Environment and Ecology Note

8/11/2019 Environment and Ecology Note

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of an individual or household as a part of their daily lives; or in case of a product orcommodity in reaching the market. the total amount of GHG emission caused directly orindirectly by an individual, organization, events or products is called "Carbon Footprint" ofthat entity. as far as carbon footprint is concerned India...contributes 4.7 percent f the totalglobal output...wit US contributing 19.7 pc.

What is biomass???Total mass of living matter in given unit area.how many tiger reserves are there in India ?

INDIA First Interstate Biosphere Reserve?shivalik hills cz it will involve several states like Punjab, Haryana , Himachal Pradesh, Jammuand Kashmir, and Uttarakhand,”

JIM CORBETT NATIONAL PARK. DESCRIBE.**Jim Corbett National Park India had the proud distinction of being chosen as the venue forthe inauguration of Project Tiger in India; earlier part of Uttar Pradesh now comes underUttaranchal, the newly found state. Jim Corbett National Park India is home to a variety offlora and fauna, Corbett park is famous for its wild population of Tigers, Leopards andElephants. Corbett Tiger Reserve has...a great variety of fauna on account of habitat diversity.In the Jim Corbett National Park are found 110 tree species, 50 mammals' species, 580 birdspecies and 25 reptile species

**Jim Corbett National Park India has always been famous for their resident tigers. InitiallyJim Corbett National Park reserve was named as 'Hailey National Park' in 1936. Jim Corbett

National Park was renamed in 1954-55 as 'Ramganga National Park' and again in 1955-56 as'Jim Corbett National Park' after Jim Corbett who hunted down tigers that had turned man-eaters, between 1907 to 1939. Jim Corbett National Park India is the 1st and oldest NationalPark of India. Jim Corbett National Park India was one of the nine Tiger Reserves created atthe launch of the Project Tiger in 1973.

**Jim Corbett National Park India is a haven for Tigers as well as its prey, which includefour kinds of Deer, Wild Boar and some lesser-known animals. Leopards are mostly found inthe hilly areas of the Corbett park. Some nocturnal cats found here are the Leopard Cat,Jungle Cat and Fishing Cat. Sloth Bear is found in the lower regions of the park while theHimalayan Black Bear is seen in the higher hills only. The Dole or Wild Dog, though theycan be seen in the southern areas of the park along with the Jackal. Some of the smallerresidents of the park are Himalayan Palm Civet, Indian Gray Mongoose, Common Otter,Blacknaped Hare and Porcupine. Elephants are among one of the main attractions of JimCorbett Park. Along the Ramganga River shores, one can spot the long-snouted, fish-eatingGharial Crocodile and the 'Mugger' Crocodile. Also seen on the rocky hillsides is the Ghoralor Goat Antelopes. The Langur and Rhesus Monkeys are well distributed through out the jimcorbett national park and warning the whole Jungle with alarm calls when they see either aTiger or Leopard from tree-top perches.

NATIONAL HERITAGE ANIMAL???




Elephant. Govt of India lauch project ELEPHANT in 1992 for conserve elephant in india.

WHAT IS MULTIPURPOSE RIVER PROJECT???Multi - purpose means Dam construct on river its water use for Irrigation, Hydro - Electricity

project , fish farming, additional facilities may be added for such leisure activities as fishingand sailing.the newly created reservoir may have other uses and the water may then be utilised moreefficiently by the local populace, water way and water use as domestic use and potable waterit means multipurpose river project like Sardar Sarovar Dam on Narmada river.

WHAT IS BIOTOPE???area of uniform environmental conditions providing a living place for a spec ific assemblageof plants and animals.

What is the most widely used traditional water conservation system ?It is the rooftop rainwater harvesting system which was widely used in india.. its also beingused in rajashthan, tamilnadu etc..

WHAT ARE UNCLASSED FORESTS?An area recorded as forest but not included in reserved or protected forest. unclassed forestsare managed by the local people and communities as in most of the parts of north-easternstates ..

WHO CLAIMED DAMS AS THE “TEMPLES OF MODERN INDIA”

AND WHY? pt nehru.. purposes of a dam include providing water for irrigation or town or city watersupply, improving navigation, creating a reservoir of water to supply industrial uses,generating hydroelectric power, creating recreation areas or ha...bitat for fish and wildlife,flood control and containing effluent from industrial sites such as mines or factories. Fewdams serve all of these purposes but some multi-purpose dams serve more than one .

WHAT IS BEEJ BACHAO ANDOLAN AND IT TOOK PLACE AT?late 1980s as a group of activists from the Henwal River Valley in Tehri district(Uttarakhand, India), led by Vijay Jardhari. this andolan was basically for the protection desiseed varieties..

JOINT FOREST MANAGMENT?

this programme vary from state to state and are known by different names in different Indianlanguages, usually a village committee known as the Forest Protection Committee (FPC) andthe Forest Department enter into a JFM agreement. Villagers agree to assist in thesafeguarding of forest resources through protection from fire, grazing, and illegal harvestingin exchange for which they receive non-timber forest products and a share of the revenuefrom the sale of timber products.

EXPLAIN ENDEMIC SPECIES?




is the ecological state of being unique to a defined geographic location, such as an island,nation or other defined zone, or habitat type; organisms that are indigenous to a place are notendemic to it if they are also found elsewhere... some of the examples are andaman teal,nicobar pigeons.. mithun in arunachal pradesh..

WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT?Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present withoutcompromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs along with protectionof the environment. THIS CONCEPT was developed burndtland commission in 1987.

WORLDS FASTEST LAND MAMMAL? EXTINCT DECLARED IN YEAR?Its Asiatic cheetah , extinct declared in year 1952.

WHAT IS AGENDA 21??Blue print of U.N.O related to sustainable development and was formulated during earthsummit in 1992.

WHAT ARE KEYSTONE SPECIES?The species which play a significant role in maintainence of the structure of ecologicalcommunity.

WHAT ARE ECOSYSTEM SERVICES??these are

1) protection of water resources as natural vegetation cover helps in maintaing hydrologicalcycles, regulatin n stabilisn run offsm acts as buffer agnst flood, drought,etc.2) soil formation and protection as biodiversity hlps in maintaing soil structure n increasesmoisture reating capacity as well as nutrient level of soil.

3)Nutrient storage n cycling : as nutrient recycln is an essential event in maintainence fecosystem so biological diversity is inevitble fr thz as b it micro organism in soil wch helps indecomposition or nitrate or nitryfyng bacteria al help in replinishn soil nutrients...4)Pollution, Breakdown and absorption: as diverse components of ecosystem wit spclmention of decomposers, breakdwn n assimilate wastes to mainatain balanc in ecosystm.... 5) climate stability: as vegetation influenc both micro n macro climate by be it maintainrainfall or trees absorbn co2 hence restorin a stable co2-o2 balance .

WHY OZONE HOLES ARE PREDOMINANTLY OVERANTARTICA ??

a) antartic stratosphere is much colder so enabls formtn f polar tratosphericcloud below20kmb) ozone absorbs lyt causin increase in temperature wid incrs in altitude bt if ozone depltd airis cooler addin to fav conditions fr formation f PSC n stabilisation of vortex...vortex is the ringof rapidly circulating air that confides ozone depletion.

ASIAN BROWN CLOUD??? In a report publishd by united nations envirmnt programme it ws about a 3 km thick layer f

pollutants ovr south asia. Its a cocktail f ash, aerosol n black soot fm diesel, dirty coal nbiomass burning wit impact f oil refrnries along gulf coastline bng acceleratin factor.Bng strongly criticised by indian govt nw the changd name f thz blnket f pollution is

Atmospheric Brown ClouD.




PHYTOFILTRATION IS SOLUTION TO ARSENIC POISONING???

Use of pteris vittata, a fern plant, can easly hlp purify water poisond with arsenic,It reduces the concentration below safet limits the procedure is called phytofiltration wchunlyk arsenic remvl othr strategies doesnt produce any arsenic rich chemcl sludge wch z

hard to dispose.

Farming is the largest source of man made greenhouse gases wenadded to emissions frm agriculture directly ...the recnt measures to correct this menace z by-a successful progm in ethiopia tht hs gvn cash n food to poor households in exchange fr labour on

projects to improve soil quality n water supply infrastructure2) australias Carbon Farming Initiative- the worlds first largest national legislation fr reducn co2emissions fm farmin n forestry allown farmers n imvestors to generate n trade carbon credits fmfarmin n forestry projcts...3) reducin wastage f food

Seven of fifteen biosphere reserves in india are part of world netwrk fbiosphr reservs based on UNESCO Man and Biosphere(MAB) programlist.Name them???nilgiri; nanda devi; sunderbans ; gulf of mannar ; pachmarhi ; nokrek ; simlipal....

Project panther?Its a five year project launchd by govt f rajasthan to save panthers fm gettin poachd bybuildng walls as well as hi embnkmnts arnd watr bodies...Its situatd in pali district's kumbhalgarh sanctuary...

What z clean development mechanism? Watever industries will b setup in an area..ld b after havng a clearance frm envio dept dat

they will pursue susatinable development...n dat dere wld b minimal damage to te envio....

How transpiration fm trees n crops cn hlp lessening progression f globalwarming?Enhancd surface evaporation in form f transpirtn causes an increase in low level clouds inatmsphere bng low these clouds scatter more solar radiation bck to space n hnce cools the

planet as whole lessngn global warmng. nimbus means rain bearin cloud.... Nimbus f two typs cumulonimbus n nimbostratal clouds...These r formd at low atmosphere due to warm weather conditions surroundin surfaceevaporation, hence at low hgts the vapours condense n gv rise to rain bearin droplets in form fgrayish clouds n also cn hv snow droplets if temp f coolin z below freezn temp near surface...




***Ownership (Section 40 & 42)Regarding ownership issues and trade licences.

***Penalties (Section 51)

Penalties are prescribed in section 51. Enforcement can be performed by agencies such as theForest Department, the Police, the Customs and the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI).Chargesheets can be filed directly by the Forest Department. Other enforcement agencies,often due to the lack of technical expertise, hand over cases to the Forest Department.

wat are bio-pesticides?

bio pesticidez r the eco friendly anti pest chemicals derived ma inly frm genetic enggrn as incase by bacillus thuringenesis wch inhibits growth f pests by trnsferrn its bt gene to thegenome of cotton n others so pests r inhibt fm goin on sch plants....it helps in curbin menance f inorgnc n environmently hazardous vhemicls lyk ddt n al by

promotin sustainable development...

A NOTE:

The Union Cabinet of India cleared the Nuclear Regulatory Authority of India Bill.TheBill envisages an Autonomous Atomic Energy Regulatory Board. A high-level panel havefinalised the rules of implementation of nuclear liability law. The bill would pave way forsetting up an authority that would subsume the Atomic Energy Regulatory Board (AERB).The AERB was set up in 1983 and reports to the Atom...ic Energy Commission. The billseeks to give the proposed Nuclear Regulatory Authority of India full power to stopconstruction work and order a shut down of an operating nuclear plant. The bill would givemore powers to the country's nuclear regulator by making it a statutory body. It is also

proposed that the NRAI order cannot be challenged in a court of law. The authority is likelyto include persons of eminence from engineering, environment, social, nuclear and financeareas. Indian Government decided to set up NRAI in the backdrop of the Fukushima nuclearaccident.....

NOTE 2:

Tibetan plateau's glaciers melting rapidly

* Glaciers in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, the source of many rivers that sustain China and theIndian subcontinent, are melting “faster than ever,” according to a five -year study by Chineseresearchers.* The researchers had focused their study on glaciers and wetlands near the headwaters of theYangtze, Yellow and Lancang rivers.* The melting of the glaciers could lead to a water shortage and even a dry-up of rivers in thelong run, and consequent ecological disasters like wetland retreat and desertification...




What is the Eco-Mark?

Eco-Mark is an eco-labelling scheme which was constituted... by the Government of India in1991 for easy identification of environment-friendly products.Objectives of the Scheme:The specific objectives of the scheme are as follow:1. To provide an incentive for manufacturers and importers to reduce adverse environmentalimpact of products.2. To reward genuine initiatives by companies to reduce adverse environmental impact oftheir products.3. To assist consumers to become environmentally responsible in their dail y lives by

providing information to take account of environmental factors in their purchase decisions.4. To encourage citizens to purchase products which have less harmful environmentalimpacts5. Ultimately to improve the quality of the environment and to encourage the sustainablemanagement of resources.

Ecomark label is shown in the figure

Scope of Eco-Mark:The Eco-Mark scheme initially covered about 16 product categories covering a wide range of

products. i.e. the Criteria for evaluating products under these categories were initiallyanalyzed and identified. At a later point, a 17th category was included.The product criteria were developed using a cradle-to-grave approach keeping in mind fulllife-cycle considerations of the environmental impact of the product i.e. all stages from rawmaterials to manufacturing, usage and disposal were analyzed and evaluated to determine thecriteria.Unique feature of the Eco-Mark vis-a-vis other Eco-LabelsEco-Mark is unique when compared to other eco-labels in one aspect; it also necessitatedmeeting the quality requirements of BIS (Bureau of Indian Standards)

Three Committees set-up for the Eco-Mark Scheme1. A Steering Committee in the Ministry of Environments and Forests




2. A Technical Committee in the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)3. Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) for assessment and certification purposes

NOTE 3:

Schemes for Increasing per Capita Forest Cover in the Country

*The per capita f...orest cover of India is 0.06 hectare while the global per capita forest coveris 0.6 hectare.*To increase the per capita forest coverage in the country, the Ministry of Environment &Forests is implementing a Centrally Sponsored Scheme of National Afforestation Programme(NAP) for regeneration of degraded forests and adjoining areas in the country.*The scheme is implemented through a decentralized mechanism of State Forest DepartmentAgency (SFDA) at State level, Forest Department Agency (FDA) at Forest Division level and

Joint Forest Management Committees (JFMCs) at village level.*The choice of species to be planted under NAP Scheme is decided by JFMCs, based onlocal preferences, suitability of land and agro climatic conditions.*Seven models of Afforestation have been recognized under the National AfforestationProgramme (NAP) and teak could be one of the species.

Besides NAP, the following steps have been taken to promote afforestation / tree planting inthe country which will help to increase the per capita forest coverage in the country:

· 1)Two new Eco-Task Force (ETF) Battalions have been operationalised by the Ministry foreco restoration of degraded areas in Assam, in addition to supporting the existing four ETF

battalions in the country. An amount of Rs. 31.91 Crores has been released during the 2010-11.

· 2)XIIIth Finance Commission has recommended Rs. 5000 crore for five years starting from2010-11 for activities including conservation and development of forests.

· 3)Additional Central assistance of Rs. 81.66 Crores has been released to the States during2009-10 for Restoration and Regeneration of Forest Cover.

· 4)Tree planting is also an approved activity under Mahatma Gandhi National RuralEmployment Guarantee Act.

NOTE 4:

The International Agency for Research on Cancer is an intergovernmentalagency forming part of the World Health Organisation of the United Nations.Its main offices are in Lyon, France.

The IARC categorizes agents, mixtures and exposures into five categories.Group 1: carcinogenic to humans.

... Group 2A: probably carcinogenic to humans.Group 2B: possibly carcinogenic to humans.




Group 3: not classifiable as to carcinogenicity in humans.Group 4: probably not carcinogenic to humans. Only one substance – caprolactam – has both

been assessed for carcinogenicity by the IARC and placed in this category,

Swarna Sub1: flood resistant rice variety..

In Tamil Nadu every year, out of the 15 lakh hectares (ha) of ric e cultivated during sambaseason an area of 3 to 5 lakh hectares gets affected by flood during the North East monsoon.

In particular, the flood-prone tail-end areas of delta districts and some of the coastal districtslike Thiruvarur and Nagapattinam are often affected due to flood, and as a result very lowrice production and productivity is recorded.

Water stagnation

Even though many high yielding improved rice varieties are available for cultivation, theysuffer due to floods and continuous water stagnation.

If the stagnation of flood water remains for more than a week, the present day varieties areunable to tolerate and thereby yield levels are drastically affected.

Natural phenomena

As this natural phenomenon is beyond human control, to overcome this problem, TNAU,Coimbatore has introduced Swarna Sub1, a rice variety that can resist floods and thereforewill be a boon to these areas.

The new variety can tolerate 14-17 days of water stagnation during floods. It is ideal for

growing under SRI conditions.

Submergence tolerance

The Swarna Sub 1 variety is similar to Swarna rice variety grown in eastern parts of thecountry in all characteristic features except submergence tolerance.

WHAT IS ECOTONE???Ecotone refers to the transitional zone b/w two different ecological unit which is gradual

changing landscape.E.g. Desert changes into grassland or broadleaf forest changes into temperate forest.




Write few words about Callophycus serratus, an effective agent in bio-remediation??

Its a seaweed wch is an agent of bio remediation hvn bromophycolides compounds...These weeds adept in fighting of microbial infectns espclly wardin off malaria causinmosquitoes since malaris highly resistant to most f modern drugs...

A NOTE ON ENVIORNMENTAL LAWS IN IND IA:

Environmental protection has always been a part and parcel of Indian culture as evidenced by thestipulated responsibilities of the state as well as Citizens for the nature and living being the

constitution of India under Article 48A and 51A(g).

Article 48A : The state shall endeavor to protect and improve the natural environment and safeguardthe forests and wildlife of the country.Article 51A(g): Fundamental duty of every citizen to protect and improve the natural environmentincluding forests,lakes,rivers and wildlife and have to compassion for living creatures.

In the Constitution of India it is clearly stated that it is the duty of the state to 'protect and improve theenvironment and to safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country'. It imposes a duty on everycitizen' to protect and improve the natural environment including forests,lakes,rivers and wildlife'.Reference to the environment has also been made in the Directive Principles of State policy as well asthe Fundamental Rights. The Department of Environment was established in India in 1980 to ensure ahealthy environment for the country. This later became the Ministry of Environment and Forest in1985.

The Constitutional provision are backed by a number of laws - acts,rules,and notifications. TheEPA(Environmental Protection Act), 1986 came into force soon after the Bhopal Gas Tragedy and isconsidered an umbrella legislation as it fills many gaps in the existing laws. Thereafter a large numberof laws came into existence as the problems began arising, for example, Handling and Management ofHazardous Waste Rules in 1989. Following is a list of the environmental legislation that have comeinto effect :• General • Fores t and Wildlife

• Water • Air General :Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (EPA)This Act is an umbrella legislation designed to provide a framework for the co-ordination of centraland state authorities established under the Water (Prevention and Control) Act, 1974 and Air(Prevention and Control) Act, 1981. Under this Act, the central government is empowered to takemeasures necessary to protect and improve the quality of the environment by setting standards foremissions and discharges; regulating the location of industries; management of hazardous wastes, and

protection of public health and welfare.From time to time the central government issues notifications under the EPA for the protection ofecologically-sensitive areas or issues guidelines for matters under the EPA.Some notifications issued under this Act are:• Doon Valley Notification (1989), which prohibits the setting up of an industry in which the daily




consumption of coal/fuel is more than 24 MT (million tonnes) per day in the Doon Valley.• Co astal Regulation Zone Notification (1991), which regulates activities along coastal stretches. As

per this notification, dumping ash or any other waste in the CRZ is prohibited. The thermal power plants (only foreshore facilities for transport of raw materials, facilities for intake of cooling water andoutfall for discharge of treated waste water/cooling water) require clearance from the MoEF.• Dhanu Taluka Notification (1991), under which the district of Dhanu Taluka has been declared anecologically fragile region and setting up power plants in its vicinity is prohibited.• Revdanda Creek Notification (1989), which prohibits setting up industries in the belt around theRevdanda Creek as per the rules laid down in the notification.• The Environmental Imp act Assessment of Development Projects Notification, (1994 and asamended in 1997). As per this notification:• All projects listed under Schedule I require environmental clearance from the M oEF. • Projects under the delicenced category of the New Industri al Policy also require clearance from theMoEF.• All developmental projects whether or not under the Schedule I, if located in fragile regions mustobtain MoEF clearance.• Industrial projects with investments above Rs 500 million must obtain MoEF clearan ce and are

further required to obtain a LOI (Letter Of Intent) from the Ministry of Industry, and an NOC (NoObjection Certificate) from the SPCB and the State Forest Department if the location involvesforestland. Once the NOC is obtained, the LOI is converted into an industrial licence by the stateauthority.• The notification also stipulated procedural requirements for the establishment and operation of new

power plants. As per this notification, two-stage clearance for site-specific projects such as pitheadthermal power plants and valley projects is required. Site clearance is given in the first stage and finalenvironmental clearance in the second. A public hearing has been made mandatory for projectscovered by this notification. This is an important step in providing transparency and a greater role tolocal communities.• Ash Content Notification (1997), required the use of beneficiated coal with ash content notexceeding 34% with effect from June 2001, (the date later was extended to June 2002). This applies to

all thermal plants located beyond one thousand kilometres from the pithead and any thermal plantlocated in an urban area or, sensitive area irrespective of the distance from the pithead except any

pithead power plant.• Taj Trapezium Notifica tion (1998), provided that no power plant could be set up within thegeographical limit of the Taj Trapezium assigned by the Taj Trapezium Zone Pollution (Preventionand Control) Authority.• Disposal of Fly Ash Notification (1999) the main objective of wh ich is to conserve the topsoil,

protect the environment and prevent the dumping and disposal of fly ash discharged from lignite- based power plants. The salient feature of this notification is that no person within a radius of 50 kmfrom a coal-or lignite-based power plant shall manufacture clay bricks or tiles without mixing at least25% of ash with soil on a weight-to-weight basis. For the thermal power plants the utilisation of theflyash would be as follows:• Every coal -or lignite-based power plant shall make available ash for at least ten years from the dateof publication of the above notification without any payment or any other consideration, for the

purpose of manufacturing ash-based products such as cement, concrete blocks, bricks, panels or anyother material or for construction of roads, embankments, dams, dykes or for any other constructionactivity.

Forest and Wildlife :The Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, Amendment 1991The WPA (Wildlife Protection Act), 1972, provides for protection to listed species of flora and faunaand establishes a network of ecologically-important protected areas. The WPA empowers the centraland state governments to declare any area a wildlife sanctuary, national park or closed area. There is a

blanket ban on carrying out any industrial activity inside these protected areas. It provides forauthorities to administer and implement the Act; regulate the hunting of wild animals; protectspecified plants, sanctuaries, national parks and closed areas; restrict trade or commerce in wild




animals or animal articles; and miscellaneous matters. The Act prohibits hunting of animals exceptwith permission of authorized officer when an animal has become dangerous to human life or

property or so disabled or diseased as to be beyond recovery (WWF-India, 1999). The near-total prohibition on hunting was made more effective by the Amendment Act of 1991.

The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980This Act was adopted to protect and conserve forests. The Act restricts the powers of the state inrespect of de-reservation of forests and use of forestland for non-forest purposes (the term non-forest

purpose includes clearing any forestland for cultivation of cash crops, plantation crops, horticulture orany purpose other than re-afforestation).

Water :Water quality standards especially those for drinking water are set by the Indi an Council of MedicalResearch. These bear close resemblance to WHO standards. The discharge of industrial effluents isregulated by the Indian Standard Codes and recently, water quality standards for coastal water marineoutfalls have also been specified. In addition to the general standards, certain specific standards have

been developed for effluent discharges from industries such as, iron and steel, aluminium, pulp and

paper, oil refineries, petrochemicals and thermal power plants. Legislation to control water pollutionare listed below.

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974This Act represented India's first attempts to comprehensively deal with environmental issues. TheAct prohibits the discharge of pollutants into water bodies beyond a given standard, and lays down

penalties for non-compliance. The Act was amended in 1988 to conform closely to the provisions ofthe EPA, 1986. It set up the CPCB (Central Pollution Control Board) which lays down standards forthe prevention and control of water pollution. At the State level, the SPCBs (State Pollution ControlBoard) function under the direction of the CPCB and the state government.

Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Cess Act, 1977

This Act provides for a levy and collection of a cess on water consumed by industries and localauthorities. It aims at augmenting the resources of the central and state boards for prevention andcontrol of water pollution. Following this Act, The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) CessRules were formulated in 1978 for defining standards and indications for the kind of and location ofmeters that every consumer of water is required to install.

Air :To counter the problems associated with air pollution, ambient air quality standards were established,under the 1981 Act. The Act provides means for the control and abatement of air pollution. The Actseeks to combat air pollution by prohibiting the use of polluting fuels and substances, as well as byregulating appliances that give rise to air pollution. Under the Act establishing or operating of anyindustrial plant in the pollution control area requires consent from state boards. The boards are alsoexpected to test the air in air pollution control areas, inspect pollution control equipment, andmanufacturing processes.

National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for major pollutants were notified by theCPCB in April 1994. These are deemed to be levels of air quality necessary with an adequate marginof safety, to protect public health, vegetation and property (CPCB 1995 cited in Gupta, 1999). The

NAAQS prescribe specific standards for industrial, residential, rural and other sensitive areas.Industry-specific emission standards have also been developed for iron and steel plants, cement

plants, fertilizer plants, oil refineries and the aluminium industry. The ambient quality standards prescribed in India are similar to those prevailing in many developed and developing countries.To empower the central and state pollution boards to meet grave emergencies, the Air (Prevention and

Control of Pollution) Amendment Act, 1987, was enacted. The boards were authorized to takeimmediate measures to tackle such emergencies and recover the expenses incurred from the offenders.




The power to cancel consent for non-fulfilment of the conditions prescribed has also been emphasizedin the Air Act Amendment.

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Rules formulated in 1982, defined the proceduresfor conducting meetings of the boards, the powers of the presiding officers, decision-making, the

quorum; manner in which the records of the meeting were to be set etc. They also prescribed themanner and the purpose of seeking assistance from specialists and the fee to be paid to them.Complementing the above Acts is the Atomic Energy Act of 1982, which was introduced to deal withradioactive waste. In 1988, the Motor Vehicles Act, was enacted to regulate vehicular traffic, besidesensuring proper packaging, labelling and transportation of the hazardous wastes. Various aspects ofvehicular pollution have also been notified under the EPA of 1986. Mass emission standards werenotified in 1990, which were made more stringent in 1996. In 2000 these standar ds were revised yetagain and for the first time separate obligations for vehicle owners, manufacturers and enforcingagencies were stipulated. In addition, fairly stringent Euro I and II emission norms were notified bythe Supreme Court on April 29, 1999 for the city of Delhi. The notification made it mandatory for carmanufacturers to conform to the Euro I and Euro II norms by May 1999 and April 2000, respectively,for new non-commercial vehicle sold in Delhi.

“ FOLLOWING IS THE LIST OF IMPORTANT QUESTIONS

WHOSE ANSWERS ARE TO BE ANSWERED BY THE IAS

ASPIRANTS OF IAS OUR DREAM FAMILY BY

THEMSELVES N CAN ASSEMBLE IT IN THE ABOVE

NOTES.”

1) What is REDD+? Hw wl india benefit from it.

2) Objectives of Rotterdam convention?

3) Ecological significanc f mangroves?

4) What are POPs? Name nine new POPs added asamendment to stockholm convention.

5) CITES? Itz features?




6) Role of mothr of pearl clouds in ozone depletion??

7) What are the environmental impacts of open cast mininglike recently in goa?

8) What is nagoya protcol tht india hd signd?

9) How mobile towers r detrimental to bi rds xistence?

10) What is green tribunal? Where it Is?

11) What is e-waste disposal drive launchd recntly?

12) Which projct on publc land fr first tym in india has gotregistered by u.n. for carbon credits?

13) First glaceology study centre in india wl b at?

14) What z green india mission?

15) Green Manufacturing Committee??

16) LEED certification?

17) Oryctes rhinoceros or the rhinoceros beetle, possiblethreats fm this n hw it bn controlld by ICMR??

18) Ecological effects of migration of different species?

19) Ridley turtles...wats problems these endangerednocturnal species r facin? Possible remedies....



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20) Whats DEPA?

21) Wats causin vultures extinction?

22) Biodiversity in plants ws believd to be dependnt onprimary productivity accrdn to biolgy text books bthw thz theory debunked?

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