Entom Presentation
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What is Forest Entomology
Branch of zoology that deals
with the study of forest
insects
It is an organized study to
obtain knowledge of all
phases ofinsect life and tounderstand insects role in
nature.
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The Insecta (insects) are a Class of the large animal Phylum
called ARTHROPODA (arthropods) - a name that refers tothe jointed limbs.
Term insect came from greek word insecare which means
to cut into
CLASS MAIN BODY REGIONS PAIRS OF
LEGS
PAIRS OF
ANTENNAE
WINGS
CRUSTACEA two - cephalothorax* and
abdomen (some with
head and trunk)
five or more two Absent
MYRIAPODA two - head and trunk many - one
or two per
trunksegment
one Absent
ARACHNIDA two - cephalothorax* and
abdomen
four none (though palps
may resemble
antennae or legs)
Absent
INSECTA three - head, thorax and
abdomen
three one usually present
(but many
wingless forms
http://www.kendall-bioresearch.co.uk/class.htmhttp://www.kendall-bioresearch.co.uk/class.htmhttp://www.kendall-bioresearch.co.uk/class.htmhttp://www.kendall-bioresearch.co.uk/class.htmhttp://www.kendall-bioresearch.co.uk/class.htmhttp://www.kendall-bioresearch.co.uk/class.htmhttp://www.kendall-bioresearch.co.uk/class.htmhttp://www.kendall-bioresearch.co.uk/class.htm -
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based on numbers and biomass insects are
dubbed as the most successful animals on
earth. Considered as conquerors of the land.
Attributed by:1. Body architecture integument that is light and
strong
Shells (cuticle) helps prevent water loss.
jointed appendages, adapted into legs for
locomotion, mouthparts for feeding, structures ofreproduction and other uses.
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Small size facilitates dispersal, escape from birdsand other predators and enables them to use foodpresent only in small amounts.
Ability to fly aids further in escaping and indispersal. This dispersal promotes colonization of newhabitats, which in turn promotes the evolution ofnew species.
Reproductive capacity ability to persist even inunfavorable environments. ability to lay largenumbers of eggs, combined with relatively short
generation time, produces a great amount of geneticof genetic variability that can be tested against theenvironment. The result is rapid adaptation ofpopulations to changing environmental conditions andformation of new species
Survivability--------
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SubclassPTERYGOTA1. Division EXOPTERYGOTA
These are winged insects, although somehave lost their wings during the course of
evolution.When present, the wingsdevelop externally and there is no markedchange (metamorphosis) during the lifecycle. The young stages, called nymphs,resemble the adults except in size and inlacking fully-developed wings - simply
metamorphosis.2. Division EXOPTERYGOTA
These are winged insects, although somehave lost their wings during the course ofevolution.When present, the wingsdevelop externally and there is no marked
change (metamorphosis) during the lifecycle. The young stages, called nymphs,resemble the adults except in size and inlacking fully-developed wings - simplymetamorphosis.
Sub classAPTERYGOTA
These are winglessinsects and theirbody structuresuggests that they
have never had wingsduring theirevolutionary history.Young stagesresemble the adults -little or no
metamorphosis.
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The insect body is composed
of three divisions:
a. head
b. thorax
c. abdomen
Tagmosis The grouping of
segments into functional
regions
Cranium- the hardened capsule
with an opening leading to the
mouth and thorax.
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1. Head is a structurespecialized for feedingand for sensing andintegrating informationabout theenvironment.
-Made up ofcranium which bears
mouthparts, antennaeand eyes, and a shortneck called cervix.
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1. hypognathus.mouthparts pointeddown,
2. prognathus
mouthparts pointedforward,
3. opisthognathus-mouthparts pointed
backward
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chewing mouthparts-
grasshoppers ( jaws called
mandibles)
piercing-sucking mouthparts -
cicadas, aphids, mosquitoes
siphoning butterflies and
moths.
a long proboscis (tubular
tounge) composed of
maxillary elements forms a
tube through which a food
passes. the tube is held in
coiled spring when not in use.
Sponging/lapping mouthparts-
houseflies (spongy pad called
labellum)
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These are movable and
contain sensory structuresthat allow insects to detectodors, vibrations and otherenvironmental stimuli.
The antenna is divided into
3 parts: 1. scape the basal
segment that articulateswith the head capsule
2. Pedicel the second
antennal segment 3. Flagellum tip
usually of severalsubsegments.
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Filiform (threadlike)
Serrate (sawlike)
Moniliform (beadlike)
Clavate (club-shaped) capitate (head-shaped)
lamellate (platelike)
pectinate (comb-shaped) plumose (feather like
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An insects head is typically
dominated by two bulging
compund eyes that aredivided into many six-sided
compartments called
ommatidia, anda dorsally
positioned simple eyes calledocelli.
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thorax consists of
three segments
the prothorax(front),
the mesothorax(middle) and
the metathorax(back). Each of these
segments bears a pairofjointed legs.
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comprising of
five segments.
coxa,
trochanter, femur,
tibia and
tarsus.
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Cursorial adapted for running ex. Ground
beetles and cockroaches
Raptatorial adapted for catching and
holding a prey ex. Preying mantisNatatorial adapted for swimming ex.
Diving bugs and water beetles
Fossorial adapted for digging in soil- mole
crickets Saltatorial adapted for jumping-
grasshoppers
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most insects have twopairs calledfront andhind, except flies anda few other groups,which have only one
pair. CAN BE HARD OR
SOFT
In flies eachmethathoracic wing
has been modified toform a knobbedguiding organ called ahaltere.
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Elytra Hard, sclerotized front wings that serve as protectivecovers for membranous hind wings. Ex. Coleopteran anddermaptera.
Hemelytra front wings that are leathery or parchment-like atthe base and membranous near the tip. Ex. Hemiptera,heteroptera
Tegmina front wings that are completely leathery orparchment like in texture. Ex. Othopthera, blattodea andmantodea
Halteres small, club-like hind wings that serves as gyroscopicstabilizers during flight ex. Diptera.
Fringed wings
slender front and hind wings with long fringesof hair. Ex. Thysanoptera
Hairy wings front and hind wings covered with flattenedsetae (scales) ex. Lepidoptera
Hamuli Tiny hooks on hind wing that hold front and hind wingstogether.
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Least modified of the bodyregions may have as manyas 11 segments.
Male cicadas haveappendages called timbalson their abdomen used forsound production
Abdominal Appendages ofAdult Insects The abdomen is made up of
several, more or less similarsegments and often bears apair of jointed, terminalappendages called thecercus.
Cercus(pl. cerci)
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Phytophagous
zoophagous
saprophagous
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Life cycle Involves:1. Reproduction and
embryonic
development
2. Postembryonicgrowth and
development
3. Maturity.
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Female genitalia is called ovipositor. parthenogenesis- capable of giving
birth to viable offfspring with-out
ouside donation of sperms. Aphids
(homoptera) Paedogenesis which refers to
reproduction by the juvenile form,
common to insect with very short life
cycle.
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Egg hatching
The hatching process often begins when the
embryo in the egg swallows fluid or air.
Then the embryo must rupture the egg covering
to escape.
Ruptures may be caused when the insect
produces rhythmic muscular activity and presses
or strike against the covering with its head.
eclosion. Refers to the act of leaving an eggor pupa or emergence of a morph.
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Eggs are laid to where larva can be assured
of food
E.x, dung, water
A fly can lay a thousand egg in a week
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scientific term for the young of any insects
that undergo a complete metamorphosis in
the course of development into adults
Most nutritious/voracious stage of an insect Grubs- beetles
catterpillar-lepidoptera
Maggots- flies
Nymph- young that resembles the adult stage
Naiad- aquatic nymph
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Apoduos-legless, often maggot-like larvae
Campodeiform- elongated,dorsoventrally flattened larvaewith well develop antennaeand thoracic legs
Eruciform - often caterpillar-
like larvae with a more-or-lesscylindrical body, well-developed thoracic legs andhump-like (or more obvious)false legs (prolegs orpseudopods) on the abdomen;
Scarabaeiform- larvae with athick, fleshy (often c-shaped)body well developed heads andthoracic legs but no abdominalpro-legs
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Non-feeding largely
immobile stage.
The pupal stage of
butterfly and moth isknown as Chrysalis.
The protective case
for a pupa is called a
cocoon which is madeup of silk.
Types of:a. Exarate
b. obtect
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Oviparity - In most insects, life begins as an
independent egg. This type of reproduction is
known as oviparity.
Embryogenesis is the developmental processthat usually begins once the egg has been
fertilized. It involves multiplication of cells
(by mitosis) and their subsequent growth,
movement, and differentiation into alltissues and organs of a living insect.
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MORPHOGENESIS
Collectively, all changes that involve growth,
molting, and maturation
METAMORPHOSIS
The marked change in appearance or character
Dependent to the nature of insects life cycle.
Each time an insects molts, it gets a little larger.
It may also change physically in other ways
depending on its type of metamorphosis:
ametabola,
hemimetabola
holometabola.
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Ametabola- youngsare physically similarto adults.
Hemimetabola-
youngs are callednymphs and ifaquatic, naiads.(grasshopper)
Holometabola- clear
distinction existsbetween stages.Completemetamorphosis
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diurnal insects areactive duringdaylight hours
nocturnal insect are
active at nightCrepuscular insect
are active at dawnand dusk
Matinal behavioroccurs only near dawn
Vespertine behavioroccurs only near dusk
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1. Coptotermis sp.- causes damage by eating the
root system of A. mangium saplings as
recorded in Indonesia
2. Zeuzera coffeae- a moth (caterpillar) commonly
known as red borer reportedly attacks Ochroma
pyramidale.
3.Xystrocera festiva- a coleopteran species
damaging Falcata that lay eggs on bark fissures
and larvae initially feed underneath the bark .
4. Hypsipyla robusta- a lepidopteran shoot-borer.
Its larvae bore into the growing shoot and
destroyd the terminal bud.
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Hyblaea puera- commonly known as teak
defoliator
Eutectona machaerales- commonly known as
skelelonizer that attacks teak. Thislepidopteran feeds on leaves leaving major
veins intact
Prionoxytus sp.- a moth, larva bores into the
stem of saplings, feeds within and weakensthe tree.
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Varicose borer Agrilus spp. Bagras
Bark beetle engraver Ips calligraphus
Bagras Pine shoot moth Dioryctria rubella
Benguet Pine and Caribbean Pine
Tip moth Petrova cristata Benguet Pine
and Caribbean Pine
Jumping lice( Psyllids ) Heteropsylla cubana
Ipil-ipil
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A Holistic approach in
Insect and Pest
Management:
- Meets the objective ofForest Entomology.
Yes to
IPM!
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Cultural factors approach
1. Diversity
2. Nutrition
3. Pruning4. Cultivars
5. Location
6. Alternate hosts
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Biological factors
1. Natural enemies
2. Beneficial insects
3. Natural chemicals
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Chemical control- use of selective chemicals
must be practice.
Timing of sprays
Application techniques