ENVE 330 ENVE 330 SOLID WASTE SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

Barış TORBarış TOR

Rana OKURRana OKUR

Sevda Ezel YILDIRIMSevda Ezel YILDIRIM

RECYCLING OF RECYCLING OF METALS in METALS in

TURKEY & OTHER TURKEY & OTHER COUNTRIESCOUNTRIES

INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

RecyclingRecycling involves; involves;processing used materials into new processing used materials into new

products in order to prevent waste of products in order to prevent waste of potentially useful materialspotentially useful materials

reduce the consumption of fresh raw reduce the consumption of fresh raw materialsmaterials

reduce energy usagereduce energy usagereduce air&water pollution reduce air&water pollution

Metals recyclingMetals recycling protects the protects the environment and saves energy. environment and saves energy.

Using secondary raw materials Using secondary raw materials means less use of natural resources means less use of natural resources which would otherwise be needed to which would otherwise be needed to make new metal compounds such as;make new metal compounds such as; iron ore in steelmakingiron ore in steelmaking nickel in stainless steelnickel in stainless steel alumina and bauxite in aluminium alumina and bauxite in aluminium

smeltingsmelting

TABLE 1: Energy saving TABLE 1: Energy saving percentages of metals recyclingpercentages of metals recycling

European UnionEuropean Union’s determinations show’s determinations show that using recycled raw materials, that using recycled raw materials, including metals, cuts 200 million including metals, cuts 200 million tonnes COtonnes CO22 emission reduction every emission reduction every yearyear

There are also other environmental There are also other environmental benefits, for example, using recycled benefits, for example, using recycled steel to make new steel enables steel to make new steel enables reductions such as:reductions such as:

• 86% in air pollution• 86% in air pollution• 40% in water use• 40% in water use• 76% in water pollution• 76% in water pollution

Metals can be recycled indefinitely Metals can be recycled indefinitely without loosing any of their without loosing any of their properties.properties.

Worldwide, over 400 million tonnes Worldwide, over 400 million tonnes of metal is recycled each year. of metal is recycled each year.

Virtually all metals can be recycled Virtually all metals can be recycled into high quality new metal. into high quality new metal.

The process varies for different The process varies for different metals, but generally produces metals, but generally produces metals of equivalent quality.metals of equivalent quality.

THE STEPS THAT ARE FOLLOWED THE STEPS THAT ARE FOLLOWED in METALS RECYCLINGin METALS RECYCLING

Collection, weighing, sorting and Collection, weighing, sorting and distribution of metalsdistribution of metals (dealing with (dealing with a wide range of suppliers)a wide range of suppliers)

ShearingShearing (reducing the size of large (reducing the size of large pieces of metal by cutting)pieces of metal by cutting)

Baling/compactingBaling/compacting (to improve ease (to improve ease of handling and transportation)of handling and transportation)

ShreddingShredding (feedstock to fist-sized (feedstock to fist-sized lumps; and separating metals from other lumps; and separating metals from other materials using magnets and air materials using magnets and air classification methods)classification methods)

Media separationMedia separation (further separation (further separation of any remaining non ferrous metals using of any remaining non ferrous metals using liquid density and hand or mechanical liquid density and hand or mechanical sorting methods)sorting methods)

International metals tradingInternational metals trading (moving metals around the world)(moving metals around the world)

Figure 1: A simple flow diagram of metals recyclingFigure 1: A simple flow diagram of metals recycling

Figure 2: Metal cans after seperation of municipal solid Figure 2: Metal cans after seperation of municipal solid waste in a landfillwaste in a landfill

DESCRIPTION OF THE APPLICATIONS OF DESCRIPTION OF THE APPLICATIONS OF METALS RECYCLING IN COUNTRIES OTHER METALS RECYCLING IN COUNTRIES OTHER

THAN TURKEYTHAN TURKEY The UK is one of largest metal scrap The UK is one of largest metal scrap

exporting countries in the world. exporting countries in the world. Manufacturing of metals continues to be Manufacturing of metals continues to be

one of the largest UK manufacturing one of the largest UK manufacturing sectors, employing more people, and sectors, employing more people, and contributing more value to the UK contributing more value to the UK economy, than motor and aerospace economy, than motor and aerospace combined. combined.

Growth in China, and to a lesser extent Growth in China, and to a lesser extent India, means that export markets are India, means that export markets are growinggrowing

In 2005, 13 million tonnes of metal In 2005, 13 million tonnes of metal was recycled in the UK.was recycled in the UK.

Around 40% of this was used in the Around 40% of this was used in the UK, and the remaining 60% exported UK, and the remaining 60% exported worldwide; the UK produces worldwide; the UK produces considerably more scrap than is considerably more scrap than is required for domestic markets.required for domestic markets.

Steel and aluminium Steel and aluminium are common are common metals in the UK and are produced metals in the UK and are produced and exist in large quantities.and exist in large quantities.

Although UK per capita consumption Although UK per capita consumption of steel has dropped since the 1970s, of steel has dropped since the 1970s, aluminium use is still growing.aluminium use is still growing.

Recycling aluminium requires only Recycling aluminium requires only 5% of the energy and produces only 5% of the energy and produces only 5% of the CO5% of the CO22 emissions as emissions as compared with primary production compared with primary production and reduces the waste going to and reduces the waste going to landfill.landfill.

AluminiumAluminium can be recycled indefinitely, can be recycled indefinitely, as reprocessing does not damage its as reprocessing does not damage its structure. structure.

75% of all canned drinks sold in the UK are 75% of all canned drinks sold in the UK are packaged in aluminium.packaged in aluminium.

In 2001 the UK consumed 5 billion In 2001 the UK consumed 5 billion aluminium drinks cans, of which 42% were aluminium drinks cans, of which 42% were recycled.recycled.

Although this is a great improvement Although this is a great improvement on the 2% recycled in 1989, there on the 2% recycled in 1989, there were still a massive 3 billion cans were still a massive 3 billion cans that were landfilled.that were landfilled.

Most recycled aluminium foil is used to Most recycled aluminium foil is used to make cast components for the make cast components for the automotive industry, such as cylinder automotive industry, such as cylinder heads and engine blocks.heads and engine blocks.

When washed, foil milk bottle tops, tops When washed, foil milk bottle tops, tops of cartons, baking and freezing trays, of cartons, baking and freezing trays, kitchen foil, cigarette and tobacco foil kitchen foil, cigarette and tobacco foil are all suitable for collection.are all suitable for collection.

Metal coated plastic film, which is often Metal coated plastic film, which is often used for crisp and snack packets, looks used for crisp and snack packets, looks like aluminium but can not be recycled.like aluminium but can not be recycled.

Steel Steel is also mined from an ore. is also mined from an ore.

Steel cans have a very thin layer of Steel cans have a very thin layer of tin that protects the surface of the tin that protects the surface of the can, which is why steel cans are can, which is why steel cans are often called "tins".often called "tins".

In 2003 44% of all steel packaging, In 2003 44% of all steel packaging, including 2.5 billion steel cans, were including 2.5 billion steel cans, were recycled, but 9 billion steel cans are recycled, but 9 billion steel cans are still going to landfill, this despite the still going to landfill, this despite the fact that owing to the high price paid fact that owing to the high price paid for steel, recycling collections can for steel, recycling collections can often be made at zero cost to the often be made at zero cost to the collector.collector.

All steel cans are 100% recyclable.All steel cans are 100% recyclable.

All steel cans contain up to 25% recycled All steel cans contain up to 25% recycled steel.steel.

Its not just food and drink cans made from Its not just food and drink cans made from steel! Most of your deodorants, hairsprays, steel! Most of your deodorants, hairsprays, polishes, paint cans and other household are polishes, paint cans and other household are made out of steel too!made out of steel too!

TABLE 2: Recycling percentages of aluminium in TABLE 2: Recycling percentages of aluminium in European Countries (1995)European Countries (1995)

DESCRIPTION OF THE APPLICATIONS OF DESCRIPTION OF THE APPLICATIONS OF METALS RECYCLING IN TURKEYMETALS RECYCLING IN TURKEY

Recyclable metals include aluminium Recyclable metals include aluminium cans, steel cans, dye cans, oil & cans, steel cans, dye cans, oil & cheese & olive bins, conserve tins, cheese & olive bins, conserve tins, kitchen stuff (forks, knifes, pans, kitchen stuff (forks, knifes, pans, teapots.).teapots.).

Non-recyclable metals include Non-recyclable metals include deodorant bottle, engine & machine deodorant bottle, engine & machine grease boxes, varnish boxes.grease boxes, varnish boxes.

1 tons of recycled aluminium and 1 tons of recycled aluminium and steel means that;steel means that;

%95 of energy consumption %95 of energy consumption reduction,reduction,

%90 of air pollution reduction,%90 of air pollution reduction,%97 of water pollution reduction.%97 of water pollution reduction.

In Turkey; there are “recycle bins” in In Turkey; there are “recycle bins” in most of the public spaces. most of the public spaces.

But there is no specific collection But there is no specific collection systems for household recyclable systems for household recyclable metals. metals.

Seperation in houses is made Seperation in houses is made voluntarily. voluntarily.

When household waste are put in When household waste are put in wastebins in the streets, collectors wastebins in the streets, collectors take metals in the commingled waste. take metals in the commingled waste.

And they sell the recyclable metals to And they sell the recyclable metals to the scrap dealers. the scrap dealers.

This system is not healthy for the This system is not healthy for the collectors and also it is costly than collectors and also it is costly than direct seperation in sources. direct seperation in sources.

Because collected metals have dirt on Because collected metals have dirt on them from commingled wastes so they them from commingled wastes so they have to be cleaned before recycling. have to be cleaned before recycling.

This needs additional work & money This needs additional work & money and causes additional pollution. and causes additional pollution.

In accordance with the respective In accordance with the respective regulations of Ministry of Forest and regulations of Ministry of Forest and Environment, Environment,

Companies which produce metal Companies which produce metal cans or which sell their goods in cans or which sell their goods in metal packages have to recycle metal packages have to recycle percentage of metals that they percentage of metals that they release to the market according to release to the market according to the next table .the next table .

TABLE 3: Annual recycling targets percentagesTABLE 3: Annual recycling targets percentages

Some municipalities have package Some municipalities have package waste collection vehicles and they waste collection vehicles and they collect, seperate and recycle collect, seperate and recycle periodically from wastebins.periodically from wastebins.

Some firms have recycle licences so Some firms have recycle licences so that they can collect, seperate and that they can collect, seperate and recycle metals. recycle metals.

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

As a result, handling the wastes As a result, handling the wastes seperately at the first source, in seperately at the first source, in other words at homes, makes other words at homes, makes everything about the recycling everything about the recycling processes more easy to operate, processes more easy to operate, however, it is not accomplised in our however, it is not accomplised in our country. country.

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