvement

• 284 (12%) respondents were a driver in a DVC

• 196 of the DVCs occurred within the last 5 years

• 64% of drivers were male

• 18% of drivers involved in at least one DVC within the past 5 years have had more than one

• 102 respondents involved as passenger

• Only 1 injury was reported

Percentage of respondents who reported past involvement in a DVC

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Urban Suburban Rural

Area where respondent lived

Per

cent

age

DVC Non-reporting Rates

• 53.7 % did not report their DVC to the police• 71.5% thought it wasn’t necessary• 15.4% experienced no damage to deer and/or car

• 47.9 % did not report their DVC to their insurance co.• 37.3% thought it wasn’t necessary • 27.3% experienced little or no damage• 13.6% thought it would affect insurance rates• 10.0% thought they did not have the correct coverage

Deer and Drivers (cont.)

• 77.9% think DVCs are a serious problem in Michigan

( Drivers involved in DVCs (85.5%) were more likely to perceive DVCs as a serious problem than those who had no prior involvement )

• 78.6% of respondents involved in a DVC believed it could not have been prevented

Concerns that respondents had about DVCs

• Losing control of car while swerving to avoid a deer

• Injuring others• Cost of car and property damage • Being injured• Insurance rate increase• Injuring or killing deer• Cost of repairing other property damage• Medical bills

Behavioral Intentions

• A majority of respondents expressed a willingness to slow down by 10mph if it would significantly reduce their chances of DVC involvement

• Drivers who had been in a DVC were more likely to slow down in response to a deer crossing sign

Calculating Mean Knowledge Scores

• Answered a series of 5 questions • Score between 0 – 10• 0 having no knowledge and 10 being most

knowledgeable

• 20-30% were unsure about:• Peak DVC times • Peak DVC season• Type of road DVCs occur on

Mean Knowledge Scores of Respondents

• Respondents previously involved in DVCs had higher mean scores

• Men had higher scores than women

• People from rural areas had higher scores

Driver Attitudes of Current Deer Population Levels

• 48.0% want deer population kept the same

• 22.7% want deer population reduced

• 21.4% are unsure

• 8.0% want deer population increased

• Drivers involved in DVCs were more likely to want reduced deer populations than those who had no DVC

Drivers’ Preferred Education Channels

Channel % Yes

Newspaper 47

Brochures

Billboards

27

26

Drivers Ed 21

Magazines 14

Television 4

Internet 3

(Respondents could choose more than 1 option)

Dispelling myths

• DVCs are not random

• There ARE actions that can be taken to reduce DVCs

• “Place” matters!

Management Implications

• Underreporting rate means that there in southern Michigan DVCs may be as great as 2X current estimate.

• Need to educate about specific risk factors– E.g., Season, road types, deer activity patterns,

rural - urban risks

• Need to communicate that DVCs can be avoided. They are not “unavoidable.”

• Need to report? Drivers don’t know why. . .

Research Needs

• Calculations of individual driver risks under different situations. We assessed the risk of DVCs, but not the individual risk to individual drivers.

• Assessment of fine scale factors, such as sight distances, topography, vegetation management, etc.

Research Needs

• Education is always suggested, but. . .

Seldom a specific message, seldom a specific approach … and,

Seldom evaluated …• Specific information and education campaigns to

reach “highest risk” populations, e.g., rural male commuters.

Sources and channels to affect driver behavior?

- Thank you -

For more information:

www.fw.msu.edu/people/riley/