Entire Report Ex

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CHAPTER 1

COMPANY PROFILE

The Siemens Group in India has emerged as a leading inventor,

innovator and implementer of leading-edge technology enabled

solutions operating in the core business segments of Industry,

Energy, Healthcare and Infrastructure and Cities. The Groups

business is represented by various companies that span across

these various segments.

Siemens brings to India state-of-the-art technology that adds value to

customers through a combination of multiple high-end technologies for

complete solutions. The Group has the competence and capability to integrate

all products, systems and services. It caters to Industry needs across marketsegments by undertaking complete projects such as Hospitals, irports and

Industrial units.

The Siemens Group in India comprises of !" companies, providing direct

employment to over !#,$$$ persons. %urrently, the group has &!

manufacturing plants, a 'ide net'ork of Sales and Service offices across the

country as 'ell as over ($$ channel partners.

Today, Siemens, 'ith its 'orld-class solutions plays a key role in India)s *uest

for developing modern infrastructure.

CHAPTER 2

AUTOMATION


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Automation is basically th !l"ation o# human cont$ol

#unction to tchnical %ui&mnt'

utomation or industrial automation is the use of control systems such as

computers, controllers to control industrial machinery and processes, to

optimi+e productivity in the production of goods and delivery of services.

utomation is a step beyond mechani+ation. hereas mechani+ation provides

human operators 'ith machinery to assist them 'ith the muscular

re*uirements of 'ork, automation greatly decreases the need for human

sensory and mental re*uirements.

Fi"' 2'1 Automation ( Th Futu$

utomation or automatic control is the use of various control systems for

operating e*uipment such as machinery, processes in factories, boilers and

heat treating ovens, s'itching in telephone net'orks, steering and stabili+ation

of ships, aircraft and other applications 'ith minimal or reduced human

intervention. Some processes have been completely automated. The biggest

benefit of automation is that it saves labour ho'ever, it is also used to save

energy and materials and to improve *uality, accuracy and precision. The term

automation, inspired by the earlier 'ord automatic .utomation has been


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achieved by various means including mechanical, hydraulic, pneumatic,

electrical, electronic and computers, usually in combination. %omplicated

systems, such as modern factories, airplanes and ships typically use all these

combined techni*ues

2'1 Automation Im&acts)

It increases productivity and reduce cost.

It gives emphasis on fle/ibility and convertibility of manufacturing

process. Hence gives manufacturers the ability to easily s'itch from

manufacturing 0roduct to manufacturing product 1 'ithout

completely rebuilt the e/isting system2product lines.

utomation is no' often applied primarily to increase *uality in the

manufacturing

process, 'here automation can increase *uality substantially.

3fficient usage of energy 4 ra' material.

Safety at 'orks.

2'2 In!ust$ial Automation)

In!ust$ial automationis the use of control systems, such as computers or

robots, and information technologies for handling different processes and

machineries in an industry to replace a human being. It is the second step

beyond mechani+ation in the scope of industriali+ation.

utomation is encompassing virtually every 'alk of life.

utomation solutions are re*uired right from agricultural to space

technology.

0lant utomation is the necessity for the manufacturing industry to

survive in today)s globally competitive market.

2'* A!+anta"san! ,isa!+anta"s o# In!ust$ial Automation)

Industrial automation eliminates healthcare costs and paid leave and holidays

associated 'ith a human operator. bove all, although it is associated 'ith a

high initial cost it saves the monthly 'ages of the 'orkers 'hich leads to

substantial cost savings for the company. The maintenance cost associated

'ith machinery used for industrial automation is less because it does not often

fail. If it fails, only computer and maintenance engineers are re*uired to repairit.


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Fi"' 2'2 Automation us! in in!ust$y

2'*'1 A!+anta"s o# In!ust$ial Automation

Hi"h &$o!ucti+ity

lthough many companies hire hundreds of production 'orkers for a up

to three shifts to run the plant for the ma/imum number of hours, the

plant still needs to be closed for maintenance and holidays. Industrial

automation fulfils the aim of the company by allo'ing the company to

run a manufacturing plant for &5 hours in a day " days in a 'eek and 67(

days a year. This leads to a significant improvement in the productivity of

the company.

Hi"h -uality


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utomation alleviates the error associated 'ith a human being. 8urther,

unlike human beings, robots do not involve any fatigue, 'hich results in

products 'ith uniform *uality manufactured at different times.

Hi"h #l.ibility

dding a ne' task in the assembly line re*uires training 'ith a human

operator, ho'ever, robots can be programmed to do any task. This makes

the manufacturing process more fle/ible.

Hi"h In#o$mation Accu$acy

dding automated data collection, can allo' you to collect key

production information, improve data accuracy, and reduce your data

collection costs. This provides you 'ith the facts to make the right

decisions 'hen it comes to reducing 'aste and improving your processes.

Hi"h sa#ty

Industrial automation can make the production line safe for the employees

by deploying robots to handle ha+ardous conditions.

2'*'2 ,isa!+anta"s o# In!ust$ial Automation

Hi"h Initial cost

The initial investment associated 'ith the making the s'itch from a

human production line to an automatic production line is very high. lso,

substantial costs are involved in training employees to handle this ne'

sophisticated e*uipment.

2'/ Totally Int"$at! Automation 0TIA)

Totally Integrated utomation 9TI: is more than a concept. TI is a strategy

developed by Siemens that emphasi+es the

seamless integration of automation

products. The TI strategyincorporates a 'ide variety of automation products

such as programmable controllers, computer numerical controls, Human

;achine Interfaces 9H;I:, and drives 'hich are easily connected via open

protocol net'orks.

2'Mtho!s us! in Automation)


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2''1 Manual cont$ol

In this the major dra'back is likelihood of human errors that affect the

*uality of final product.

The time consumption re*uired for the production is more 'ith less

accuracy.

2''2 Ha$! 3i$! lo"ic

It 'as considered to be the first step to automation that used timers,

contactors, counters etc.


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CHAPTER *

PRO4RAMMA5LE LO4IC CONTROLLER6 0PLC

Fi"' *'1 A P$o"$ammabl Lo"ical Cont$oll$

0PLC

*'1 Histo$y o# PLC)

In !>"$s 'ith the coming of microprocessors and associated peripheral

chips, the 'hole process of control and automation under'ent a radical

change.

Instead of achieving the desired control or automation through physical

'iring of control devices, in 0=% it is achieved through a program or

soft'are.

The programmable controllers have in recent years e/perienced an

unprecedented gro'th as universal element in Industrial utomation.

It can be effectively used in applications ranging from simple control like

replacing small number of relays to comple/ automation problems.


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*'2 N! o# P$o"$ammabl Lo"ic Cont$oll$ 0PLC)

1efore 0=%s came into e/istence se*uencing, safety interlock logic for

manufacturing, and other controls 'ere accomplished using physical

relays, timers, and dedicated closed-loop controllers. relay is a simple

device that uses a magnetic field to control a s'itch .hen a voltage is

applied to the input coil the resulting current creates a magnetic field to

control a s'itch. hen a voltage is applied to the input coil, the resulting

current creates a magnetic field. The magnetic field pulls a metal s'itch

9or reed: to'ards it and the contacts touch, closing the s'itch. The contact

that closes 'hen the coil is energi+ed is called ?ormally @pen 9?@:.The

?ormally closed 9?%: close 'hen the input coil is not energi+ed and open'hen the input coil is energi+ed. 1ut the control industries 'ere looking

for'ard to eliminate the high costs associated 'ith infle/ible, relay

controlled systems. The specifications re*uired a solid-state system 'ith

computer fle/ibility 'hich must be able to

9!: Survive in an industrial environment,

9&: 1e easily programmed and maintained by plant engineers and

technicians, and

96: 1e reusable.

Such a control system 'ould reduce machine do'ntime and provide

e/pandability for the future.

The ne' control system had to be price competitive 'ith the use of relay

systems.

The system had to be capable of sustaining an industrial environment.

The input and output interfaces had to be easily replaceable.

The controller had to be designed in modular form, so that subassemblies

could be removed easily for replacement or repair.

The control system needed the capability to pass data collection to a

central system.

The system had to be reusable.

The method used to program the controller had to be simple, so that it

could be easily understood by plant personnel.

*'* ,#inition o# PLC)

In !>"#, the ?ational 3lectrical ;anufacturers ssociation 9?3;: released

a Standard for programmable logic controllers after four years of 'ork by a


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%ommittee made up of representatives from programmable logic controller

manufacturers. ?3; standard I%S6 -!>"#, part I%S6-6$5, defined a

programmable logic controller as A digitally operating electronic apparatus

'hich 'as a programmable memory for the internal storage of instructions for

implementing specific functions such as logic, se*uencing, timing, counting,

and arithmetic to control, through digital or analog I2@ modules, various types

of machines or processes. digital computer 'hich is used to perform the

functions of a programmable logic controller is considered to be 'ithin this

scope. 3/cluded are drum and similar mechanical type se*uencing controllers.

1ased on ?3; definition, there are probably more than ($ control products,

manufactured in the 'orld that could be called a programmable logic

controller.

*'/ PLC an O+$+i3)

0rogrammable =ogic %ontroller, 0=%, or 0rogrammable %ontroller is a

digital computer used for automation of industrial processes, such as control

of machinery on factory assembly lines. Bnlike general-purpose computers,

the 0=% is designed for multiple inputs and output arrangements, e/tended

temperature ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration

and impact. 0rograms to control machine operation are typically stored in

battery- backed or non-volatile memory. 0=% is an e/ample of a real time

system since output results must be produced in response to input conditions

'ithin a bounded time, other'ise unintended operation 'ill result.

The main difference from other computers is that 0=% is armoured for

severe condition 9dust, moisture, heat, cold, etc: and has the facility fore/tensive input2output 9I2@: arrangements. These connect the 0=% to sensors

and actuators. 0=%s read limit s'itches, analog process variables 9such as

temperature and pressure:, and the positions of comple/ positioning systems.

Some even use machine vision. @n the actuator side, 0=%s operate electric

motors, pneumatic or hydraulic cylinders, magnetic relays or solenoids, or

analog outputs. The input2output arrangements may be built into a simple

0=%, or the 0=% may have e/ternal I2@ modules attached to a computer

net'ork that plugs into the 0=%.


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;any of the earliest 0=%s e/pressed all decision making logic in simple

ladder logic 'hich appeared similar to electrical schematic diagrams. The

electricians 'ere *uite able to trace out circuit problems 'ith schematic

diagrams using ladder logic. This program notation 'as chosen to reduce

training demands for the e/isting technicians. @ther early 0=%s used a form

of instruction list programming, based on a stack-based logic solver.

The functionality of the 0=% has evolved over the years to include

se*uential relay control, motion control, process control, distributed control

systems and net'orking. The data handling, storage, processing po'er and

communication capabilities of some modern 0=%s are appro/imately

e*uivalent to desktop computers.

*' A!+anta" o# PLC)

3nergy saving

Greater life 4 reliability

3ase of maintenance, storage, archiving and documentation

Tremendous fle/ibility

Shorter project time

Ceduced space

*'7 PLC Ty&s)

;icro 9Small: =@G@ - &$$ and !&$$ 0=%

;edium - 6$$ 0=%

=arge8 5$$ 0=%

*'9 5asic C$it$ia #o$ PLC Ty&s)

;emory %apacity

I2@ Cange

0ackaging and %ost per 0oint


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Power Supply

Input Module CPU

Program Memory

Output Modul

Field InputsControl Elements

PROCESS/MACHINE

*': 5loc; ,ia"$am o# PLC)

Fi" *'2 5loc; !ia"$am o# PLC

*'< 5uil!in" 5loc;s o# PLC)

ccording to the block diagram sho'n in fig 6.& the basic building blocks of

0=% are described belo'.

*'


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The po'er supply provides isolation necessary to protect the solid state

devices from most high voltage line spikes.

s I2@ is e/panded, some 0=% may re*uire additional po'er supplies in

order to maintain proper po'er levels.

*'


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3ach cycle begins 'ith an input status scan. The specific memory locations

are reserved for input channels called input status table 2 input process image.

Scanning of inputs is carried out as a single step, uninterrupted by other

operation, to provide a clear snap shot of the state of the process at a given

instant.

*'1='2 P$o"$am E.cution

?e/t, the user program is e/ecuted using available feedback status and input

signals and the results are stored in a reserved portion of the memory location

meant for output status table or output program image.

*'1='* Out&ut 6can

In course of output scan the output values are sort to output field devices.

o$! (?$o

In most of 0=%s a period of housekeeping or overhead operations is

performed called memory 'ord-+ero time. These overhead functions include

diagnostic checks on the 0=% as 'ell as service of peripheral devices such as

loader 2 terminals and communications interfaces. s soon as these tasks arecompleted, the entire cycle begins again 'ith another input status scan. The

time it takes to implement a scan cycle is called scan time. The scan time is

composed of the program scan time, 'hich is the time re*uired for e/ecution

of control program, and the I2@ update time or time re*uired to read inputs

and update outputs. The program scan time generally depends on the amount

of memory taken by the control program and the type of instructions used in

the program. The time to make a single scan can typically vary from !7ms to

&$$ms.


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*'11 In!ust$ial a&&lications)

Th$ a$ numb$s o# in!ust$ial a&&lications o# &lc som o#

ths a$)

%ontinuous 1ottle-filling system

1atch mi/ing system

Speed control of dc motor

6-stage air conditioning system

%ontrol of planar machine

utomatic fre*uency control of Induction heating

ir 8lo' Sensor

0osition Sensor

CHAPTER /

PRO4RAMMIN4 CONCEPT6 IN PLC

3arly 0=%s, up to the mid-!>#$s, 'ere programmed using proprietary

programming panels or special-purpose programming terminals, 'hich often

had dedicated function keys representing the various logical elements

of 0=% programs. 0rograms 'ere stored on cassette tape cartridges.

8acilities for printing and documentation 'ere very minimal due to lack of

memory capacity. ;ore recently, 0=% programs are typically 'ritten in a

special application on a personal computer, and then do'nloaded by a direct-

connection cable or over a net'ork to the 0=%. The very oldest 0=%s used

non-volatile magnetic core memory but no' the program is stored in the 0=%

either in battery-backed-up C; or some other non-volatile flash memory.

3arly 0=%s 'ere designed to be used by electricians 'ho 'ould learn 0=%

programming on the job. These 0=%s 'ere programmed in Aladder logicA,

'hich strongly resembles a schematic diagram of relay logic. ;odern 0=%s

can be programmed in a variety of 'ays, from ladder logic to more traditional

programming languages such as 1SI% and %. nother method is State
http://www.mouser.in/search/refine.aspx?Ntk=P_MarCom&Ntt=119412035http://www.mouser.in/search/refine.aspx?Ntk=P_MarCom&Ntt=109029125http://www.mouser.in/search/refine.aspx?Ntk=P_MarCom&Ntt=109029125http://www.mouser.in/search/refine.aspx?Ntk=P_MarCom&Ntt=119412035


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=ogic, a Eery High =evel 0rogramming =anguage designed to program 0=%s

based on State Transition


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controllers became more sophisticated it has also been used in very comple/

automation systems. ArungA in the ladder represents a rule. hen

implemented 'ith relays and other electromechanical devices, the various

rules Ae/ecuteA simultaneously and immediately. hen implemented in a

programmable logic controller, the rules are typically e/ecuted se*uentially by

soft'are, in a loop. 1y e/ecuting the loop fast enough, typically many times

per second, the effect of simultaneous and immediate e/ecution is obtained. In

this 'ay it is similar to other rule- based languages, like spreadsheets or S=.

Ho'ever, proper use of programmable controllers re*uires understanding the

limitations of the e/ecution order of rungs.

9 : regular coil, energi+ed 'henever its rung is closed. 9: AnotA coils, energi+ed 'henever its rung is open.

J K regular contact, closed 'henever its corresponding coil or an

input 'hich controls it is energi+ed.

JK AnotA contact, closed 'henever its corresponding coil or an

input 'hich controls it is not energi+ed

The AcoilA 9output of a rung: may represent a physical output 'hich operates

some device connected to the programmable controller, or may represent aninternal storage bit for use else'here in the program.

/'* PLC ,C6 6lction C$it$ia)

%ost of hard'are, soft'are, Integration 3ngineering,


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/'/ 6lction C$it$ia)

?umber of inputs D


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Fi"' /'1 Th basic lmnts o# th 6IEMEN6@s 6IMATIC 6TEP

9 &$o"$ammin" so#t3a$


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In the above figure 5.! the basic 'indo' of SI3;3?S)s programming

soft'are LSI;TI% ST30"M is sho'n. s usually the first three ro's from the

top are basic elements 'hich are N Title bar, ;enu 1ar and Toolbar as same as

in other computer applications. Instruction Tree is a kind of library in 'hich

various add-ons various types of functions are given.


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In the output 'indo' the entire compilation process of the program is sho'n

'hich take place during e/ecution.


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24/44


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RS !"RS #$#

PC/PPI Ca%lePPI

meters 'or t&e PC/PPI Ca%le (PPI)

!ddress "

!ddress #

6TEP 2)

Fi"' /'2 th basic st&s #o$ th communication stablishmnt bt3n

com&ut$ an! PLC is sho3n'

In the above figure 5.& the communication parameters for 0%200I cables are

settled according to the availability of the cables. 1asically CS 5#( cable and

CO 5( cable are used to communicate the 0=% 'ith the programming device

9%omputer:.

CHAPTER

PRO4RAMMIN4 IN6TRUCTION6 IN PLC

'1 5ITLO4IC IN6TRUCTION)

1it logic instructions 'ork 'ith t'o digits, ! and $. These t'o digits form

the base of a number system called the binary system. The t'o digits !

and $ are called binary digits or bits. In the 'orld of contacts and coils, a

! indicates activated or energi+ed, and a $ indicates not activated or not

energi+ed. The bit logic instructions interpret signal states of ! and $ and

combine them according to 1oolean logic. These combinations produce a

result of ! or $ that is called theMresult of logic operationM 9C=@:. The

logic operations that are triggered by the bit logic instructions perform a

variety of functions. There are bit logic instructions to perform the

follo'ing functionsD

---P P--- ?ormally @pen %ontact 9ddress:

---P 2 P--- ?ormally %losed %ontact 9ddress:


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---9SE3: Save C=@ into 1C ;emory

Q@C 1it 3/clusive @C

---9 : @utput %oil

---9 R :--- ;idline @utput

---P?@TP--- Invert 0o'er 8lo'

The follo'ing instructions react to an C=@ of !D

---9 S : Set %oil ---9 C : Ceset %oil

SC Set-Ceset 8lip 8lop CS Ceset-Set 8lip 8lop

@ther instructions react to a positive or negative edge transition to

perform the follo'ing functionsD

---9?:--- ?egative C=@ 3dge


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&$$ turns the output bit in the process-image registeron or off.

Positi+B n"ati+ t$ansition PD B ND

The Positi+ T$ansition contact allo's po'er to flo' for one scan for eachoff-to-on transition. The N"ati+ T$ansition contact allo's po'er to flo'

for one scan for each on-to-off transition.

6t0 6 : , $st 0 R

The S3T coil is s'itched on 'hen po'er is supplied to it and remains set until

it is C3S3T. The C3S3T coil is reset to the off state 'hen po'er is supplied to

it and remains off until it is S3T. 9Turned off:.The range of points that can beset or reset is ! to &((.

'2 6IMATIC TIMER IN6TRUCTION6)

'2'1Location o# a Tim$ in Mmo$y an! Com&onnts o# a

Tim$

A$a in Mmo$y

Timers have an area reserved for them in the memory of your %0B. This

memory area reserves one !7-bit 'ord for each timer address. The ladder

logic instruction set supports &(7 timers. 0lease refer to your %0B)s technical

information to establish the number of timer 'ords available. The follo'ing

functions have access to the timer memory areaD

Timer instructions

Bpdating of timer 'ords by means of clock timing. This function of your

%0B in the CB? mode decrements a given time value by one unit at the

interval designated by the time base until the time value is e*ual to +ero.

Tim alu

1its $ through > of the timer 'ord contain the time value in binary code.

The time value specifies a number of units. Timer updating decrements the

time value by one unit at an interval designated by the time base.


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,>>$ seconds, or &HU57;U6$S. S(TI;3R5S 5 seconds

s(tR&hU!(m & hours and !( minutes S(TR!HU!&;U!#S ! hour, !&

minutes, and !# seconds

On8!lay tim$J $tnti+ on8!lay tim$)

The @n-


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Tabl '1 tim$ ty&s 3ith thi$ $solutionB ma.' Tim an! total

tim$ numb$'

'* 6IMATIC COMPARE IN6TRUCTION6)

The Com&a$ 5yt instruction is used to compare t'o valuesD I?! to

I?&. %omparisons includeD I?! I?&, I?! V I?&, I?! W I?&, I?! V

I?&, I?! W I?&, or

I?! WV I?&.

I?! and I?& are compared according to the type of comparison you chooseD

I?! is e*ual to I?& WV I?! is not e*ual to I?& V I?! is greater than

I?& W I?! is less than I?& V I?! is greater than or e*ual to I?& W I?!

is less than or e*ual to I?& If the comparison is true, the C=@ of the function

is A!A. It is linked to the C=@ of a rung net'ork by ?< if the compare

element is used in series, or by @C if the bo/ is used in parallel. The follo'ing

comparison instructions are availableD

%;0X I %ompare Integer

%;0X < %ompare


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only functions that have access to the counter memory area.

'/'2 Count alu

1its $ through > of the counter 'ord contain the count value in binary code.

The count value is moved to the counter 'ord 'hen a counter is set. The rangeof the count value is $ to >>>. Fou can vary the count value 'ithin this range

by using the follo'ing counter instructionsD

SU%B< Bp-


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e/ecuted. Bpon reaching ma/imum value 96&,"7":, the ne/t rising edge at

the count up input causes the current count to 'rap around to the minimum

value 9-6&,"7#:. @n reaching the minimum value 9-6&,"7#:, the ne/t rising

edge at the countd o'n input causes the current count to 'rap around to

the ma/imum value 96&,"7":.

' CONER6ION IN6TRUCTION6)


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Labl as A!!$ss

The address of a Oump instruction is a label. label consists of a ma/imum

of four characters. The first character must be a letter of the alphabet the othercharacters can be letters or numbers 9for e/ample, S3G6:. The jump label

indicates the destination to 'hich you 'ant the program to jump.

Labl as ,stination

The destination label must be at the beginning of a net'ork. Fou enter the

destination label at the beginning of the net'ork by selecting =13= from the

ladder logic bro'ser. n empty bo/ appears. In the bo/, you type the name of

the label.

'9 INTE4ER MATH IN6TRUCTION6)

,sc$i&tion

Bsing integer math, you can carry out the follo'ing operations 'ith t'o

integer numbers 9!7 and 6& bits:D


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'ith +eros or 'ith the signal state of the sign bit 9a $ stands for positive and a

! stands for negative:. The signal state of the bit that is shifted last is loaded

into the %% ! bit of the status 'ord. The %% $ and @E bits of the status 'ord

are reset to $. Fou can use jump instructions to evaluate the %% ! bit. The

follo'ing shift instructions are availableD

SHCUI Shift Cight Integer

SHCU


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CHAPTER87

6CA,A

7'1 Manin" o# 6CA,A)

S%


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Fi" 7'1 6CA,A systm

7'2 A$chitctu$ o# 6CA,A)

This section describes the common features of the S%


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Fi"'7'2 A$chitctu$ o# 6CA,A

7'2'1 Ha$!3a$ A$chitctu$

@ne distinguishes t'o basic layers in a S%


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Server-client and server-server communication is in general on a

publish-subscribe and event- driven basis and uses a T%02I0 protocol, i.e., a

client application subscribes to a parameter 'hich is o'ned by a particular

server application and only changes to that parameter are then communicated

to the client application.

7'*'2 Accss to ,+ics

The data servers poll the controllers at a user defined polling rate. The

polling rate may be different for different parameters. The controllers pass the

re*uested parameters to the data servers. Time stamping of the process

parameters is typically performed in the controllers and this time-stamp is

taken over by the data server. If the controller and communication protocol

used support unsolicited data transfer then the products 'ill support this too.

The products provide communication drivers for most of the common 0=%s

and 'idely used field-buses, e.g., ;odbus. @f the three field buses that are

recommended at %3C?, both 0rofibus and orld flip are supported but %?

bus often not J6K. Some of the drivers are based on third party products 9e.g.,

pplica cards: and therefore have additional cost associated 'ith them. E;3

on the other hand is generally not supported. single data server can support

multiple communications protocolsD it can generally support as many such

protocols as it has slots for interface cards. The effort re*uired to develop ne'

drivers is typically in the range of &-7 'eeks depending on the comple/ity and

similarity 'ith e/isting drivers, and a driver development toolkit is provided

for this. s 0=%s became more advanced, methods 'ere developed to change

the se*uence of ladder e/ecution, and subroutines 'ere implemented. This

simplified programming and could also be used to save scan time for high-

speed processes parts of the program used, for e/ample, only for setting up

the machine could be segregated from those parts re*uired to operate at higher

speed.

7'*'* Int$#acin"

The provision of @0% client functionality for S%


39/44

rapidly as most of the producers of controllers are actively involved in the

development of this standard. @0% has been evaluated by the %3C?-IT-%@

group.

The products also provide

n @pen


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7'*' R!un!ancy

The products often have built in soft'are redundancy at a server level, 'hich

is normally transparent to the user. ;any of the products also provide morecomplete redundancy solutions if re*uired.

7'/ Functionality)

7'/'1 Accss Cont$ol

Bsers are allocated to groups, 'hich have defined read2'rite access

privileges to the process parameters in the system and often also to specific

product functionality.

7'/'2 Human Machin int$#ac 0HMI

The products support multiple screens, 'hich can contain combinations

of synoptic diagrams and te/t. They also support the concept of a AgenericA

graphical object 'ith links to process variables. These objects can be Adragged

and droppedA from a library and included into a synoptic diagram. ;ost of the

S%


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readability: real-time and historical trending are possible, although generally

not in the same chart.

7' Ala$m Han!lin")

larm handling is based on limit and status checking and performed in

the data servers. ;ore complicated e/pressions 9using arithmetic or logical

e/pressions: can be developed by creating derived parameters on 'hich status

or limit checking is then performed. The alarms are logically handled

centrally, i.e., the information only e/ists in one place and all users see the

same status 9e.g., the ackno'ledgement:, and multiple alarm priority levels 9in

general many more than 6 such levels: are supported. It is generally possible

to group alarms and to handle these as an entity 9typically filtering on group or

ackno'ledgement of all alarms in a group:. 8urthermore, it is possible to

suppress alarms either individually or as a complete group. The filtering of

alarms seen on the alarm page or 'hen vie'ing the alarm log is also possible

at least on priority, time and group. Ho'ever, relationships bet'een alarms

cannot generally be defined in a straightfor'ard manner. 3-mails can be

generated or predefined actions automatically e/ecuted in response to alarm

conditions.

7'7 Lo""in"KA$chi+in")

The terms logging and archiving are often used to describe the same

facility. Ho'ever, logging can be thought of as medium-term storage of data

on disk, 'hereas archiving is long-term storage of data either on disk or on

another permanent storage medium. =ogging is typically performed on a

cyclic basis, i.e., once a certain file si+e, time period or number of points is

reached the data is over'ritten. =ogging of data can be performed at a set

fre*uency, or only initiated if the value changes or 'hen a specific predefined

event occurs. =ogged data can be transferred to an archive once the log is full.

The logged data is time-stamped and can be filtered 'hen vie'ed by a user.


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The logging of user actions is in general performed together 'ith either a user

I< or station I


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The facilities provided by the products for configuring very large numbers of

parameters are not very strong. Ho'ever, this has not really been an issue so

far for most of the products to-date, as large applications are typically about

($Y I2@ points and database population from 'ithin an S%II editor such as

3/cel is still a 'orkable option. @n-line modifications to the configuration

database and the graphics are generally possible 'ith the appropriate level of

privileges.

7'


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attributes and functionality. In addition, they 'ill also support multi-team

development. s far as ne' technologies are concerned, the S%

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