Enlightenment Ms. Ramos. Characteristics of the Enlightenment 1. Rationalism reason is the arbiter...
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Transcript of Enlightenment Ms. Ramos. Characteristics of the Enlightenment 1. Rationalism reason is the arbiter...
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Ms. Ramos
Characteristics of the Enlightenment
1.1. Rationalism Rationalism reason is the arbiter of all reason is the arbiter of all things. things.
2.2. Cosmology Cosmology a new concept of man, his a new concept of man, his existence on earth, & the existence on earth, & the place of the earth in the place of the earth in the universe. universe.
3.3. Secularism Secularism application of the methods application of the methods ofof science to religion & science to religion & philosophy. philosophy.
4.4. Scientific MethodScientific Method
Mathematical analysisMathematical analysis
ExperimentationExperimentation
Inductive reasoning.Inductive reasoning.
5.5. Utilitarianism Utilitarianism the greatest good for the greatest good for the greatest number. the greatest number.
6.6. Tolerance Tolerance No opinion is worth No opinion is worth burning your neighbor for. burning your neighbor for.
7.7. Optimism & Self-ConfidenceOptimism & Self-Confidence
The belief that man is intrinsically The belief that man is intrinsically good.good.
The belief in social progress.The belief in social progress.
8.8. FreedomFreedom
Of thought and expression.Of thought and expression.
Bring liberty to all men (modern Bring liberty to all men (modern battle against absolutism).battle against absolutism).
9.9. Education of the MassesEducation of the Masses
10.10. Legal ReformsLegal Reforms
Justice, kindness, and charity Justice, kindness, and charity no torture or indiscriminant no torture or indiscriminant incarceration.incarceration.
Due process of law. Due process of law.
11.11. ConstitutionalismConstitutionalism
Written constitutions Written constitutions listing listing citizens, rights.citizens, rights.
12.12. Cosmopolitanism.Cosmopolitanism.
Core Beliefs• Truth discovered through
reason• What is natural, is also good
and reasonable• People can find happiness in
this life• Society and humankind can
progress and improve• People’s liberty should be
protected by the lawMs. Ramos
Enlightenment Philosophers
Ms. Ramos
Thomas Hobbes• Leviathan
• Life in the state of nature is “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short”
• Strongest element: passion
• Self-preservation basis of his thought
Ms. Ramos
• Man against man
• To secure peace- est sovereign pwr not subject to civil law
• Monarchy is most effective
Ms. Ramos
John Locke• English • Natural rights• Right to overthrow
govt that does not protect “natural” rights• State of nature is not
perpetual warMs. Ramos
Hobbes vs. LockePhilosopher What drives
human behavior?
Best form of government
Hobbes Passion Absolute Monarchy
Locke Reason Constitutionalism
Ms. Ramos
Baron de Montesquieu
• French
• Separation of powers
• Checks & balances
Ms. Ramos
Jean Jacques Rousseau• French• Natural goodness
& individual freedom• Govt by “general
will” of the people• Social Contract
Ms. Ramos
Cesare B. Beccaria• Italian
• Justice system
• Accused had rights
• Advocated abolishing torture
• Govt: greatest good for greatest number of people
Ms. Ramos
Common Sense• Pierre Bayle’s Historical
and Critical Dictionary
–demolished traditional concepts
• Denis Diderot’s Encyclopedia (1751-1781),
–encapsulated the whole of human knowledge
Ms. Ramos
• Voltaire’s Philosophical Letters
–encouraged readers to cast off inherited misconceptions
• Jean-Jacques Rousseau’s Émile (1762)
–Argued for new pedagogy (methods of teaching)
Ms. Ramos
War on traditionDiscuss this one- Don’t copy• Voltaire: Christianity often was
“l’infame,” the detestable thing• Deism– belief in nature’s God who created
universe according to natural laws• John Locke’s Letter Concerning
Toleration– urged openness to all religious
expressions (except Roman Catholicism and atheism)
• Freemasonry– blend of Egyptian polytheism with
medieval guilds and brotherly loveMs. Ramos
Social ContractsDiscuss this one- Don’t copy
• John Locke’s Second Treatise of Civil Government– government contract powered by consent of property
owners
• Montesquieu’s Spirit of Laws (1748)– laws evolved to be spirit of a nation– “constitutionalism” should protect freedoms of citizens– “separation of powers” create checks and balances
• Rousseau’s Social Contract (1762)– state guided by “moral and collective body” of individual
citizens
• Jefferson: American Declaration of Independence
Ms. Ramos
Effects of the Effects of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment
Ms. Ramos
Enlightenment Ideas:Enlightenment Ideas:
• Encouraged people to use observation to make new discoveries
• Rely on reason
• Question traditional authority
Ms. Ramos
Enlightenment Enlightenment IdeasIdeas• Spread from Europe to the
Americas• “the philosophes,” create the
mvmt of the Enlightenment–Centered in France and
England, also Scotland, Italy and Netherlands–Kant: “Dare to know!”
• Influenced the American Revolution
Ms. Ramos