EnvironmentThe Science Behind the Stories

5TH EDITION

Jay Withgott

Matthew Laposata

PEARSON

Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River

Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto

Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo

8

PART ONEGeology: The Physical Basis for

Environmental Science 33

Founda

Environmenta

1 Science and Sustainability:An Introduction io

Environmental Science

Our Island, Earth

The Nature of Environmental Science

The Science Behind the Story:What Are the Lessons of Easter Island?

The Nature of Science

Sustainability and Our Future

2

3

5

6

9

14

,j Earth's Physical Systems:Mattel; Energy,and Geology

The Tohoku Earthquake: Has

It Shaken the World's Trust

in Nuclear Power?

Matter, Chemistry, and the Environment

The Science Behind the Story:

Tracking Fukushima's Nuclear Legacy

Energy: An Introduction

21

22

23

26

29

The Science Behind the Story:Have We Brought On a New Geologic Epoch? 33

Geologic and Natural Hazards 39

3.

,

s,_

:1

1

,' 47

Saving Hawaii's Native

Forest Birds 48

Evolution: The Source of Earth's Biodiversity 49

The Science Behind the Story:Hawaii: Species Factoryand Lab of Evolution 56

Levels of Ecological Organization 60

Population Ecology 61

The Science Behind the Story: MonitoringBird Populations at Hakalau Forest 64

Conserving Biodiversity 69

/.I -

-t

and Community Ecology 74

Black and White, and SpreadAll Over: Zebra Mussels

Invade the Great Lakes 75

Species Interactions 76

Ecological Communities 80

The Science Behind the Story:

Determining Zebra Mussels' Impacts

on Fish Communities 86

The Science Behind the Story:

Chronicling Ecological Recoveryat Mount St. Helens 90

Earth's Biomes 93

b < ,"

fStfi]

it SvsteiInternational Environmental Policy

Approaches to Environmental Policy

178

180

VI

The Vanishing Oysters

of the Chesapeake Bay

Earth's Environmental Systems

Ecosystems

Biogeochemical Cycles

The Science Behind the Story:

"Turning the Tide" for Native Oysters in

Chesapeake Bay

The Science Behind the Story:

FACE-ing a High-CO, Future

Ethics, Economics, and

n -

Costa Rica Values Its

Ecosystem Services

Culture, Worldview, and the Environment

Environmental Ethics

Economics and the Environment

The Science Behind the Story:Do Payments Help Preserve Forest?

The Science Behind the Story:Ethics in Economics: Discountingand Global Climate Change

Sustainable Development

Oil',

,

1 actus and

Solving Problems

Hydrofracking the

Marcellus Shale

Environmental Policy: An Overview

The Science Behind the Story: Does

Fracking Contaminate Drinking Water?

U.S. Environmental Law and Policy

105

106

110

117

118

124

133

134

135

141

144

148

156

<£» KW

'

162

164

166

169

%i<iji Bui

China's One-Child Policy

Our World at Seven Billion

The Science Behind the Story: MappingOur Population's Environmental Impact

Demography

Population and Society

The Science Behind the Story: Did SoapOperas Reduce Fertility in Brazil?

9 Soil and Agriculture

Iowa's Farmers Practice No-Till

Agriculture

Soil: The Foundation for Sustainable

AgricultureSoil as a System

Conserving Soil

The Science Behind the Story: Can No-Till

Farming Help Us Fight Climate Change?

Watering and Fertilizing Crops

The Science Behind the Story:Restoring the Malpai Borderlands

Agricultural Policy

189

190

194

196

202

204

215

216

218

222

230

232

234

237

1 .i.

f'

'

V "

the Future of Food 243

Transgenic Maize in

Southern Mexico?

The Race to Feed the World

Raising Animals for Food

Preserving Crop Diversity

Conserving Pollinators, Controlling Pests

Organic Agriculture

The Science Behind the Story:How Productive Is Organic Farming?

Genetically Modified Food

The Science Behind the Story: TransgenicContamination of Native Maize?

Sustainable Food Production

244

245

249

252

254

257

258

261

266

268

11 •-

•--er''Tr""

Conservation Biology

Will We Slice through

the Serengeti?

Our Planet of Life

Extinction and Biodiversity Loss

The Science Behind the Story:Wildlife Declines in African Reserves

Benefits of Biodiversity

Conservation Biology: The Search

for Solutions

The Science Behind the Story: UsingForensics to Uncover Illegal Whaling

1

Forest Management,and Prelected Areas

Certified Sustainable Paperin Your Textbook

274

275

276

281

286

290

294

300

306

307

Forest Ecosystems and Forest Resources

Forest Loss

Forest ManagementParks and Protected Areas

The Science Behind the Story:

Fighting over Fire and Forests

The Science Behind the Story:Forest Fragmentation in the Amazon

The Urban Environment:

Creating Sustainable

Cities

Managing Growth in

Portland, Oregon

Our Urbanizing World

Sprawl

Creating Livable Cities

Urban Sustainability

The Science Behind the Story: Baltimore

and Phoenix Showcase Urban Ecology

14 Environmental Health

and Toxicology

Poison in the Bottle:

Is Bisphenol A Safe?

Environmental Health

The Science Behind the Story:

Testing the Safety of Bisphenol A

Toxic Substances and Their

Effects on Organisms

Toxic Substances and Their

Effects on Ecosystems

Studying Effects of Hazards

The Science Behind the Story:Pesticides and Child Development in

Mexico's Yaqui ValleyRisk Assessment and Risk Management

Philosophical and Policy Approaches

.water Systemsand Resources

Starving the Louisiana Coast

of Sediment

Freshwater SystemsHuman Activities Affect Waterways

The Science Behind the Story:Is It Better in a Bottle?

Solutions to Depletion of Fresh Water

Freshwater Pollution and Its Control

The Science Behind the Story: Hypoxiaand the Gulf of Mexico's "Dead Zone"

1

rces

Collapse of the

Cod Fisheries

388

389

391

396

400

405

408

410

419

420

The Oceans 421

Marine and Coastal Ecosystems 426

The Science Behind the Story:Wilt Climate Change Rob Us of Coral Reefs? 428

Marine Pollution 432

The Science Behind the Story:

Predicting the Oceans' "Garbage Patches" 434

Emptying the Oceans 437

Marine Conservation 443

17 Atmospheric Science!,Air Quality, and

Pollution Control

Clearing the Air in L.A.

and Mexico City

The Atmosphere

Outdoor Air Quality

The Science Behind the Story:

Measuring the Health Impactsof Mexico City's Air Pollution

448

449

450

456

466

Ozone Depletion and Recovery

The Science Behind the Story:

Discovering Ozone Depletionand the Substances Behind It

Addressing Acid Deposition

Indoor Air Quality

18 Global Climate Change

Rising Seas May Flood

the Maldives

Our Dynamic Climate

Studying Climate Change

The Science Behind the Story: ReadingHistory in the World's Longest Ice Core

Current and Future Trends and Impacts

The Science Behind the Story:How Do Climate Models Work?

Responding to Climate Change

sit Fuels,Their Impacts, and

Energy Conservation

Alberta's Oil Sands and

the Keystone XL Pipeline

Sources of EnergyFossil Fuels and Their Extraction

The Science Behind the Story: LocatingFossil Fuel Deposits Underground

Addressing Impacts of Fossil Fuel Use

The Science Behind the Story:

Discovering Impacts of the Gulf Oil Spill

Energy Efficiency and Conservation

20 Conventional Energytives

Sweden's Search for

Alternative Energy

Alternatives to Fossil Fuels 554

Nuclear Power 555

The Science Behind the Story; Health

Impacts of Chernobyl and Fukushima 562

Bioenergy 566

The Science Behind the Story:Assessing EROI Values of Energy Sources 572

Hydroelectric Power 574

w Rene. ' •.

•

Alternatives -

l

Germany Goes Solar 581

"New" Renewable Energy Sources 582

The Science Behind the Story:Comparing Energy Sources 586

Solar Energy 588

The Science Behind the Story:What Are the Impacts of Solar

and Wind Development? 592

Wind Power 594

Geothermal Energy 598

Ocean Energy Sources 600

Hydrogen 602

22 Managing Our'Waste 608

Transforming New York's

Fresh Kills Landfill 609

Approaches to Waste Management 610

Municipal Solid Waste 611

The Science Behind the Story:

Tracking Trash 620

Industrial Solid Waste 622

Hazardous Waste 624

The Science Behind the Story:Testing the Toxicity of "E-Waste" 628

•

'

•. . ... -: Lining"

<

}i&':>i^8 Mining for. . . Cell Phones? 634

HS ^^^fcstf*%', J3m ^ItPtm

Earth's Mineral Resources 635

Mining Methods and Their Impacts 639

The Science Behind the Story:

Mountaintop Removal Mining: Assessingthe Environmental Impacts 644

Toward Sustainable Mineral Use 646

24 Sustainable Solutions 653

aDeAnza College Strives

for a Sustainable Campus 654

Sustainability on Campus 655

Strategies for Sustainability 665

Precious Time 670

Appendix A

Answers to Data Analysis Questions A-1

Appendix B

How to Interpret Graphs EM

Appendix C

Metric System C-1

Appendix D

Periodic Table of the Elements D-1

Appendix I

Geologic Time Scale E-1

Glossary G-l

uedite CR-1

Selected Sources and References

for Further Reacting R-l

Jnoex M

ix