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Enlightenment and Enlightenment and RevolutionRevolution

The Scientific Revolution

Before 1500, European scholars typically referred only to Greek/Roman authors or the Bible

It was very rare for scholars to go outside of these references

The Scientific Revolution

Middle Ages - geocentric universe Sun, moon, stars

and planets seem to go around the Earth

Believed that God made Earth so it must have a deliberate location at the center of the universe

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The Scientific Revolution

During the mid 1500s scholars began publishing works that challenged the old ideas

introduced a new way of thinking about the natural world based on careful observation and willingness to question old beliefs

The Scientific Revolution

Impact of the Scientific Revolution was influenced by:

travel/trade with Africa, Asia and Americas printing press exploration - need for better instruments and ways of locating

Copernicus

after 25 years of study, he realized that the Earth revolved around the sun (heliocentric)

was very controversial, not well received by other scholars or clergy

Tycho Brahe studied the mathematical movements Johannes Kepler proved that the planets orbit in an ellipse

Galileo

built on new ideas of astronomy telescope Starry Messenger - announced his new ideas about the universe to the public

Jupiter has 4 moons Earth’s moon is rough and pitted observations supporting Copernicus

Galileo’s ideas frightened the Church

Galileo & the Church the Church was feared people questioning all teachings

Galileo was warned to keep quiet he published a book presenting both helio and geo-centric universes

the Pope summoned Galileo to stand trial for his beliefs

on threat of torture, he stated that Copernicus was wrong died under house arrest

Galileo’s ideas and writings still spread throughout Europe

The Scientific Method

gathering and testing of ideas problem hypothesis experimentation / collect data analysis / interpretation conclusion

Francis Bacon and Rene Descartes helped to advance the new idea

both criticized the reliance on old ideas emphasized logic and experimentation to come up with new ideas

Newton

realized that all physical objects were influenced by the same forces in nature

every object in the universe attracts every other object

published The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy

explained that the universe works like a giant clock

Spread of the Revolution

Many inventions and discoveries were being made in different realms

microscope (Janssen- an eyeglass maker)

bacteria and blood cells (Leeuwenhoek)

mercury barometer (Torricelli)

mercury thermometer (Fahrenheit & Celsius)

human anatomy- bones, muscle structure and organs (Vesalius)

smallpox vaccine (Jenner)

Chemistry

Robert Boyle - challenged the idea of 4 basic elements

thought all matter was made of smaller particles that could be combined in many ways Boyle’s Law - relates volume, temperature and gas pressure

- Who would you have agreed with - tradition or science?

- Do you think the Church treated Galileo fairly?

- What do you think Galileo should have done, rather than being so arrogant and facetious?

pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/galileo-battle-for-the-heavens.html- ch 1 - ch 3 - ch 5a - ch 10

Galileo - Battle for the Galileo - Battle for the HeavensHeavens

The Enlightenment

the Scientific Revolution caused scholars and philosophers to reevaluate old ideas

government economics religion education

This time period became known as the “Age of Reason”

The Enlightenment

ideas started by John Locke and Thomas Hobbes

came to very different conclusions on government and human nature

Thomas Hobbes

English Civil War convinced Hobbes that all humans are naturally selfish and wicked

“without government there would war… of every man against every man,” “life would be solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short.”

social contract - people create a government

hand over rights in order to gain law and order Hobbes thought an absolute ruler was best

John Locke believed that people could learn from their experiences and improve themselves

people should govern themselves and look after the welfare of society

natural rights - every human has the right to life, liberty and property

the purpose of government is to protect those rights citizens have the right to overthrow the government

The Philosophes

France, mid 1700s people who wanted to critique and discuss politics and ideas, believed that reason could be applied to all aspects of life 5 core concepts

Reason - truth through logic Nature - natural things are good and reasonable Happiness - find joy now, not after death Progress - society can improve Liberty - rights for citizens

The Philosophes

Voltaire most influential of the philosophes targeted the clergy, aristocracy and government wrote against prejudice and intoleranceFought for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion and speech

jailed twice, exiled to England for 2 years

Montesquieu studied political liberty, praised the English system of government praised the division of power among the branches of government his system of checks and balances influenced the US Constitution

The Philosophes

Rousseau thought civilization corrupted people’s natural goodness the only good government was a direct democracy

all people are equal, no titles of nobility should exists

Beccaria laws exist to preserve order, not punish crimes criticized abuses of justice (torture of suspects, irregular proceedings in trials)

wanted to get rid of capital punishment

governments should seek the greatest good for the greatest number of people

Women and the Enlightenment

While the Philosophes critiques politics and society, many did not address women

Mary Astell - criticized lack of education and unequal relationship between men and women

“if all men are born free, how is it that all women are born slaves?”

Mary Wollstonecraft - thought women should be equally educated, and should participate in medicine and politics

Results of the Enlightenment

belief in progress, refusal to accept tradition

more secular outlook

rise of the “individual”

Spread of the Enlightenment

Salons - philosophers, writers, artists, scientists and intellectuals met to discuss ideas

hosted by wealthy women Marie-Therese Geoffrin - most influential hostess

Diderot’s Encyclopedia - financed by Geoffrin consisted of essays and articles written by Enlightenment thinkers was originally banned by the Catholic Church was extremely successful - spread throughout Europe

New Artistic Styles Baroque - music and art style of the 1600s and early 1700s (extremely ornate, elaborate) Enlightenment influenced a simpler, more elegant style that was influenced by classical Greece and Rome

became known as “neoclassical”

Novels became extremely popular - made plots, used suspense, explored characters

Baroque Neoclassical

- Bach

- Handel- Hayden

- Mozart

- Beethoven

Enlightened Despots

Read over pp. 204-205, fill in the handout about the changes the monarchs made.

Enlightened Despots

Frederick the Frederick the GreatGreat

Joseph IIJoseph II Catherine the Catherine the GreatGreat