ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY ISSUES : ROLES OF SCIENCE …PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THAILAND...
Transcript of ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY ISSUES : ROLES OF SCIENCE …PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THAILAND...
ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY ISSUES :ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY ISSUES :ROLES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TO ROLES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY TO PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT PROMOTE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
IN THAILANDIN THAILAND
Monthip S. TabucanonMinistry of Natural Resources and Environment
92 Soi Phaholyothin 7,Phaholyothin RoadBangkok 10400,Thailand
One of the remarkable features of Thailand’s economic growth during past two decades has been the rapid expansion of industrial sector. Since 1981, the manufacturing sector in Thailand has grown at an average rate of over 10%
The share of manufacture sector in GDP has alsorisen from 23% in (1981) to 29% in (2005). The structureof manufacturing has also changed substantiallyduring the same period. The number of firms has grownrapidly in industries such as fabricated metal products,mechinery and transport equipment.
Table 1 shows :Table 1 shows : Manufacturing Value Added Shares Sub Sectors at Constant 2003 prManufacturing Value Added Shares Sub Sectors at Constant 2003 pricesices
2.6541350,000,0009,289,510Leather16
6.902310,030,995,722692,368,357Iron15
22.33067,191,415,0001,605,883,925Glass14
3.3983746,644,98125,372,910Furniture12
2.02984,500,108,96791,343,015Shoes11
2.646838,172,690,7001,010,370,053Food10
2.71786,476,679,650176,025,335Electric Machinery and Supplies9
10.712069,484,406,9787,443,184,167Chemical8
16.19956,455,393,0181,045,738,171Ceramic7
10.3465370,605,82038,344,843Cement6
5.380110,842,921,659583,362,170Transport Equipment5
0.455724,538,600,000111,824,787Cars4
5.96964,074,408,988243,226,633Aluminium3
0.878812,574,873,655110,505,962Aircondition2
3.3578341,780,00011,476,443Agricultural Machinery1
% Energy value per production value
Production Cost[Baht]
Energy Consumption[Baht]SubsectorsN
o.
Table 1 shows:Table 1 shows: Manufacturing Value Added Shares Sub Sectors at Constant 2003 prManufacturing Value Added Shares Sub Sectors at Constant 2003 prices. (Continue)ices. (Continue)
6.0521313,381,591,41518,966,259,878Average
2.757819,699,301,657543,268,026Petrochemical30
0.2143310,059,206664,400Ornament29
4.334262,000,000,0002,687,221,028Petroleum27
4.10104,113,892,359168,708,802Machinery25
11.72176,654,997,632780,079,437Textile24
1.2903768,194,0009,911,815Wearing apparel23
10.90041,285,755,000140,152,750Plywood22
3.73217,299,382,751272,422,617Rubber21
11.03206,760,193,463745,784,217Paper and Pulp20
1.73011,257,219,00021,751,517Printing19
5.83986,730,015,349393,021,928Plastic18
1.4120351,055,8594,957,060Drug17
% Energy value per production value
Production Cost[Baht]
Energy Consumption[Baht]SubsectorsNo.
Source : The Institute of Industrial Energy (2005)
Some of there manufacturers are considered highlypolluting especially in terms of hazardous and toxicwaste generation.
II) STATE OF ENERGY USE IN THAILANDII) STATE OF ENERGY USE IN THAILANDAlthough domestic energy production in Thailandis growing. The country still imports the majorityof its energy.
Table 2 shows : The demand and supply of energy (2000Table 2 shows : The demand and supply of energy (2000--2004) in Thailand2004) in Thailand
6.16.95.32.14.8GDP (%)
14.19.45.310.73.8Import
1.16.36.217.4Production
7.75.46.55.21.9Usage
6464626360Import/Usage (%)
991869795755682Import
679672631594589Supply
1,4551,3521,2821,2031,144Demand
20042003200220012000
Source : Office of National Social Economic Development Board (2004)
Figure 1 : The ratio of energy production in ThailandFigure 1 : The ratio of energy production in Thailand
57%13%
9%
17%4%
Natural Gas Crude oil CondensateLignite Hydro power
Source : NEPO (2005)
Figure 2 : The imported amount of commercial energy (2002 Figure 2 : The imported amount of commercial energy (2002 -- 2004)2004)
00.5
11.5
22.5
33.5
2002 2003 2004equa
l to
thou
sand
bas
ser
of
crud
e oi
l per
day
Source : NEPO (2005)
Domestically- produced oil contributer only about
7% of the total requirement which is shipped
To domestic oil refineries for processing.
Table 3 : The cost of imported energy use in Thailand (baht)Table 3 : The cost of imported energy use in Thailand (baht)
566,389411,130341,763331,033312,601Total
5,6594,1594,4744,7014,671Electriciting
12,2759,3707,8727,4895,068Coal
46,05342,63535,07330,5597,839Natural gas
15,7758,9097,3913,9119,160Gasoline
486,627346,057286,953284,373285,862Crude oil
20022001200019991998Type
Source : NEPO (2005)
• Between 2003 to 2004, average energy consumption
in Thailand increased by more than 10% per year.
A major expansion in the electricity sector is
underway in order to meet this rapid projected
increase in demand. Installed capacity is expected
to more than double over the next decade from
approximatally 9,000 megawatts in 1991 to about
19,000 MW in 2001 and up to 25,000 MW by 2006
Figure 3 : Energy Consumption in ThailandFigure 3 : Energy Consumption in Thailand
795 869991
0200
400600800
10001200
2002 2003 2004equa
l to
thou
sand
bas
sel o
f cr
ude
oil p
erda
y
Source : NEPO (2005)
Thailand has signed memoranda of understanding(MOU) for 3,000 MW for power import from Lao PDR By the year 2006 and for 1,500 MW of power import from Myanmar by the year 2010
Additionally an agreement has been arranged forThe import of 7,500 MW of power from Yunnan’s Jinghong Hydroelectric Project.
Table 3 shows: Information on Plan for Table 3 shows: Information on Plan for HydroclectricHydroclectric Project in Greater Project in Greater MaekongMaekong SubSub--regionregion
1998/99725Yadana, YelagunMyanmar to Thailand
Gas
199960Nam Leuk,
1998150Houay Ho
1998210Theun-Hinboun
Since 199145Xeset
Since 1972150Nam NgumLaoPDR to Thailand
A. Current Projects
Year ofCompletio
n
Capacity(MW)
ProjectName
CountriesProjectType
GMS Subregional Energy Trade
Table 3 : Information on Plan for Table 3 : Information on Plan for HydroclectricHydroclectric Project in Greater Project in Greater MaekongMaekong SubSub--region (continue)region (continue)
4,713Total MW
20061,500JinghongYunnan to Thailand
2006468Xe Kaman 1
2006390Xe Pian SNN
2003460Nam Ngum 3
2005615Nam Ngum 2
2005680Nam Theun 2Lao PDR to ThailandHydropower
2005600Hong Sa LigniteLao PDR to ThailandThermal PowerB. Firmly Planned Projects
Table 3 : Information on Plan for Table 3 : Information on Plan for HydroclectricHydroclectric Project in Greater Project in Greater MaekongMaekong SubSub--region (continue)region (continue)
ca.5,000Various projectsYunnan to Thailand
ca. 7,0008 projectsMyanmar to Thailand
ca.1001 projectsCambodia to Thailand
ca.351 projectsLao PDR to Cambodia
ca. 6003 projectsLao PDR to Viet Nam
2,5008 projectsLao PDR to ThailandHydropowerC. Possible Future Projects
Source : Asian Development Bank
Petroleum products, natural gas, coal and lignite
constituted a major share of total energy consumed
in 2004 by 7%. Renewable energy, consisting fuel wood.
paddy husk and baggasse is also significant and
contributed about 26% of total energy required.
Figure 4 : The energy consumption from different sourcesFigure 4 : The energy consumption from different sources
22,0
45
23,3
15
24,5
38
23,6
93
25,3
50
28,5
63
44,7
27
48,2
52
50,6
18
192
228
245
8,46
6
8,99
2
9,00
0
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
2002 2003 2004
Household Business Industry Agricalture etc.
III) STATE OF ENVIRONMENT IN BANGKOK, THAILAND
3.1 Air Quality
-10%-Opacity Standard
1,000 ppm.-100 mg/m3CO Limit
400 mg/m3--HCl Limit
470 mg/m3-100 mg/m3NOx Limit
140 mg/m3-100 mg/m3SO2 Limit
400 mg/m3-100 mg/m3TSP Limit
-YesYesFuel and Emissions Controls
-Gas or DieselLPGFuel Type
-1 second1 secondSecondary Chamber Residence Time
-1,000oC850oCSecondary Combustion Chamber
--11%Standards O2 (dry)%
-22Number of Chambers
Infectious Waste Incinerator Standards
National Standards
BMA StandardsPARAMETER
Table 4: Comparison of Crematory Standards in Thailand
Table 5 : Estimated Potential Emissions Reductions (Ton per Year)
0.9311.00880%1.260CO
1.8010.53035%1.515NOx
0.9360.49253%0.928SO2
1.3771.66684%1.984Particulate
Total Future
Emission
Potential Emission
Reductions
Percent Reduction Required
Current Emissions from
Wood-Fired Facilities
Pollutant
3.1.1 Ambient Air Quality
0/79,930 (0)17023.90-157.0Nitrogen dioxide,1 hour average, in ppb
0/3,236 (0)1205.200-25.4Sulfur dioxide, 24 hour average, in ppb
0/76,252 (0)3005.200-98.0Sulfur dioxide, 1 hour average, in ppb
93/62,669 (0.15)10013.70-162.0Ozone, 1 hour average, in ppb
0/83,928 (0)90.900-5.2Carbon monoxide,8 hour average, in ppm
0/81,379 (0)300.850-9.19Carbon monoxide,1 hour average, in ppm
7/1,775 (0.39)12049.416.7-141.7Small particulate matter (PM10), 24 hour average, µg/m3
0/491 (0)0.330.100.01-0.31Total suspended particulate (TSP), 24 hour average, in mg/m3
Number of data that exceeded
standard/total data (%exceeding)
StandardValue
Average Range(Min-Max)
Air Pollutants
Table 6: Ambient Air Quality in Bangkok Metropolis
3.1.2 Roadside Air Quality
1/23,914 (0.004)17036.740-171.0Nitrogen dioxide,1 hour average, in ppb
0/1,069 (0)1207.710-52.9Sulfur dioxide, 24 hour average, in ppb
0/21,595 (0)3007.710-76.0Sulfur dioxide, 1 hour average, in ppb
1/12,790 (0.008)1008.780-113.0Ozone, 1 hour average, in ppb
9/57,144 (0.015)91.860-9.6Carbon monoxide,8 hour average, in ppm
0/56,815 (0)301.900-16.6Carbon monoxide,1 hour average, in ppm
69/1,814 (3.8)12057.89.3-268.6Small particulate matter (PM10), 24 hour average, µg/m3
29/677 (4.3)0.330.180.01-0.50Total suspended particulate (TSP), 24 hour average, in mg/m3
Number of data that exceeded
standard/total data (%exceeding)
StandardValue
Average Range(Min-Max)
Air Pollutants
Table 7: Air Quality at Roadside in Bangkok Metropolis, 2002
Figure 5: Particulate Matter of Small Sizes Less Than 10 Micron (PM10), on 24 Hour Average Measurements, at Roadside of Bangkok During 1992-2002
3.1.3 Public Health Problems Resulting from Air Pollution.
Health studies in Bangkok on Air Pollutants
• Health effects centered on respiratory-related illnesses
• Association between respiratory symptoms and PM10
Health studies in Bangkok on Air Pollutants
• Incidence of upper respiratory symptoms (high exposed to PM10) 30 µg/m3 increase of PM10 at 9 % for children
at 26 % for adults
• Incidence of upper respiratory symptoms (lower exposed to PM10) 9 % for adults exposed for PM10
Health studies in Bangkok on Air Pollutants
• Incidence of lower respiratory symptoms (lower exposed to PM10)30 µg/m3 increase of PM10 at 1 % for childrenat 20 % for adults (high exposed)at 5 % for adults (low exposed)
Health studies in Bangkok on Air Pollutants
30 µg/m3 daily increase in PM10 resulted in 5.3 % to 17.6 % daily increase in hospital admissions
Health studies in Bangkok on Air Pollutants
Figure 6: Level of PM10 concentration and the number of outpatients with respiratory diseases peak
Table 8: Thailand Health Impact and Costs by PM10 in Six Citiesin Thailand for 2000
643.99,6262,33014Total
214641040.00611.241Songkhla
56.81,4262860.00552.651NakhonRatchasima
59.21,4763240.0061.866Khon Kaen
26.16301340.00581.151Nakhon Sawan
5681,0803900.009851.657Chiang Mai
4244,5501,0920.00655.764Bangkok
Cost in million
US$
Chromic Bronchitis
Excess deaths
Mortality Rate
Population
(million)
PM10(ug/m3)
City
Figure 7: Health Costs of PM10 for Six Major Provinces (billion Baht)
Figure 8: Health Costs of PM10 for Bangkok, 2001-2020
3.2 Water quality3.2.1 Surface Water Contamination
Table 9: Quantity of Wastewater in Bangkok Metropolis
3,870,600780,560227,2202,862,8202022
3,356,540662,650200,6602,493,2302017
2,909,715562,550178,3452,168,8202012
2,514,265477,575159,2401,877,4502007
2,172,610405,430142,6001,624,5202002
Total (cu.m/day)
Industry (cu.m/day)
Commercial (cu.m/day)
From Households (cu.m/day)
Year
Figure 9: Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Loading for Bangkok Metropolis
Table 10: Wastewater Treatment Projects in Operation and Under Construction
StatusP (mg/l)
N (mg/l)
BOD (mg/l)
2002 (cu.m/day)
Capacity (cu.m/day)
Area (sq.km)
---307,000992,000191.7Total
Under constructio
n
----150,00033.46. BMA-4 (Chatuchak)
1.22.4447,00065,00042.0-Rajaburana
Operation0.810.74100,000157,00044.0- Nongkhaem5. BMA-3
Operation2.34.14107,000200,00028.54. Chongnonsi
Under constructio
n
----350,00037.03. BMA-1 (Dindaeng)
Operation0.30.81233,00040,0004.12. Rattanakosin
Operation3.010420,00030,0002.71. Si Phaya
ProjectQuality
EffluentInfluent inTreatmentService Project
3.2.2 Groundwater contamination
3.2.3 Drinking Water Supply and Management
3.3 Solid and Hazardous Waste
Table 11: Per Capita Solid Waste Generation Rates in Thailand, 2002
5.0Patong Beach, Phuket1.6Pattaya, Chon Buri
Tourist areas0.4-0.6Rural areas
1.3Kanchanaburi0.6Chantha Buri0.7Ranong1.0Khon Kaen1.3Bangkok
0.4-1.9Urban areas0.65Thailand average
Generation Rate (kg/cap/day)
Figure 10: Per Capita Solid Waste Generation for Asian Cities
Figure 11: Amount of Solid Waste Collected within Bangkok Metropolis
during 1987-2002 and projection for 2003-2015
Figure 12: Composition of Collected Solid Waste, 2002
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
Combustibles 91.01 91.63 92.31 89.67 93.23 93.94 97.37 95.08 93.77 90.42
Paper 15.40 13.99 14.49 11.25 11.39 11.58 9.57 8.66 8.58 13.58
Cloth 4.50 3.49 1.95 7.34 6.17 3.71 11.01 6.43 4.00 4.58
Plastic and foam 16.02 20.66 18.72 19.06 17.43 19.80 25.84 19.47 19.41 20.76
Wood and leaves 4.24 5.89 5.39 2.98 5.77 14.51 7.89 6.77 7.52 6.59
Food Scraps 15.76 14.72 20.72 28.74 44.28 35.54 35.41 46.88 46.92 34.16
Leather and Rubber 2.17 0.15 0.82 2.36 0.62 0.82 2.15 0.11 0.78 2.19
Unclassifiable 32.92 32.73 30.22 17.93 7.57 7.87 5.50 6.76 6.56 8.57
Non-combustibles 8.99 8.37 7.69 10.34 6.77 6.17 2.63 4.92 6.23 9.58
Metal 2.52 2.00 1.28 2.76 2.30 2.00 0.96 1.49 1.64 2.19
Glass 4.65 4.64 3.86 6.72 4.47 4.17 1.67 2.57 2.30 5.07
Stones and Ceramics 0.61 1.11 1.77 0.46 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.51 1.00 0.58
Bones and Shells 1.21 0.62 0.78 0.40 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.35 1.29 1.74
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
Percentage of Total WeightType of Waste
Table 13: MSW Recycling Rates in Asian Cities
City MSW RecycledHong Kong 36%
Seoul 45 %
Singapore 39%
Manila 13%
Bangkok 15%
Beijing < 10%
IV) GOVERNMENT POLICIES FOR SCIENCE IV) GOVERNMENT POLICIES FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ON AND TECHNOLOGY ON
ENERGY AND ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT
4.1 Science and Technology Policy4.1 Science and Technology Policy
Expedite the development of personnel in the areas of science and technology at every level. Support sustainable national development and prepare the country for entering the New Economy.
Promote science and technology in the area of
research and development by providing support to
agencies in both the public and private sectors to
benefit the management and production of
small-and-medium-sized enterprises.
Science and technology should be used to help resolve economic, social and environmental problems as well as the selection of the appropriate skills suitable to improve the potential, expertise and proficiency of the people.
Promote the use of technology, particularly
information technology, for modern
administration and management in order to
respond to the needs of national economic and
social development.
Revise and amend the laws dealing with science
and technology.
Manage the environment, in an integrated manner
by upholding the principles of good governance and
popular participation by the people and the local
community.
4.2 Environmental Policy4.2 Environmental Policy
Promote and encourage participation by
the people and the community in waste
control and waste disposal, both of which
affect the health, welfare and quality of life of
the people.
Environmental PolicyEnvironmental Policy
Support the notion of taking social costs into
consideration. In managing the environment
and natural resources, the Government
supports the principle that whoever causes
pollution shall also bear the costs as well as the
system of joint rights.
Environmental PolicyEnvironmental Policy
Promote technological research and
development with a view to in creasing
Thailand’s capacity to manage, conserve and
restore the environment.
Environmental PolicyEnvironmental Policy
Set national environmental standards that are
suitable for and compatible with Thailand’s level
of development in the scientific, economic and
social spheres.
Environmental PolicyEnvironmental Policy
Set standards for controlling the importation of
chemical, toxic and hazardous substances in
accordance with the international standards set by
developed countries.
Environmental PolicyEnvironmental Policy
Promote the combined use of energy by
further developing the use and exploitation of
Thailand’s natural gas, which is a domestic
resource, as the country’s major source of
energy.
4.3 Energy Policy4.3 Energy Policy
Promote the efficient procurement and use of
alternative energy sources by expediting the
survey, development and procurement of
alternative energy sources as well as by
promoting research and development of
innovative energy sources for the purpose of
energy conservation.
Energy PolicyEnergy Policy
Emphasize energy management to increase the
competitiveness of Thailand’s production
sector and to enhance the stability of energy
prices through appropriate monetary, fiscal
and managerial measures.
Energy PolicyEnergy Policy
V) ROLES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY V) ROLES OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY ON ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY ON ENVIRONMENT AND ENERGY
ISSUES ISSUES
5.1 Study on Energy Supply and Demand5.1 Study on Energy Supply and Demand
The main objectives of the study are to analyseenergy demand and supply situations in the country during the period of 20 years, and to assist the country in preparing a plan for the future energy development and revising the Energy Conservation Plan.
The specific objectives are :
To review and update energy demand forecast of the country.To formulate least-cost energy supply development strategics of Thailand over the study period.To develop a strategy and policy framework for building a sustainable energy future.
Task 1 : Review The Past Growth of the Economy
• Past Growth and Development patterns based on existing statistics and data
• National Development Plans• Various report prepared by Development Bank and
International Organizations
Task 2 : Review The Long Term Development Plan of Country’s Economy
• macro-economic and development policy • sectoral and regional allocation of public, private
and foreign investment • global economic situation• energy resources, and their evolution in the long
term.
Task 3 : Review and Update Energy Demand Forecasts
• Existing energy demand forecasts of the country
• Forecast energy demand up to 2025
Task 4 : Investigate Energy Supply Options
• Assess available energy supply options
• Assess the available resources of fossil fuels
Task 5 : Formulate Long Term Energy SupplyDevelopment and Identify the Most Feasible Energy Supply Options.
• Carry out the energy supply system analysis for
energy sector development.
• Provide the framework for analysing and evaluating
all the social and environmental impacts of various
energy scenarios
5.2 Study on Energy and Conservation Plan5.2 Study on Energy and Conservation Plan
The Main objectives are to develop suggested
and an action plan to meet the neds of
country’s energy policies in terms of overall
conservation in the use and development
of energy resources
The specific objectives are :
Potential and preferred options
Implementation experience of the Energy Conservation Plan
Attitudes and beliefs of key stakeholders
Preferences and policies of government and private sector leaders guiding the development and investment in the power, building, industry, and transportation sectors.
5.3 Integration of Recycling into the energy 5.3 Integration of Recycling into the energy conservation planconservation plan
The main objectives of the study are to
develop a recycling strategy and incorporated
the impacts of the recycling strategy into the
energy conservation plan.
The specific objectives are :
Incorporate of the relevant impacts of the recycling strategy into the energy conservation plan.
Development of a description of the existing recycling infrastructure
Development of case studies of different
recycling approachesAnalysis of the case studies to identify appropriate approaches to recycling in the country.Development of a comprehensive recycling strategy
5.4 Management of energy use in industrial and 5.4 Management of energy use in industrial and
urban transportation sectors to control urban transportation sectors to control
green house gas and air pollution is the citiesgreen house gas and air pollution is the cities
The main objectives of the study are to identify the increase of energy consumption and green house gas (GHG) emissions take place from different sectors in cities.
The specific objectives are :
To identify the demand for passenger mobility and
freight transport
To evaluate the number of automobiles which will
exacerbate traffic congestion and air and noise
pollution as well as energy consumption and carbon
dioxide emission
To identify the energy scenarios and carbon dioxide in cities.
To provide good basis for cities to consider comprehensive action strategies which promote sustainable development.
To identify emission reduction strategies in different cities’ condition
5.5 Assessment of environmental externalities 5.5 Assessment of environmental externalities
and social benefits of renewable energy and social benefits of renewable energy
programmeprogramme
The main objectives of the study are to provide
necessary information about the external costs and
benefits to the society associated with production
and use of a certain energy form.
The specific objectives are :
To promote the extensive use of abundantly available renewable energy resources
To provide policy makers with necessary information in
order to justify the promotion of renewable energies in
the context of sustainable development
To assess the social effects (benefit to the society)
To assess the environmental externalities
(damages to society)
5.6 Evaluation of conditions for electricity 5.6 Evaluation of conditions for electricity
production in the country based on production in the country based on
biomassbiomass
The study aims at providing background information
for prioritizing the resources available for the
promotion of renewable energy.
The specific objectives are :
To identify the main barriers in the dissemination of the utilization of biomass for energy purposes.
To provide information necessary for analyzing the financial, economic and environmental implications of possible pricing incentives.
5.7 Sound energy management in the city5.7 Sound energy management in the city
The study is to identify measures in the city to tackle urban warming and GHG emission issues.
The specific objectives are :
To increase the awareness of the city in giving
high priority to global issues
To strengthen the energy efficiency improvement
programme
To provide GHG mitigation implicity in the implementation of local air pollution measures and energy sector restructuring.
To provide broader policy agendas related to emission trading and mandatory reductions in the corporate sector.
5.8 National and local capacity building for 5.8 National and local capacity building for
energy environment managementenergy environment managementEnergy management has traditionally not been priority for municipal policy makers as major energy – related decisions are usually made by national governments.
• No comprehensive policy framework exists forenergy issues at the local level
5.8 National and local capacity building for 5.8 National and local capacity building for
energy environment managementenergy environment management
• Intervention in energy – related policies at the local level emerge primarily either from energy availability or from the impact of energy use on environment.
• A comprehensive policy framework for urban environmental management is lacking and fragmented into different sectors and acted without proper coordination
Further management plan:
To improve the scientific information base for
understanding and finding the solutions to
reduce carbon dioxide
To improve the institutional capacities and arrangements for addressing policy integration at national and local levels.
To promote research on the opportunities for and constraints on policy integration on its impacts.
To reorient sectoral planning towards holistic urban-level planning.
To enhance national and local cooperation in
mitigating emissions.
To create forums for sharing experiences.
To increase the role of international institution in promoting policy integration.
Further management plan:
VI) PROMOTION COOPERATION AND VI) PROMOTION COOPERATION AND
STRATEGYSTRATEGY
6.1 Renewable Energy Partnerships for Poverty 6.1 Renewable Energy Partnerships for Poverty Eradication and Sustainable Development:Eradication and Sustainable Development:Partners for Asia.Partners for Asia.
The main objectives are to prove the role of renewableenergy in poverty eradication through the creation of partnerships and to support policy making in the areas of renewable energy and sustainable resource management, health and enterprise development.
The plan is in line with the Millennium Development Goals by focus on better access to sustainable energy services for serving the energy poor in Asia.
Partnerships : Renewable energy and sustainable
resource management
Policy Partnership : Government Policy on
Fuel use
Policy Partnership : Government Policy on
Cogeneration
Programme Partnership : Reduction of Indoor Air
pollution in Poor
Households
Action Partnership : Bioenergy and Small-
hydro to improve Access
to Energy Services
Action Partnership : Biomass
• Programme Partnership : Micro credits and seed capital to Entrepreneurs Active in the field of Clean and Sustainable Energy
• Action Partnership : Water and Sanitation
• Policy Partnership : Comprehensive Renewable Energy Policy Methodology
• Action Partnership : Energy Service Companies for Rural Electrification
6.2 Joint Acidification Study in Asia 6.2 Joint Acidification Study in Asia
Acidification of ecosystems are regionally transportedby the air masses and act as acidifying substances in the environment.
To secure a sustainable emission database for
Asia, through capacity building in cost- effective
methods to perform yearly updates.
To address and quantify the relative importance
of different air pollutant emission sources.
The specific objectives are:
To formulate the policies related to clean air in
the region.
To review existing data related to “Critical Load
“and to analyse the possible role of “ integrated
assessment models “ in comparing effects and
potential mitigation measures.
To adapt the more relevant multi-component/
multi-effect approach in assessing the regional air
pollution situation.
VII) CONCLUSIONSVII) CONCLUSIONS
The growing gap between demand and
supply of urban environmental infrastructures
and public services is very significant at the
national and regional levels.
Changes in the demand of energy consumption
have accelerated the pace of urban economic
growth and create the environmental pollution.
With further rapid economic growth and urban clustering expected, the environment and energy situation can only create the problems unless countermeasures are adopted in time.
Research and development on energy and
environment shows that factors such as
institutional arrangement, policies, technology,
partnerships can have a larger impact on
sustainable development.