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Entomologyfor Master Gardeners
David J. Shetlar, Ph.D.The “BugDoc”
The Ohio State University, OARDC & OSU Extension
Columbus, OH
© January, 2009, D.J. Shetlar, all rights reserved
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What is Entomology?
The study of insects (and their near relatives).
What are insects (and near relatives)?
Insects and their relatives areARTHROPODS.
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Review of Zoological Nomenclature(classifying & naming)
Taxonomic Categories
PhylumClass
OrderFamily
GenusGenus & species
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Review of Zoological Nomenclature
Taxonomic Categories
Kingdom - AnimalaePhylum - Arthropoda
Class - Hexapoda (=Insecta)Order - Coleoptera
Family - ScarabaeidaeGenus - Popillia
Genus & species -Popillia japonica Newman
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What are some other Animal Phyla?
• Protozoa - single-celled animals.
• Platyhelminthes - flatworms, tapeworms
• Nematoda - roundworms
• Mollusca - clams, snails & slugs, squids
• Echinodermata - starfish, sea urchins
• Annelida - segmented worms (earthworms)
• Chordata - fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals
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Phylum Nematoda – Roundworms
(>15,000 species, all trophic areas)
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Phylum Annelida – Segmented Worms(9,000 species, all trophic areas)
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Phylum Mollusca – Snails/Slugs, Clams, Cephalopods
(50,000 species, aquatic and terrestrial)
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Phylum Chordata – Urocordata, Cephalocordata, Vertebrata
(70,000 species)
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Characteristics of the PhylumArthropoda
• The segmented bodies are arranged into regions: e.g., head, thorax, abdomen in insects; cephalothorax and abdomen in arachnids and some crustaceans; head and trunk in millipedes and centipedes.
• The have paired appendages.
• They posses a chitinous exoskeletion that must be shed during growth.
• They have bilateral symmetry.
• The nervous system is ventral (belly) and the circulatory system is open and dorsal (back).
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Arthropod Groups (taxa)
The arthropods are divided into two large groups that exist today:
The Chelicerates
and
The Mandibulates
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Chelicerate Arthropod Characters:
• Pincher-like mouthparts - chelicerae - and pedipalps
• NO antennae
• Two body regions, usually - cephalothorax & abdomen
• Four pairs of legs
• Horseshoe crabs and arachnids are only living groups
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Mandibulate Arthropod Characters:
• Mouthparts are mandibles - normally chewing sideways
• One or two pairs of antennae
• Various body region arrangements - cephalothorax & abdomen / head & trunk / head, thorax & abdomen
• Variable leg numbers
• Insects, crustaceans & myriapods
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Classes of Arthropods:
Chelicerates –Class Xiphosura – horseshoe crabs
Class Arachnica – arachnids
Mandibulates –Class Crustacea – crustaceans
Class Diplopoda – millipedes
Class Chilopoda – centipedes
Class Symphyla – garden centipedes
Class Hexapoda – insects
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Orders of Arachnids
• Scorpiones - scorpions
• Pseudoscorpiones - false scorpions
• Opiliones - daddy-long-legs or harvestmen
• Acari - mites & ticks
• Araneae - spiders
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Scorpion Tick(a mite)
Pseudoscorpion
Daddy-long-legs
WolfSpider
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Pseudoscorpion
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pedipalps &chelicerae
cephalothorax
abdomen
Mite and Tick Body Regions
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American dog tick male
Blacklegged (deer) tick female
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American dog tick female laying egg mass (1000-2000 eggs!).
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Clover mites
Twospotted spider mites
Predatory mite
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Opiliones (=daddy-long-legs, harvestmen)
cephalothorax abdomen
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pedipalp
chelicera (fang)
cephalothorax
abdomen
narrow waist
Spider Anatomy
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Abdomen
Pedipalp
Chelicera (fang)
Cephalothorax
Jumping Spider
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Wolf spider with egg case Spitting spider
Tarantula Orbweaving spider
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Black widow with egg case
Brown recluse (fiddleback)
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Classes of Myriapods(many legged arthropods)
(all have one pair of antennae, a head region, and trunk with many pairs of legs, use trachea)
• Diplopoda - millipedes
• Chilopoda - centipedes
• Symphyla - garden centipedes
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Myriapods
Millipede (Diplopoda)
Two pair of legs per visible segment, attached under body.
Centipede (Chilopoda)
Pair of fangs under head, one pair legs per visible segment - attached to side of body.
Symphylan (Symphyla)[garden centipede]
No fangs, no eyes, legs attached to side of body.
[one pair of antennae, head & trunk regions, trunk with many pairs of legs]
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Millipede (Diplopoda)
Centipede (Chilopoda)
Garden centipede (Symphyla)
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Classes of Crustacea(mostly marine, fresh water, a few terrestrial)
(all have two pair of antennae, five or more pairs of legs, segmented abdominal appendages, head & trunk or
cephalothorax & abdomen body arrangement, have gills)
• Isopoda - sowbugs or pillbugs
• Amphipoda - sand fleas, amphipods
• Cirripedia - barnicles
• Decapoda - crabs, lobster, shrimp
• several other minor orders
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Crayfish External Morphology
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Sowbugs (Isopoda), terrestrial crustaceans
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Class Hexapoda(the insects)
• Three body regions – head, thorax, abdomen
• Thorax with three pairs of legs; normally two pairs of wings in adult stage
• Head with one pair of antennae
• Respiration by trachea
• Terrestrial & fresh water inhabitants
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Lubber Grasshopper
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antenna
compound eye
frons
clypeus
ocelli
labrum
mandible
maxilla
labium
Lubber Grasshopper Head
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pronotum
coxa
trochanter
femur
tibia
tarsus
spiraclemesopleuron
metapleuron
Lubber Grasshopper Thorax
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abdominal tergites
abdominal sternites
cercus
spiracles
Lubber Grasshopper Abdomen
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Insect Respiratory System
Cana lily skipper (a butterfly) larvae have an almost completely transparent exoskeleton, thereby allowing a good
view of the tracheal system.
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Incomplete Metamorphosis Example(hairy chinch bug)
egg 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th normal wing short wing instar instar instar instar instar adult adult
Egg Nymphal AdultStage Stage Stage
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Complete Metamorphosis Example(northern masked chafer)
egg 1st 2nd 3rd pupa adult instar instar instar
Egg Larval Pupal AdultStage Stage Stage Stage
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Hexapod OrdersEntognathous Hexapods –
Order Protura
Order Collembola
Order Diplura
Ectognathous apterygote Hexapods –
Order Microcoryphia
Order Thysanura
Pterygote Hexapods –
(simple metamorphosis)
Order Ephemeroptera
Order Odonata
Order Orthoptera
Order Phasmatodea
Order Dermaptera
Order Plecoptera
Order Isoptera
(simple metamorphosis cont’d)
Order Mantodea
Order Blattodea
Order Hemiptera
Order Thysanoptera
Order Psocoptera
Order Phthiraptera
(complete metamorphosis)
Order Coleoptera
Order Neuroptera
Order Hymenoptera
Order Trichoptera
Order Lepidoptera
Order Siphonaptera
Order Diptera
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Orders of Insects(no metamorphosis)
• Some consider these groups insect-like and place in different class or subclass.
• Adults do not have wings and may molt after becoming mature
• Collembola - springtails
• Thysanura - silverfish, firebrats
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Order Collembola (glue wedge)
springtails
• Wingless (primitively)
• Chewing mouthparts
• Gradual (no) metamorphosis
• Adults continue to molt
• Feed on plants, bacteria, & fungi
• Important as decomposers
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collophore furcula
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Order Thysanura (bristle tail) silverfish & firebrats
• Look like they have 3 tails –• 2 cerci• 1 median filament
• Wingless (primitively)• Most are covered with scales • Chewing mouthparts• Gradual (no) metamorphosis• Feed on organic matter, starchy
materials
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silverfish
firebrat
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Order Orthoptera (straight wing) grasshoppers & crickets
• Two pairs wings• Forewings leathery & narrow; protect• Hindwings membranous, fan-folded• Some are wingless (cave crickets)
• Most have hind legs enlarged for jumping
• Females have prominent ovipositor • Produce songs by rubbing wing bases
together or rubbing the wings on their legs
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Mating pair of grasshoppers
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Female cone-nose grasshopper
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Order Dermaptera (skin wing) earwigs
• Cerci like forceps, pinchers• Defense, prey capture, mating
• Elongate, flattened
• Two pairs of wings • Forewings usually short, hard
• Hindwings membranous, folded
• Few species are wingless
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Seashore earwig
Ringlegged earwig
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Order Isoptera (equal wing)
termites
• Social• Reproductives (queens & kings)
• Four wings of equal size• Wings twice the length of the body• Wings lack cross-veins
• Workers & soldiers• Lack wings• Body white• Distinguish from ants:
• Lack of elbowed antennae• No constriction between abdomen & thorax
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Swarming reproductive termites
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Workers and a soldier
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Order Mantodea (soothsayer)
mantids / praying mantid
• Large (50-100 mm)
• Forelegs modified for grasping prey
• Predatory
• Chewing mouthparts
• Gradual metamorphosis
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Order Blattodea cockroaches
• Flattened body• Long slender antennae• Wings thickened, leathery• Wings reduced in some species• Legs modified for running• Chewing mouthparts• Gradual metamorphosis• Feed on organic matter, stored
products, plants
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Order Hemiptera (half wing)true bugs & bug-like insects
• Formerly 2 separate orders; recently combined
• Suborder Heteroptera
• Suborders Auchenorrhyncha & Sternorrhyncha (former Homoptera)
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Order Thysanoptera (fringe wing)
thrips
• Small (most <4 mm), elongate• Chewing mouthparts
• Small conical beak• Rasping mouthparts
• Most with 4 wings • Strap-like• Fringed with long bristles• Some species are wingless
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Order Phthiraptera(lice without wings)
• Formerly 2 separate orders
• Suborder Mallophaga (wool eater): chewing lice
• Suborder Anoplura (unarmed tail): sucking lice
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Head louse
Head louse nit (egg)
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Order Coleoptera (sheath wing) beetles
• Largest order in animal kingdom• Chewing mouthparts• Complex metamorphosis• Forewings (elytra) are hardened, opaque,
meet in the midline of back• Hindwings membranous, folded under elytra• Feed on plants, organic matter, stored
products; or predatory
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Order Neuroptera (nerve wing)lacewings & dobsonflies, antlions, owlflies
• Wings• Membranous, 2 pairs • Approximately equal size• Many veins & cross-veins
• Chewing mouthparts, sometimes modified
• Complex metamorphosis• Members of interest are predators
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Order Hymenoptera(marriage wing)
bees, wasps, sawflies, ants
• Wings:• 4 membranous wings• Hind pair smaller than front pair • Pairs attached by row of small hooks
• Bees, wasps, & ants have second abdominal segment constricted & narrow; i.e. effect of “wasp-waist”
• Sawflies have broadly joined thorax & abdomen
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Order Lepidoptera (scale wing)moths & butterflies
• Shingle-like scales on wings • 4 wings, often colorful • Complex metamorphosis• Mouthparts
• Chewing in larva• Sucking (siphoning) or none in adults• Proboscis in butterflies: coiled siphon
• Larvae (caterpillars) – 2-5 prolegs on abdomen
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Order Siphonaptera(sucking wingless) fleas
• Body: small, hard, laterally compressed
• Wingless
• Mouthparts:• Piercing/sucking for blood in adult
• Chewing in larva
• Larvae feed on organic matter
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Order Diptera (two wing)true flies
• Mouthparts:• Sucking: modified piercing/ sucking,
sponging, lapping, slashing in adult• Modified chewing in larva
• One pair wings, on mesothorax• Metathorax has 1 pair of small, knobbed
appendages (halteres)• Occasionally wingless
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