Entering the World Stage

America Becomes an Imperialist Power

What is Imperialism?

Reasons for imperialism:• Industrial Revolution–New markets for goods–Raw materials for manufacturing –Naval refueling stations

US Foreign Investment 1869-1908

• Alfred T. Mahan The Influence of Sea Power on History: 1660-1783

Reasons for imperialism: (con’t)

• Power & prestige –Nationalism

Reasons for imperialism: (con’t)

• Ideology –Social Darwinism –Missionaries

American Missionaries in China

Imperialist nations:• Great Britain• France• United States• Belgium• Germany• Japan

Alaska

“Seward’s Folly” 1867• Purchased from Russia for $7.2

million

“Seward’s Icebox”

Hawaii

Hawaii • 1778—James Cook explored HA

Hawaii• American Missionaries

Imiola Church – first built in the late 1820s

Hawaii• Ideal for fueling station & for trade• Sugar cane plantations

Hawaii • King Kalakaua—negotiates treaty w/

US to import sugar • Queen Liliuakalani—overthrown by

sugar planters• Sanford Dole—becomes president of

HA• 1898—HA becomes US territory

US view of Hawaii

Hawaiian annexation

China

China• Europe—carves out spheres of

influence• Open Door Policy—proposed by John

Hay

China• Boxer

Rebellion

Japan

Japan• Began the 1800s

isolated & unindustrialized• Matthew Perry

opened trade w/ Japan• Japan

industrializes & begins trading

Gentlemen’s Agreement• US & Japan agree to end Japanese

immigration to US• CA ends segregation of Japanese

schools children

Treaty of Portsmouth:1905

• Ends Russo-Japanese War• Earns

Roosevelt Nobel Peace Prize

Spanish American War

Causes of Span-Amer War• Cubans revolt against Spain–José Marti & yellow journalism –Spanish General Valeriano Weyler

• De Lome letter• USS Maine

Joseph Pulitzer

William Randolf Hearst

Image from Gen. Weyler’s “Reconcentration Camps”

Hearst to Frederick Remington: You furnish the pictures, and I’ll furnish the war!

Dupuy de Lome, Spanish Ambassador to US

Criticized President McKinnley

Remember the Maine, to Hell with Spain!

Spanish American War • Cuba– Strategy: control port

city of Santiago – Teddy Roosevelt & the

Rough Riders • Battle of San Juan Hill

– US Navy sinks entire Spanish fleet

• Philippines – Commodore Dewey

• Manila Bay

– Emilio Aguinaldo: leads rebels against Spanish

– Surrounded by Dewey & Aguinaldo, Spanish surrender

Results of the Span-Amer War

• Spain gives up all claims to Cuba • US gains Puerto Rico & Guam • Spain gives up Philippines for $20

million • US seen as strong militarily &

financially

The Philippines

Controversy over annexation

For annexation • US had duty to

spread ideals & values (Christianity & Democracy)

• Don’t want territory to fall under another country’s control

Against annexation • Annexation would

violated ideals of self rule & independence

• Might increase immigration

Philippines • The U.S. annexes of the Philippines in 1899.

• Fighting broke out in the Philippines. Filipinos battled U.S. for 3 years.

• Filipino voters elected members to the lower house of their legislature. They could elect members of both houses in 1916.

• July 4, 1946, the US granted full independence to the Philippines.

Latin America

Cuba

Cuba • McKinnley est. military gov’t. in Cuba• Advances made toward eliminating

yellow fever–Dr. Walter Reed, Dr. William C. Gorgas, Dr.

Juan Finlay • Leonard Wood—US appointed

governor –New constitution–Platt Amendment

Cuba & the Platt Amendment

• Gives the US right to intervene in Cuban affairs• Cuba has limited ability to sign

treaties w/ other countries • Est. military base at Guantanamo Bay • Makes Cuba protectorate of US

Puerto Rico

Puerto Rico • US est. military gov’t. & governed PR as a

territory • Foraker Act–US appoints gov’t. & upper house of legislature

• 1917—grants Puerto Ricans citizenship & ability to elect both houses of legislature

• 1952—PR becomes a self governing commonwealth; US controls trade, immigration & military affairs

Panama

Panama • 1902—US bought rights to build

canal from French • Pres. Roosevelt supports

Panamanian rebels in fight for independence from Colombia–Treaty w/ new gov’t. gives US 10 mile

wide canal zone

Panama • 1904—Amer. Begins work on canal• 1914—1st ship travels through canal• Poor working conditions, material

shortages, malaria, yellow fever–Dr. Gorgas worked to eliminate

mosquitoes

Monroe Doctrine

& Roosevelt Corollary

Monroe Doctrine & Roosevelt Corollary

• 1823--Monroe Doctrine: declared the Western Hemisphere off-limits to European nations.• 1904—US pledged to use force to

prevent European countries from seizing territory or intervening

Dollar Diplomacy• Taft promotes Dollar Diplomacy—

promoting US economic interests in other countries & using economic power to achieve goals –US buys out Lat. Amer. loans

US investment in Latin America

Mexico

Mexico • 1877-1910: Dictator Porfirio Díaz–Brought stability; jailed opponents–Modernization; majority live in poverty

• 1911: Francisco Madero–Jailed by Díaz; fled country; returned

to rebellion & took presidency • Emiliano Zapata (land reform)• Francisco “Pancho” Villa & Pascual

Orozco

Porfirio Diaz Francisco Madero

Emiliano Zapata

Pancho Villa

Mexico• 1913: Victoriano Huerta uses army to

imprison & execute Madero; becomes president–Pres. Wilson refuses to recognize

Huerta’s gov’t.; sells arms to enemies–Huerta arrests & releases several US

soldiers; Wilson demands apology; Congress authorizes use of force • Battle of Veracruz

Mexico • 1914: Huerta flees to Spain • Venustiano Carranza becomes pres.

w/ support of Pres. Wilson–Zapata & Villa are against Carranza;

lead attacks on Amer. Border–Wilson sends Gen. John Pershing to

Mexico to find Villa

Venustiano Carranza

Uncle Sam, “One of the Boys”?

What has the US

fought for?

The Great White Fleet