Enlightenment Enlightenment + Revolution+ Revolution

Ch 22Ch 221550-17891550-1789

The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific RevolutionRoots of Roots of Modern Modern ScienceScience

Scholars used to refer to the Bible or ancient Greek Scholars used to refer to the Bible or ancient Greek or Roman authorsor Roman authors

Few are willing to challenge existing beliefsFew are willing to challenge existing beliefs

The Scientific Revolution occurred when scholars The Scientific Revolution occurred when scholars started a new way of thinking about the natural started a new way of thinking about the natural worldworld

Started due to exploration + printing pressStarted due to exploration + printing press

Exploration – discover new peoples + Exploration – discover new peoples + ideasideas

-- need more -- need more knowledge in knowledge in math + math + astronomy for astronomy for sailing, sailing, mapmaking, etcmapmaking, etc

Printing Press – spreads ideasPrinting Press – spreads ideas

Based upon careful observation + willingness Based upon careful observation + willingness to ? accepted beliefsto ? accepted beliefs

AstronomyAstronomy Middle Ages: Middle Ages: Geocentric TheoryGeocentric Theory

Earth is center of universe + doesn’t moveEarth is center of universe + doesn’t move

Sun, moon, + planets revolve in perfect circles Sun, moon, + planets revolve in perfect circles around Eartharound Earth

Church backed this belief (God placed Earth in Church backed this belief (God placed Earth in the center)the center)

Mid-1500s: Mid-1500s: Heliocentric TheoryHeliocentric Theory is spread first by is spread first by CopernicusCopernicus

Polish Cleric + AstronomerPolish Cleric + Astronomer

Based on old Greek ideaBased on old Greek idea

Sun is the center of universeSun is the center of universe

Johannes Kepler proved mathematically that the Johannes Kepler proved mathematically that the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical planets revolve around the sun in elliptical patterns instead of perfect circles (1601)patterns instead of perfect circles (1601)

Galileo built 1Galileo built 1stst telescope telescope – Writes book supporting Copernicus’s theoryWrites book supporting Copernicus’s theory

Church forces him to sign a confession (1633) Church forces him to sign a confession (1633) denouncing Copernicus’s ideas + places him denouncing Copernicus’s ideas + places him under house arrestunder house arrest

The The Scientific Scientific MethodMethod

New approach to science requiring logical New approach to science requiring logical procedure for gathering + testing ideasprocedure for gathering + testing ideas

1. Start w/ problem or ? from an observation1. Start w/ problem or ? from an observation

2. Form a hypothesis (assumption)2. Form a hypothesis (assumption)

3. Test hypothesis in an experiment3. Test hypothesis in an experiment

4. Analyze data to reach a conclusion4. Analyze data to reach a conclusion

Developed by Francis Bacon + Rene Descartes in Developed by Francis Bacon + Rene Descartes in 1600s1600s

Bacon Bacon

Wanted to improve peoples’ livesWanted to improve peoples’ lives

Encouraged experimentsEncouraged experiments

DescartesDescartes

““I think, therefore I am.”I think, therefore I am.”

Use logic + mathUse logic + math

Everything should be doubted until Everything should be doubted until proved by reasonproved by reason

Law of Law of GravityGravity

Developed by Isaac NewtonDeveloped by Isaac Newton

Brings together ideas of Copernicus, Brings together ideas of Copernicus, Kepler, + Galileo w/ a single theory of Kepler, + Galileo w/ a single theory of motionmotion

States that same force ruled motion in States that same force ruled motion in the heavens w/ motion on Earth the heavens w/ motion on Earth (universal gravitation) + that every (universal gravitation) + that every object in the universe attracts every object in the universe attracts every other objectother object

Gravitational pull depends upon Gravitational pull depends upon mass + distancemass + distance

Universe works like a giant clock + Universe works like a giant clock + worked in a way that could be worked in a way that could be expressed mathematically + God was expressed mathematically + God was the Clockmakerthe Clockmaker

Spread of the Spread of the Scientific Scientific RevolutionRevolution

Scientific instrumentsScientific instrumentsMicroscope (observing bacteria)Microscope (observing bacteria)Mercury barometer (predicting weather)Mercury barometer (predicting weather)Thermometer (measuring temperature)Thermometer (measuring temperature)

MedicineMedicinePreviously, European doctors had Previously, European doctors had accepted the writings of the ancient accepted the writings of the ancient Greek physician Galen as fact even Greek physician Galen as fact even though Galen had NEVER dissected a though Galen had NEVER dissected a human (only animals)human (only animals)Andreas Vesalius dissected human Andreas Vesalius dissected human corpses + published his observations w/ corpses + published his observations w/ detailed drawings of human bones, detailed drawings of human bones, organs, + muscleorgans, + muscleEdward Jenner produces world’s 1Edward Jenner produces world’s 1stst vaccine (for smallpox)vaccine (for smallpox)

End Section End Section 11

22.222.2

The EnlightenmentThe EnlightenmentAlso known Also known as The Age as The Age of Reasonof Reason

An intellectual movement that An intellectual movement that stressed reason, thought, + thestressed reason, thought, + thepower of individuals to solvepower of individuals to solveproblemsproblemsPeaked in mid-1700s in FrancePeaked in mid-1700s in FranceFrench philosophers of the period were French philosophers of the period were known as known as philosophesphilosophes – –

They had 5 main beliefs:They had 5 main beliefs:1.1. ReasonReason (truth can be reached through (truth can be reached through

reason)reason)2.2. NatureNature (what is natural is good + reasonable)(what is natural is good + reasonable)3.3. HappinessHappiness (People should seek happiness on (People should seek happiness on

Earth)Earth)4.4. ProgressProgress (society + humankind can improve)(society + humankind can improve)5.5. Liberty Liberty (The French should have the rights the (The French should have the rights the

English had w/ their Bill of Rights after the English had w/ their Bill of Rights after the Glorious Revolution)Glorious Revolution)

VoltaireVoltaire(pen name)(pen name)

Francois Arouet (real name- French)Francois Arouet (real name- French)Most influential philosopheMost influential philosophePublished political essays, philosophy, Published political essays, philosophy, + dramas+ dramasOften used satire against clergy, Often used satire against clergy, aristocracy, + gov.’taristocracy, + gov.’tFought for tolerance, reason, religious Fought for tolerance, reason, religious freedom, + free speech freedom, + free speech Fought against intolerance, prejudice, + Fought against intolerance, prejudice, + superstitionsuperstition““I do not agree w/ a word you say but I do not agree w/ a word you say but will defend to the death your right to will defend to the death your right to say it.”say it.”Sent to prison twice before exiled to Sent to prison twice before exiled to EnglandEngland

2 views of 2 views of gov.’tgov.’t

Social ContractSocial Contract– Agreement in which people define + limit their individual Agreement in which people define + limit their individual

rights + create a gov.’t to serve their interestsrights + create a gov.’t to serve their interests

1. Thomas Hobbs (English)1. Thomas Hobbs (English)

English Civil War convinced him humans are English Civil War convinced him humans are naturally wickednaturally wicked

Man against ManMan against Man

Social Contract: People must give over their rights to Social Contract: People must give over their rights to a strong ruler (absolute monarchy) in exchange for a strong ruler (absolute monarchy) in exchange for law + orderlaw + order

2. John Locke (English)2. John Locke (English)

Believed people were reasonable beings who could Believed people were reasonable beings who could govern themselvesgovern themselves

All are born free + equal w/ God–given All are born free + equal w/ God–given Natural RightsNatural Rights

Life, Liberty, + PropertyLife, Liberty, + Property

Social Contract: a gov.’t (self-gov.’t) was created to Social Contract: a gov.’t (self-gov.’t) was created to protect those rights. If it failed to do so or attempted protect those rights. If it failed to do so or attempted to take away those rights, it is the privilege of the to take away those rights, it is the privilege of the people to overthrow the gov.’tpeople to overthrow the gov.’t

Declaration of Indep.Declaration of Indep.

Separation Separation of Powersof Powers

Montesquieu (French)Montesquieu (French)

Britain was the best governed (most politically Britain was the best governed (most politically balanced) country of that timebalanced) country of that time

Parliament had legislative power (made Parliament had legislative power (made laws)laws)

Monarch had executive power (carried Monarch had executive power (carried out laws)out laws)

Judges had judicial power (interpreted Judges had judicial power (interpreted the laws)the laws)

– Oversimplified (somewhat Oversimplified (somewhat inaccurate)inaccurate)

Proposed that separation of powers would Proposed that separation of powers would keep individuals or groups from gaining total keep individuals or groups from gaining total control of gov.’tcontrol of gov.’t

Checks + BalancesChecks + Balances

Each branch of the gov.’t should have Each branch of the gov.’t should have some powers over the otherssome powers over the others

Criminal Criminal JusticeJustice

Beccaria (Italian)Beccaria (Italian)

Laws existed to preserve social order Laws existed to preserve social order NOT avenge crimesNOT avenge crimes

Against torture + capital punishmentAgainst torture + capital punishment

Those accused of crimes have right to Those accused of crimes have right to speedy trialspeedy trial

Those convicted should have a Those convicted should have a punishment based on the seriousness punishment based on the seriousness of the crimeof the crime

Gov.’ts should seek the greatest good Gov.’ts should seek the greatest good for the greatest # of peoplefor the greatest # of people

Women Women during the during the EnlightenmentEnlightenment

Male philosophes often had Male philosophes often had traditional views on women’s roles traditional views on women’s roles in society + in the homein society + in the home

Mary WollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft

A Vindication of the Rights of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792)Woman (1792)

Women needed to be Women needed to be educated to be usefuleducated to be useful

Urged women to enter Urged women to enter medicine + politicsmedicine + politics

The Enlightenment of the ideas of the philosophes would lead to a more secular outlook + the of individualism

End Section 2

22.322.3

The Enlightenment The Enlightenment spreadsspreads

In the 1700s, Paris was cultural + In the 1700s, Paris was cultural + intellectual capital of Europeintellectual capital of EuropeSalonsSalons were social gatherings held by were social gatherings held by wealthy women in their homes where wealthy women in their homes where philosophes, writers, artists, + other philosophes, writers, artists, + other intellectuals met to discuss ideasintellectuals met to discuss ideas1751, Denis Diderot created a large 1751, Denis Diderot created a large set of books called set of books called EncyclopediaEncyclopedia which many leading scholars which many leading scholars contributed articles + essayscontributed articles + essays

Salons + Encyclopedia angered Salons + Encyclopedia angered French gov.’t + Catholic ChurchFrench gov.’t + Catholic ChurchOther methods of spreading Other methods of spreading Enlightenment ideas were Enlightenment ideas were newspapers, pamphlets, + newspapers, pamphlets, + political songspolitical songsAttracted attention of a growing Attracted attention of a growing literate middle classliterate middle class

Enlightened Enlightened DespotsDespots

(absolute rulers)(absolute rulers)

Monarchs who embraced ideas of the Enlightenment + made Monarchs who embraced ideas of the Enlightenment + made reforms reforms BUTBUT had no intention of giving up power had no intention of giving up powerFrederick II (the Great) of Prussia (1740-86)Frederick II (the Great) of Prussia (1740-86)

Granted many religious freedomsGranted many religious freedomsReduced censorshipReduced censorshipImproved educationImproved educationReformed Justice systemReformed Justice system

Abolished tortureAbolished torture““11stst servant of the state” servant of the state”

Joseph II of Austria (1780-90)Joseph II of Austria (1780-90)Legal reformsLegal reformsFreedom of pressFreedom of pressFreedom of worshipFreedom of worshipAbolished serfdom - Undone after his deathAbolished serfdom - Undone after his death

Catherine the Great of Russia (1762-96)Catherine the Great of Russia (1762-96)Formed commission to review Russia’s laws + Formed commission to review Russia’s laws + proposed reforms based on philosophes’ ideas – proposed reforms based on philosophes’ ideas – Few were done Few were done Had to put down serf uprising which led to end of Had to put down serf uprising which led to end of freedoms for serfs b/c she realized she needed freedoms for serfs b/c she realized she needed nobles’ supportnobles’ supportExpanded Russia’s bordersExpanded Russia’s borders

End Section 3End Section 3

The American RevolutionThe American RevolutionBefore Before the Rev.the Rev.

From 1700-1770, American colonies’ From 1700-1770, American colonies’ population from 250,000-2,150,000. population from 250,000-2,150,000. By this time, each of the 13 colonies By this time, each of the 13 colonies had its own gov.’t + people were used had its own gov.’t + people were used to to salutary neglectsalutary neglect

““beneficial neglect” England did beneficial neglect” England did not supervise the colonies closely not supervise the colonies closely in return for economic loyalty of in return for economic loyalty of the coloniesthe colonies

1754-63 French + Indian War – British 1754-63 French + Indian War – British drive out French, leave behind troops drive out French, leave behind troops though to “protect” the coloniststhough to “protect” the colonists

Creates huge debt British gov.’t Creates huge debt British gov.’t must paymust pay

Causes of the Causes of the RevolutionRevolution

1. End of Salutary neglect 1. End of Salutary neglect

2. Quartering Act2. Quartering Act

Colonists had to shelter + Colonists had to shelter + feed troops from Englandfeed troops from England

3. Taxes to raise $ to pay off Britain’s debt3. Taxes to raise $ to pay off Britain’s debt

Sugar Act, Stamp Act, + Townshend Sugar Act, Stamp Act, + Townshend ActAct

All would be repealed due to All would be repealed due to colonies’ response EXCEPT colonies’ response EXCEPT for tax on teafor tax on tea

Boston Tea PartyBoston Tea Party

Boston Port ActBoston Port Act

Closed Boston’s portClosed Boston’s port

4. Virtual Representation4. Virtual Representation

““No taxation w/o representation”No taxation w/o representation”

22ndnd Continental Continental CongressCongress

(1775-76)(1775-76)

Representatives from all 13 colonies Representatives from all 13 colonies accomplished 4 things:accomplished 4 things:1. Congress voted to create the Continental Army out of the militia units around Boston2. Appointed Congressman George Washington as Commander of the Continental Army 3. July 8, 1775 Congress extended the Olive Branch Petition to the British Crown as a final attempt at reconciliation 4. June 1776 the convention moved for a Declaration of Indep.

Written by Thomas JeffersonInfluenced heavily by thinkers of the Enlightenment especially John Locke

“Life, liberty, + pursuit of happiness”Right to rebel against an unjust gov.’t

NO, you don’t have to copy this NO, you don’t have to copy this “When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another … the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature's God entitle them (John Locke) …requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.

We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness (Locke’s Natural Rights)… deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed, (popular sovereignty / social contract) That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government …”

EnglandEnglandStrengthsStrengths

WeaknessesWeaknesses

#1 Navy + #2 Army in the world#1 Navy + #2 Army in the worldWealthiest empire in the worldWealthiest empire in the world

hired mercenaries (Hessians - #1 army in the world)

American Indians sided w/ the BritishAmerican Indians sided w/ the British

France bitter about French + Indian WarBritish gov.’t had no clear policy Citizens in England did not fully support another expensive war British soldiers lived under horrible conditions – bad morale, poor leadershipDistance was great, enormous geography, no major cities to capture, + a rapidly American population

AmericansAmericansStrengthsStrengths

WeaknessesWeaknesses

Outstanding leadership in Congress + military (foreign + American)

Defensive fight – easier to win rather than offensive fighting

Self-sustaining – could feed / support both the army + civilian population

“Backcountry” riflemen are among the best in the world

A belief to fight for – the “Cause”

Lack of unity

Selfishly guarded individual rights / needs

Lack of currency – “Continentals” were worthless

Need military supplies

Morale was undermined by “profiteers”

Spoiler alertSpoiler alert

Americans WinAmericans Win

11stst attempt at a gov.’t attempt at a gov.’tArticles of Articles of ConfederationConfederation

Confederation – state gov.’ts keep most of the power Failed b/c:

National gov.’t didn’t have power to taxDid not allow the national gov.’t to sign or enforce treaties w/ foreign gov.’tsCongress couldn’t regulate trade among statesCongress couldn’t regulate the behavior of citizens

The ConstitutionThe ConstitutionGov.’tGov.’t Federal systemFederal system – both national + state gov.’ts – both national + state gov.’ts

retain some power (national has slightly more)retain some power (national has slightly more)Heavily influenced by thinkers of the Heavily influenced by thinkers of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment3 Branches:3 Branches:

Separation of Powers (Montesquieu)Separation of Powers (Montesquieu)Legislative (congress) – most Legislative (congress) – most powerfulpowerfulExecutive (president)Executive (president)Judicial (supreme court)Judicial (supreme court)

Checks + Balances (Montesquieu)Checks + Balances (Montesquieu)Bill of RightsBill of Rights – 1 – 1stst 10 Amendments to the 10 Amendments to the ConstitutionConstitution

Includes freedoms of Speech- Includes freedoms of Speech- (Voltaire), religion – (Voltaire), due (Voltaire), religion – (Voltaire), due process - (Beccaria)process - (Beccaria)

End of Section 4End of Section 4