EnrichmentYesterday’s article

In KY, how many deaths are alcohol related each year?

What types of people are at risk of alcoholism?

Do you believe there is a genetic risk?Do you believe alcohol is a physical or a

psychological addiction? Or both? Why?What do you believe to be the best steps to

help people addicted to alcohol?What steps are needed to prevent people

from becoming addicted in the first place?

Opening ActivityPre Assessment

All commercial alcohol beverages (beer, whiskey, rum, etc.) are all made from the same compound. What is the chemical name of the alcohol that humans consume?

Is it possible to die from drinking alcohol?

What is the legal limit of alcohol while driving in Kentucky?

4/27

Forensic ScienceUnit 7 – Alcohol Toxicology

Alcohol Use and AbuseAlcohol is the most abused of all drugs. 35-40% of all traffic deaths are alcohol related.

(completely unacceptable for our society!)An estimated 100 million plus people in the U.S. use

alcohol. The alcohol industry generates over 50 billion

dollars per year. CSI’s will be confronted with cases in which alcohol

is associated with accidents, assaults, and deaths. Learning to assess the role of alcohol within a criminal investigation is necessary for the CSI.

Ethyl alcohol….Ethyl alcohol is a colorless, odorless liquid in its

natural form. Ethyl alcohol is produced by way of the anaerobic

respiration of yeast in plant sugars (fermentation). By modifying the distillation process and using

different ingredients, different types of alcoholic beverages are produced.

Ethyl alcohol is normally diluted with water and served as a beverage (~4% - 45%).

Ethyl alcohol inhibits nerves ability to send and receive signal impulses throughout the body…

Other “alcohols”There are MANY “other” alcohols that people

sometimes drink when ethyl alcohol is not available or too expensive.

These alcohols can have similar effects of ethyl alcohol, but can lead to instant blindness, brain damage, and even death.

Methanol, isopropyl alcohol, propanol, etc.

Commonly found in hair sprays, hand sanitizers, cleaning agents, and other random items. Just because the word “alcohol” is listed as an ingredient, doesn’t mean that it’s ethyl alcohol.

The short term effects of alcohol…1. sensation of relaxation2. slowing of reaction time (depressant)3. gradual loss of muscle coordination4. impaired judgment/aggression5. impaired speech/vision/hearing6. inability to concentrate7. memory loss – short and long term8. dehydration - leads to hangover symptoms9. nausea and vomiting10. loss of consciousness/passing out11. alcohol poisoning – can lead to death

The Absorption of Alcohol..1. Once alcohol is consumed it is absorbed very

quickly by the body tissues. Alcohol absorbs at much higher rate than even water.

2. The alcohol diffuses into the blood stream through the stomach and small intestine.

3. The alcohol is distributed throughout the body by way of the circulatory system.

4. The alcohol is gradually metabolized until concentration levels are completely eliminated. 1 beer ≈ less than 15 min to diffuse, 1 hour to

metabolize.

How is alcohol metabolized/eliminated from the body?1. Oxidation – Takes place in the liver. 95% of

the alcohol a person consumes is eliminated by oxidation. Alcohol is converted into carbon dioxide and water. Heavy drinkers of alcohol often have liver issues/ failure/cancer.

2. Excretion – The remaining alcohol is excreted by way of urine, sweat, and respiration. The concentration of alcohol in the breath is directly proportional to the concentration of alcohol in the blood (breathalyzer).

Today’s Assignment:Tomorrow Officer Jacobs will be presenting on

alcohol and how it relates to law enforcement.

Based on today’s lesson and general experience/ knowledge, generate FIVE questions regarding alcohol that you wish to ask him.

Tomorrow, you will be expected to ask him AT LEAST ONE of your questions (I will keep tally and assign points). (He should be answering 30 questions tomorrow) Be careful of duplicate questions.

Today’s Assignment:Read the articles “Caught by a Hair/ Death by

Tylenol”Write your own 10 question multiple choice

(ABC) quiz over the material. When complete, turn in for a classwork

grade.Do your best!

Unit 7 Quiz1. What percentage of traffic deaths are alcohol

related?2. What is the estimated number of people in the

U.S. that use alcohol?3. _________ alcohol is the type served in beverages.4. List three short term side effects of alcohol use.5. Once alcohol is consumed it is absorbed into the

bloodstream through the ______ and ________.6. Where is alcohol oxidized?7. What % of consumed alcohol is oxidized?8. In what three ways is alcohol excreted from the

body?

9. List three factors that affect how alcohol is absorbed into the body.

10. In what year was the breathalyzer device invented?

11. Who invented the breathalyzer?

ForensicsUnit 6/7 Assessment Tomorrow

Drugs & Alcohol

Two items not on study guide:Dr. Hedrick Presentation over the NKY heroin

planOfficer Jacob’s Presentation on DUIs

Factors that influence alcohol absorption1. The size of the person consuming alcohol.2. The amount of alcohol consumed.3. The alcohol concentration of the beverages

consumed.4. The total time taken to consume the alcohol.5. The quantity and type of food in the stomach

at the time of consumption. (alcohol absorbs faster on empty stomachs)

6. Hydration levels7. Age

The BreathalyzerThe breathalyzer is a useful tool for

determining level of intoxication.The breathalyzer was invented in 1954 by an

Indiana state police officer, Robert Borkenstein.

The electrical current produced by the reduction of alcohol in the breath to acetic acid and water is measured and displayed as an approximation of breath alcohol volume.

Using pennies, breath mints, or batteries will not fool the breathalyzer!

Blood analysis for alcohol…Drawing blood to test motorists suspected to be

under the influence is neither practical nor convenient, however it is sometimes necessary.

Collecting blood for alcohol analysis: 1. apply a non-alcohol disinfectant to the skin.

(iodine) 2. penetrate the skin with a sterile hypodermic

needle or lancet. 3. Add an anticoagulant to prevent clotting.

(potassium oxalate) 4. Add a preservative to prevent infection by

micro-organisms. (sodium fluoride) 5. Place the blood into an airtight container..

The Legal Limit….In Kentucky, a person is legally intoxicated at a

blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.08.Punishments for drunk driving are established by

state laws.Kentucky does not have a set punishment for DUI

offenses.DUI offenders usually receive one or a

combination of: 1. jail time 2. fines 3. license suspension

Factors that influence DUI sentencing…1. The state where the offense occurred.2. prior offenses of any kind.3. the person’s BAC at the time of arrest.4. the presence of children at the time of

arrest. (child endangerment)5. additional broken laws. (speeding, fleeing,

resisting arrest, drug possession, etc.)

DUI Penalties in Other Countries.. (1st offense)Malaysia Driver and spouse are both jailed together.South Africa 10 years in prison and a $10,000 fine.Turkey Drivers are taken 20 miles from automobile and forced to walk back.Sweden One year of hard labor in a maximum security prison camp. (0.02 limit)Russia Drivers license revoked for life. (0.02 limit)England One year jail, one year license suspension, fine.France One year jail, three years license suspension, fine.Bulgaria 1st offense, jail… 2nd offense, death penalty.El Salvador 1st offense is the last offense. Death penalty. (firing squad)

The Evolution of the Legal BAC Limit…In 1939, the legal BAC limit in the U.S. was

0.15. (!)In 1954, the breathalyzer was invented.By 1965, the limit was lowered nationwide to

0.10.As of 2004, the limit nationwide is 0.08.The limit for those with CDL’s is 0.04.A person is 4 times more likely to have an

accident at a BAC of 0.08.A person is 25 times more likely to have an

accident at a BAC of 0.15.

ForensicsUnit 6/7 Assessment Tomorrow

Drugs & Alcohol

Two items not on study guide:Dr. Hedrick Presentation over the NKY heroin

planOfficer Jacob’s Presentation on DUIs

Opening ActivityIf a person over 21 is pulled over having a

BAC of 0.10, what might be their sentencing?

What factors might influence whether their sentencing is minor or harsh?

Yesterday’s NotesFactors of absorptionBreathalyzerBlood AnalysisLegal limit and evolution of BACConsequencesBody mass charts of absorptionsChart of behavior and impairments at

different BAC.

Recognizing Drug/Alcohol Use..In the 1970’s the LAPD developed a system of identifying

suspects under the influence of drugs and alcohol. Today, all police officers are trained in the components of this system.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YHF4B7zDX40

1. Questioning – Officers will ask questions to determine if there is a possibility of substance use, or if impairments are non-drug related.

Example = How much have you had to drink? When was your last drink? Do you have any physical problems? Are you a diabetic?

2. Eye exam – Officers will check for abnormally dilated (large) or constricted (small) pupils.

3. Psychophysical field testing – Walk and turn, one leg stand, HGN (horizontal gaze nystagmus) tests.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fQ2Zaiay2U

4. Muscle rigidity – Drugs can cause muscles to become rigid (tense) or flaccid (loose).

5. Vital signs – blood pressure, pulse rate, body temperature will often be abnormal under the influence of drugs/alcohol.

6. Visible injection sites – “Track marks” may be seen on the hands, arms, and neck of intravenous (IV) drug users.

7. Toxicology – Breathe, blood and urine samples are admissible to court.

Forensic ScienceUnit 7 Exam – Today!