Environemental Services Harboured in GIAHS...Environemental Services Harboured in GIAHS Examples and...
Transcript of Environemental Services Harboured in GIAHS...Environemental Services Harboured in GIAHS Examples and...
Environemental Services
Harboured in GIAHS
Examples and Experiences
Marketing of GIAHS Products and Labels
Parviz Koohafkan
By 2030…
• Global energy demand up by 45%
• Oil price up to USD 180 per barrel (IEA)
• GHG emissions up 45%
• Global average temperature trajectory +6 °C
• Economic losses equivalent to 5-10% of global GDP as compared to the 3% of GDP loss from the current financial crisis;
• Poor countries will suffer costs in excess of 10% of their GDP (Stern)
• Poverty, hunger and violence will become unbar able
• Natural resources degradation, pollution and health hazards may reach tipping point
Source: Prepared by Stern Review, from data drawn from World
Resources Institute, 2006
On a business as usual path…
Unsustainable Take-Make-Waste Model
ECONOMY
SOCIETY
TAKE MAKE WASTE
PRODUCTS WASTE
ENVIRONMENT
WASTE
Increasing
concentrations of waste
from manufacturing,
use, and disposal
Overconsumption and
undermining people’s
ability to meet their needs
Increasing
concentrations
of waste from
extraction
Degradation
of nature by
physical means
Bob Doppelt, The Power of Sustainable Thinking; Peter Senge et al., 2009
STATUS AND TRENDS
GREEN REVOLUTION AND
NATURAL RESOURCES USE
Investment policies in General and particularly
in Developing Countries have favoured: • Industrial and service sector development versus
Agricultural and Rural Sector Development
• Urban development versus Rural Development,
»And Within Agriculture Sector:
• Prime lands and high potential areas VS Low potential areas
• irrigated agriculture VS rain fed agriculture
• Irrigation intensification VS water conservation and water
management
• Single crop production VS total farm productivity
• Land and irrigation development VS land rehabilitation and
water conservation
• Export crops VS food and local crops
The use of resources by agriculture
2011
world’s land surface
12% used for
crop production
total world’s water uses
AG uses
70%
of all water
withdrawn
In the past 50 years…
+12%
+117%
+200%
World’s
cultivated land
Irrigated area
Agricultural
production
Increments in the past 50 years
Land Degradation, Desertification, Climate Change, Poverty and Migration
Proportion of heavy rainfall has increased in most places
Increase in
extreme Weather
Events
Observed
increase in
droughts
(1990 – 2012)
Per Capita GDP Index
Share of Undernourished
Source: The State of Food Insecurity in the World, FAO 2000
Source: Human Development Report, 2001
Those with least
resources have
least capacity to
adapt and are
most vulnerable
0
20
40
60
80
100
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
OECD EEUR LAM SAFR MEA SEAS CASI
GDP Index
% of Population in Agriculture
Source: UN Population Projections, Medium Variant, 2000 Revision
Population growth 1997-2050
Malezas en floracion de las familias compositae o umbeliferae atraen
insectos beneficos en busca de polen y nectar Loss of Functional Biodiversity
Food diversity, Nutrition and Heath
Changing Diet, Nutrition, health and
biodiversity
• Hidden hunger: missing micronutrients
– More than 2 billion worldwide
– Mostly women and children
• Double burden: diseases of “affluence”
– Type 2 diabetes, obesity, heart disease,
cancers
Rice (28 %)
Wheat (28 %)
Maize (33.4 %)
Barley
(6.4 %)
Sorghum
(2.7 %)Millet
(1.4 %)
GLOBAL GRAIN PRODUCTION, FAO 2008
GRAIN CROP DIVERSITY IN FOOD
BASKET
Rice + Wheat + Maize = 89.4 %
Australia - The Browns of River View Food expenditure for one
week:481.14 Australian dollars or US$376.45
Great Britain - The Bainton family of Cllingbourne Ducis Food
expenditure for one week: 155.54 British Pounds or $253.15
China - The Dong family of Beijing
Food expenditure for one week: 1,233.76 Yuan or $155.06
North Carolina, United States : The Revis Family$342 USD
Tingo, Ecuador: The Ayme Family; $31.55 USD Breidjing Camp, Chad: The Aboubakar Family; $1.23 USD
Cairo, Egypt: The Ahmed Family; $68.50 USD
India - The Patkars of Ujjain Food expenditure for one week:
1,636.25 rupees or $39.27
Systems at Risk (at a Glance)
Examples of Land and Water Systems at risk
• Major river basins experiencing reduced flows and
salinity build-up: Indus, Colorado, Yellow River
• Groundwater depletion impacting livelihoods in
water resource poor countries with high population
growth
• Rapidly increasing demographic pressure on
resources in semi-arid tropics
• Glacier and snowmelt systems currently loosing
accumulated reserves
• Climate change impacts is expected to amplify water
scarcity in key basins and deltas, and in small islands
Unique Agricultural Heritage Systems at risk
TOWARDS 2050.....
THE
CHALLENGE
AHEAD
Population increase and urbanization…
Projected Population Increase
Product liter/kg
beef 15 000
cereal 1 500
fruit 1 000
Water and changing diets
Towards 2050… food requirements
food
production
needs
+60% globally
+100% in developing
countries
addressing
food security
and Poverty
While
Sustaining
Natural
Resources Base
A Paradigm Shift in
Development(Agricultural) Policies
Sustainable Development Require:
Best options for the poorest?
Great Success in Past… but Still Nearly 1 Billion People are Hungry!!!
Key questions: – to what extent can we improve food production
with low-cost and locally-available technologies under the climate change Scenarios?
– What impacts do these methods and technologies have on environmental goods and services, and the livelihoods of people relying on them?
Key Responses: – Agro-ecology, Food Sovereignty and local
production
New ways of thinking Ecosystem Services: the benefits people obtain from
ecosystems
Regulating Benefits obtained
from regulation of
ecosystem processes
•• climate regulation
•• disease regulation
•• flood regulation
Provisioning
Goods produced or
provided by ecosystems
• food • fresh water • fuel wood • genetic resources
Supporting
Services necessary for production of other ecosystem services
• Soil formation
• Nutrient cycling
• Primary production
Cultural
Non-material benefits from ecosystems
• spiritual • recreational • aesthetic • inspirational •
educational
Linkages among Biodiversity, Ecosystem
Services, and Human Well-Being
Conservation and Adaptive management of GLOBALLY IMPORTANT AGRICULTURAL HERITAGE SYSTEMS
Policies promoting diversification of production and consumption by including a broader range of species and products in our food basket Linking Biodiversity and Food Diversity Improving health and nutrition, livelihoods, food & nutritional security Strengthening Ecological Resiliencies of Farming Systems through Agro-ecological approaches and our preparedness to Climate Change Combating hidden hunger and offering income generation options at local and national levels
Multiple Wins Policies
Promoting Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Development
Be centred on people and based on rights
Adopt an integrated, territorial perspective
Redress power disparities through good governance
Invest in Public Goods Research and Development
Build capacities to manage change
Involve a long term commitment
Be adequately resourced
Promotes public understanding,
awareness, national and international
recognition and support to safeguard the
Agricultural Heritage
Piloting innovative model for engaging
communities, local and national
governments in the adaptive management
of agricultural biodiversity harbored in
agricultural heritage systems
Bringing back the culture and identity of
the local communities
The GIAHS Initiative
Success
and
Lessons from GIAHS
Sorghum Pearl Millet Finger Millet Foxtail Millet
Little Millet Kodo Millet Barnyard Millet Common Millet
Conservation of Minor Millets (Orphan Crops)
Koraput’s biodiversity
• Center of rice genetic diversity
• 340 landraces – lowland rice (aromatic, non-
aromatic, pest and flood resistant)
• Medicinal plants – 1200 species
• Horticulture and ornamental plants – 2500 species
• Oil seed crops, fiber, pulses, etc.
The Koraput Traditional Agriculture - India
Gene Bank Seed Bank Water Bank Grain Bank
Conservation - Cultivation – Consumption - Commerce
Dynamic conservation of GIAHS
TRIBE DISTRICT Medicinal
Plants used
Bhatra Nawarangpur 81
Bhumia Koraput 69
Bonda Malkangiri 55
Gadaba Koraput 83
Gond Nawarangpur 67
Kandha Koraput + Rayagada
124
Koya Malkangiri 48
Paroja Koraput 74
Saora Rayagada 59
9 tribes 4 districts 660 MPs
Cultural & Curative Diversity
the role of GIAHS and the pathways to
conservation
o Cultural Diversity
o Culinary Diversity
o Curative Diversity
o Ecosystem Diversity
Koraput Agriculture, Orissa India
• Conservation and sustainable use of agro-biodiversity
• Adaptation to Climate Change
• Multi-functionalities of ecological agriculture
• Sustainable tourism and heritage management
• Policy, legislation and
management mechanism
GIAHS in China - a mega diverse country, rich in agri-culture…
Eco-food labeling ….
GIAHS set up a new win-win model in China
• Extension of Agro-ecology and
Agricultural local Knowledge
GIAHS is a nationwide accepted concept in
China
Achievements
Distribution of Agricultural Heritage Systems in China
动态保护途径 Dynamic conservation approaches China-NIAHS
Essence of GIAHS conservation
Based on the conservation of Biodiversity and
Cultural Diversity to promote local economic
development and farmers’ livelihoods and to
support modern eco-agricultural development.
• A Platform for agricultural research;
• A Window for revitalizing traditional
agriculture
• A Base for eco-cultural agri-products;
• A Destination for eco-cultural tourism.
Goal: to
promote
farmers’
rights and
benefits.
Peru
Farmers and their Traditional Andean Crops
Cusco and Puno
Terraces and land preparation Agrobiodiversity
Sukakollos - Puno
Working with local communities
Chiloé is one of the centers of origin of
potatoes
Diversified agricultural systems
(crops, livestock, forestry, fishing,
handicrafts)
Agroecological practices based on
traditional knowledge and ingenious
management
Chile – GIAHS site
Training – Capacity Building • Community participatory plant breeding programme - farmers of Chiloé thru their own techniques developing drought-resistant seeds.
• Training of farmers on management and in-situ conservation of the agro-biodiversity of global importance in Chiloé
• Cross-visits (including farmers in other Latin American countries)
Public-Private Partnership
• Building partnerships to promote and safeguard agriculture heritage (local/regional governments, academes and universities, tour operators, hotels, restaurants and other business entities and private groups)
Recognition of Farmers for their important contribution to conserve GIAHS
GIAHS Products and Services - label
• The SIPAM Chiloé brand - registered through the
National Institute of Industrial Property.
Undersecretary of
Agriculture (right),
National Director
INAPI (left) and
Chiloé farmers, Cecilia
Guineo and Rafael
Maripán (center). Photo: MINAGRI,
Chile
Examples of Opportunities for Traditional Farmers through GIAHS
Natives Dates Oases, Tunisia Rice-fish culture products , China
Native potatoes, Peru
Ecological Farming Chiloe
GIAHS represents not only a celebration of the achievements of
our ancestors, but also a guide to achieving sustainable food,
nutrition and livelihoods security. GIAHS helps to make young
people aware of the glory of past agricultural innovations and
stimulates them to make their own contributions to our agricultural
legacy. Above all, it recognises and promotes the rights of the
farmers, particularly the role of women in the origin and
development, diversification and conservation of genetic resources
for food and agriculture.
GIAHS thus serves as the flagship of the ever-green revolution
movement designed to enhance crop productivity in perpetuity
without associated ecological or social harm.
A Summary from
Prof M.S. Swaminathan about GIAHS