Enhancing Information for Renewable Energy Technology Deployment in Brazil, China and South Africa

7/31/2019 Enhancing Information for Renewable Energy Technology Deployment in Brazil, China and South Africa

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Enhancing

information for rEnEwablE EnErgy tEchnology DEploymEnt in brazil,china , anD South a frica

U n i t

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n a t i o n s

e n e r g y

P r o g r a m m

e



Copyright © United Nations Energy Programme, 2011

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Eacig Irmati r Reewable Eergy TeclgyDeplymet i Brail, Cia ad Sut Arica



Lead autr ad crdiatr

Magda Moner-Girona, Consultant to United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

Ccepti ad tecical editig

Daniel Puig, UNEP Energy BrancJennier McIntos, International Solar Energy Society (ISES)

Ctributig autrs/researcers

TP Fluri, G Gariseb, AJ Meyer, D Palmer, JL Van Niekerk, Center or Renewable and Sustainable Energy Studies (CRSES)

in Sout Arica

E. Bueno Pereira, F. Ramos Martins, S. Vitorino Pereira, C. Sayuri Yamasita, National Institute or Space Researc

(INPE) in Brazil

Wang Zongying, Si Jingli, Energy Researc Institute (ERI) in Cina

Fiacial supprt

Tis work was unded troug te International Climate Initiative o te German Federal Ministry o Environment, Nature

Conservation and Nuclear Saety.

Pt Credits

Cover – background: Itamar Aguiar, Palácio Piratini, All oter potos: ERI, INPE, CRSES


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Table Ctets

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................... 4

Solar and Wind Energy Resources ............................................................................................................................ 7

National and Regional Policies................................................................................................................................. 10

Wind and Solar Tecnologies .................................................................................................................................. 13

Project Developers and Financiers ........................................................................................................................... 15

BACKGROUND ..................................................................................................................................................... 17

Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................ 18

WIND AND SOLAR ENERGY RESOURCE ASSESSMENT ................................................................................... 19

Wind and Solar Resources Assessment in Brazil ..................................................................................................... 20

Interactive solar and wind resource map in Brazil ................................................................................................ 21

Wind and Solar Resources Assessment in Cina ..................................................................................................... 26

Interactive solar and wind resource map in China ............................................................................................... 27

Wind and Solar Resources Assessment in Sout Arica ........................................................................................... 29

Interactive solar and wind resource maps in South Arica .................................................................................... 30

REVIEW OF NATIONAL POLICIES TO PROMOTE SOLAR AND WIND ENERGY ................................................. 36

Review o National Policies to Promote Solar and Wind Energy in Brazil ................................................................... 43

Review o National Policies to Promote Solar and Wind Energy in Cina .................................................................. 48

Review o National Policies to Promote Solar and Wind Energy in Sout Arica ........................................................ 52

WIND AND SOLAR ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES .................................................................................................... 57

Brazil ...................................................................................................................................................................... 57

Cina ...................................................................................................................................................................... 58

Sout Arica ............................................................................................................................................................ 59

PROJECT DEVELOPERS AND FINANCIERS........................................................................................................ 60

Project Developers and Financiers in Brazil .............................................................................................................. 62

Project Developers and Financiers in Sout Arica ................................................................................................... 63

ANNEX I: AVAILABLE SOLAR AND WIND MAPS ................................................................................................. 64

Available Solar and Wind Resource Assessments in Sout Arica ......... ......... ......... .......... ......... .......... ......... .......... .. 64

Available Solar and Wind Resource Assessments in Brazil ................. .......... ......... ......... .......... ......... .......... ......... .... 81

Available Solar and Wind Resource Assessments in Cina............ .......... ......... .......... ......... ......... .......... ......... ......... 93

BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................................................................... 98


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Table Figures

Figure 1 Percentage Cange in Primary Renewable Energy Consumption .............................................................. 4

Figure 2 Percentage Cange in GhG Emissions rom 1990 To 2007 ...................................................................... 4

Figure 3 Solar and Wind Resource Inormation Available in (A) Brazil, (B) Cina and (C) Sout Arica ......... ......... .... 7

Figure 4 Eamples o Percentage o te Actual Solar and Wind Eploitation Compare to Tecnical

Potential in Cina, Brazil, And Sout Arica .............................................................................................. 7

Figure 5 (5.A) Targets or New Renewable Energy Installed (5.B) Targets or te Sare o Electricity

rom Renewable in Brazil, Cina and Sout Arica .................................................................................. 11

Figure 6 Accumulative Installed Capacity (2009) o Solar and Wind Tecnologies in Brazil, Cina and

Sout Arica .......................................................................................................................................... 14

Figure 7 Companies, Project Developers and Financiers in Brazil, Cina and Sout Arica .................................... 16

Figure 8 Investment Intensities in Renewable Energy Tecnologies (%) and Growt in te Installed

Capacity (%) in Brazil (BR), Cina (CN) and Sout Arica (ZA).................................................................. 16

Figure 9 Contributions o Electricity and heat Sectors to GhG Emissions ............................................................ 18

Figure 10 Total Energy Consumption (2008) .......................................................................................................... 18

Figure 11 Wind Energy Potential in Brazil (143,4 GW in Total, 273 TW/Year) ......................................................... 20Figure 12 Interactive Solar and Wind Resource Map in Brazil ................................................................................. 21

Figure 13 Interactive Solar and Wind Resource Map in Cina ................................................................................ 27

Figure 14 Interactive Solar and Wind Resource Maps in Sout Arica .................................................................... 30

Figure 15 Use o Solar Energy Resource Assessment by Solar Companies in Sout Arica ..................................... 35

Figure 16 (5.A) Targets or Renewable Energy Installed (5.B) Targets or te Sare o Electricity rom

Renewable in Brazil, Cina and Sout Arica .......................................................................................... 38

Figure 17 Accumulative Installed Capacity (2009) o Solar and Wind Tecnologies in Brazil, Cina and

Sout Arica .......................................................................................................................................... 59

Figure 18 Investment Intensities on Renewable Energy Tecnologies (%) and Growt in te Installed

Capacity (%) in Brazil (BR), Cina (CN) and Sout Arica (ZA).................................................................. 61

Figure 19 Solar and Wind Energy Developers in Sout Arica, Brazil and Cina ...................................................... 61

Figure 20 Solar and Wind Energy Companies in Sout Arica, Brazil and Cina...................................................... 62

Figure 21 Solar and Wind Energy Financiers in Sout Arica, Brazil and Cina ....................................................... 62

Figure 22 Main Risk Criteria Identied by Wind Developers in Brazil ....................................................................... 62

Figure 23 Main Risk Criteria Identied by Wind Financiers in Brazil ......................................................................... 63

Figure 24 Risk Criteria Identied by Wind Farm Developers in Sout Arica ............................................................ 63

Figure 25 Risk Criteria Identied by ShW Developers in Sout Arica ..................................................................... 63

Figure 26 A Solar Radiation Data handbook or Soutern Arica ............................................................................ 64

Figure 27 Climate o Sout Arica – Sunsine and Cloudiness................................................................................ 65

Figure 28 PVGIS-JRC European Commission ........................................................................................................ 66

Figure 29 NASA – Surace Meteorology and Solar Energy ..................................................................................... 67Figure 30 SWERA – Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessments ..................................................................... 68

Figure 31 Meteonorm ........................................................................................................................................... 69

Figure 32 Sout Arican Renewable Energy Resource Database – Annual Solar Radiation. Eskom ......................... 70

Figure 33 CSP Study ............................................................................................................................................ 71

Figure 34 A Proposed Renewable Energy Plan o Action or te Western Cape Assessment .................................. 72

Figure 35 Baseline Study on Wind Energy in Sout Arica ...................................................................................... 73

Figure 36 Review o Wind Energy Resource Studies in Sout Arica ....................................................................... 74

Figure 37 Sout Arican Renewable Resource Database – Wind Resource/Eskom ................................................. 75

Figure 38 Bulk Renewable Energy Independent Power Producers in Sout Arica .................................................. 75

Figure 39 Resource and Tecnology Assessment – KwaZulu Natal ........................................................................ 76



Figure 40 Renewable Energy Brieng Paper: Potential o Renewable Energy to Contribute to National Electricity

Emergency Response and Sustainable Development ............................................................................. 76

Figure 41 Te Potential Contribution o Renewable Energy in Sout Arica/DANIDA ............................................... 77

Figure 42 Wind Atlas o Soutern Arica ................................................................................................................ 78

Figure 43 Wind Engineering in Arica ..................................................................................................................... 79

Figure 44 Wind Regimes in Arica/Arican Wind Energy Association ....................................................................... 80Figure 45 Brazilian Atlas or Solar Energy – INPE/SWERA ...................................................................................... 81

Figure 46 Solar Radiation Atlas o Brazil – Brazilian Institute or Meteorology .......................................................... 82

Figure 47 Brazilian Solarimetric Atlas Ground Database – CRESESB ..................................................................... 83

Figure 48 Brazilian Atlas o Electricity (3rd Edition) – Brazilian Agency or Electric Energy ......................................... 84

Figure 49 Atlas Do Potencial Eólico Brasileiro CRESESB/CEPEL ........................................................................... 85

Figure 50 Wind Energy Overview or te Brazil – ANEEL ........................................................................................ 86

Figure 51 Wind Energy Atlas or te Rio Grande Do Sul ......................................................................................... 87

Figure 52 Wind Energy Atlas or te Rio De Janeiro ............................................................................................... 88

Figure 53 Wind Energy Atlas or Alagoas – Eletrobras ............................................................................................ 89

Figure 54 Wind Energy Atlas o São Paulo – Metropolitan Company or Water and Energy .................................... 89

Figure 55 Potential Wind Atlas o te State o Paraná ............................................................................................ 90

Figure 56 Wind Atlas o Maranão ........................................................................................................................ 90

Figure 57 Wind Atlas or te Norteast Region o Brazil – ANEEL .......................................................................... 91

Figure 58 Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment in Brazil – SWERA Project Report ................................... 92

Figure 59 Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment in Cina – SWERA Project .............................................. 93

Figure 60 Solar Resource Assessment or Cina ................................................................................................... 94

Figure 61 Cina Wind Resource Assessment Report – NDRC ............................................................................... 95

Figure 62 Cina Wind Energy Resource Mapping Activity – UNEP ......................................................................... 96

Figure 63 National Wind Energy Resource Detailed Assessment – NRDC .............................................................. 97

List Tables

Table I Estimated Potential Energy Supply rom Dierent Solar and Wind Energy Tecnologies

in Brazil, Cina and Sout Arica .............................................................................................................. 8

Table II Selection o Major Reerences Used in Tis Report .......... .......... ......... ......... .......... ......... .......... ......... .... 17

Table III Available Solar/Wind Resource Reports and Database in Brazil ................. .......... ......... .......... ......... ....... 22

Table IV Caracteristics o te Available Solar Energy Resource Assessments in Brazil ........... .......... ......... ......... . 24

Table V Available Wind Energy Resource Assessments in Brazil... ......... .......... ......... .......... ......... ......... .......... ..... 24

Table VI Available Solar/Wind Resource Reports and Database in Cina............. ......... .......... ......... .......... ......... .. 26

Table VII Available Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessments in Cina ........... .......... ......... ......... .......... ........ 28

Table VIII Available Solar/Wind Resource Reports and Database in Sout Arica ......... .......... ......... .......... ......... ..... 31

Table Ix Caracteristics o Solar Energy Resource Assessments in Sout Arica ................. ......... .......... ......... ..... 33

Table x Caracteristics o Te Wind Energy Resource Assessments in Sout Arica ............... ......... .......... ......... 34

Table xI Use o Solar Resource Assessments by Companies in Sout Arica ........... .......... ......... ......... .......... ...... 35

Table xII Classication o Solar and Wind Policy Instruments in Brazil, Cina and Sout Arica .......... ......... .......... . 37

Table xIII Wind and Solar Energy Promotion Policy Instruments in Brazil .... ......... ......... .......... ......... .......... ......... ... 38

Table xIV Wind and Solar Energy Promotion Policy Instruments in Cina ........ .......... ......... .......... ......... .......... ....... 40

Table xV Wind and Solar Energy Promotion Policy Instruments in Sout Arica ................. .......... ......... .......... ....... 42

Table xVI Wind and Solar Energy Promotion Policy Instruments in Brazi l ............ ......... .......... ......... ......... .......... .... 44

Table xVII Wind and Solar Energy Promotion Policy Instruments in Cina ......... ......... .......... ......... ......... .......... ....... 49

Table xVIII Wind and Solar Energy Promotion Policy Instruments in Sout Arica .................. ......... .......... ......... ....... 53



EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Greenhouse gas emissions rom Big Emerging Markets, BEM, will likely exceed those rom

developed countries within the next 20 years, stressing the need or emerging markets eorts

to reduce the risk o climate change (Solomon, 2007). At the same time, the Big Emerging

Markets and their allies have called or a commitment to extending Kyoto but are reluctant to

accept legally binding emissions reduction targets.

Brazil, Cina and Sout Arica – tree o te key Big

Emerging Markets – are rapidly increasing teir energy

consumption, wit te energy sector contributing te most

to teir emissions, 20%, 65% and 71% respectively. To

date, Brazil, Cina and Sout Arica ave relied primarily

on coal and/or large ydropower generation and eploit

an insignicant sare o teir ‘total realisable mid-term

potentials’ or solar and wind energy (IEA, 2009). Tereore,

major policy decisions are needed to mobilize public andprivate resources on a large scale. Energy eciency

measures togeter wit renewable sources o energy

could supply te new generating capacity needed to keep

pace wit tese countries economic growt, as all are well

endowed wit ric renewable energy sources.

Figure 1 Percetage Cage i PrimaryReewable Eergy Csumpti

Figure 2 Percetage Cage i GhG EmissisFrm 1990 T 2007

Source: Econsense– Forum or Sustainable Development o GermanBusiness

250%

200%

150%

100%

50%

0%Sout Arica Brazil Cina

1990-2007

1990-2005

120%

100%

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%Sout Arica Brazil Cina

27%

47%

101%

% c

a n g e o M t C O 2 e q u i v .



Executive Summary

Strong advocates or renewable energy eist in tese

countries, but tey need support to create canges in national

energy policy. Growing awareness o te local potential or

low-carbon power generation tecnologies, environmental

consequences o ossil uel and large ydropower use and

te need to reduce greenouse gas emissions provide an

opportunity to sit energy policies in avour o renewablesources o energy. Growing awareness and providing

concrete inormation on te status and potential o wind and

solar energy resources in eac country will elp move Cina

and Sout Arica o teir carbon intensive trajectories and

increase te proportion o non-large ydropower renewable

sources in Brazil’s energy mi.

Tis study documents crucial inormation to support renewable energies deployment in Brazil, Cina, and Sout

Arica and provides policy-makers inormation or supporting renewable energy markets in tese countries. Specically,

tis report gaters concrete inormation o te eisting solar and wind resources, renewable energy support policies, risk

management and tecnologies associated wit epanded renewable energy tecnology deployment.

Te report analyses te solar and wind energy policies adopted by tese countries to increase te deployment o

bot tecnologies. Te results sow tat te eisting policies ave not reduced te growt o teir combined annual

greenouse gas emissions over te past tree decades.



Executive Summary

B R A z I L

Slar ad Wid Eergy Resurces

• Several solar and wind assessments available, most of them private, but some available

to te public• Estimated wind energy potential of 143.5 GW/year; 50% on north-eastern coast

• Country well-suited for solar energy exploitation; daily solar irradiation of 4-7 kWh/m2

Plicies/Istrumets

• Reserve Energy Auctions, as held in 2009, exclusive to wind

• Brazil’s policies have been criticized for their poor effectiveness

• PROINFA is the key programme to boost RE deployment, however does not include PV

• No national government programme to increase SHW but local SHW mandates in

place or new buildings

Develpers ad Fiaciers

• Majority of PV and SHW system developers located in southern and south-eastern

regions• Most PV system developers are electricity utilities and research institutes

• High-quality local wind turbine industry; traditionally dominated by one manufacturer,but several international players ave entered Brazil’s market(1)

C h I n A


• High resolutions wind resources assessments, in particular for 10 GW wind power

bases, ave been carried out• Lack of high resolution solar resource assessments

• Solar resource measuring stations are not sufcient, especially in western regions

Plicies/Istrumets

• Most policies and instruments in current portfolio for advancing renewable energies

ave been implemented

• Renewable Energy Law and National Strategic Plan in place• Fiscal tools: Feed-in tariff, R&D and investments subsidies, and favourable tax

instruments


• Almost all developers and nanciers are one in the same; most wind and large PV

system are large-scale state owned enterprises• Growth in number of developers and nanciers, including small and large enterprises

rom various elds, in te area o PV-roo systems

S o U T h

A F R I C A


• High resolution wind resource assessment in progress• Lack of nation wide high-level solar resource assessments

Plicies/Istrumets

• 2003 White Paper identied target of 10,000 GWh of RE by 2013

• Renewable Energy Feed-In Tariff (REFIT) introduced in 2009, but no Power Purchase

Agreements (PPAs) were signed by te end o 2010


• Large number of wind farms, large-scale PV and CSP projects in the pipeline proposed

under te REFIT• Many nancial institutions willing to provide loans for RE projects

(1) ttp://swera.unep.net/ and ttp://www.cptec.inpe.br/sonda (2) Wobben Enercon including Vestas, Suzlon and IMPSA.

http://swera.unep.net/

http://www.cptec.inpe.br/sonda

http://www.cptec.inpe.br/sonda




Executive Summary


Section 1 (Wind and solar Energy Resource Assessment) collects, collates and describes te eatures o te eisting

and planned assessments o solar and wind energy resource potentials and te available datasets.

Figure 3 Slar ad Wid Resurce Irmati Available i (A) Brail, (B) Cia ad (C) Sut Arica

(A) (B) (C)

Knowledge o solar and wind energy resources is essential or te planning and operation o energy systems. Tis

study reveals tat even toug te tree countries ave several energy resource assessments available, te use o tese

assessments as not been widely used. Te reasons migt be a lack o awareness o te eistence o te resource

assessments by te main stakeolders and a lack o centralized access to te assessment inormation. Depending

on planned renewable energy projects, te lack o publicly available ig-resolution and accurate energy resource

inormation make te eisting resource assessments unsuitable or specic applications, i.e. assessments o investment

and operational cost, design o support instruments or plant easibility studies. In 2010, Sout Arica lacked ig-

resolution solar and wind energy assessments, altoug an assessment is planned or wind energy (CSIR, SAWS, CSAG

and Risoe, 2010). Solar and wind energy assessments are available or Cina, but ave been validated only partially

against measurement data and tus lack quantied uncertainty. Brazil as a wide range o solar and wind resource

assessments available at te regional level but still lack ig-quality assessments at te national level.

Cina, Brazil and Sout Arica’s vast solar and wind resources are considered largely untapped. For eample, a

wind atlas publised by te Electric Power Researc Centre (CEPEL/ELETROBRÁS, 2001) estimates tat in Brazil te

potential or onsore wind energy capacity at 50 meters above ground level is 143 GW – double te country’s current

installed ydropower capacity – equivalent to a tecnical power generation potential o 273 TW/year (Giulio Volpi,

2006), (Zakidov, 2008).

Figure 4 Examples Percetage te Actual Slar ad Wid Explitati Cmpare t Tecical

Ptetial i Cia, Brail, ad Sut Arica

Wind in China SHW in Brazil Wind in South Arica

Installed capacity – 1.1%

Tecnical potential

Installed capacity – 13%

Tecnical potential

Installed capacity – 0.03%

Tecnical potential



Executive Summary

Cina eploits only 1.1% o its on-sore tecnical wind energy potential, Sout Arica eploits only 0.03% o its

tecnical wind potential and Brazil eploits 14.8% o its solar termal energy potential (0.4 out o 2.7 TW) (or urter

details see Table I).

Table I Estimated Ptetial Eergy Supply Frm Dieret Slar Ad Wid Eergy Teclgies I Brail,

Cia Ad Sut Arica

Teretical

Ptetial

(TW)

Tecical

Ptetial

Istalled

Capacity

(2009)

Percetage

explited

(%)

Brail

Solar

SHW 2.7 TW 0.4 TW 14.8%

CSP 2,615,0501 n/a2 0 0%

PV 6,897,050 n/a 6 MW

Wind

Oshore n/a 0 0%

Onshore273 TW

143 GW

602.3 MW 0.42%

Cia

Solar

SHW 7.5 TWt3 0.122TW 1.6%

CSP 170Ttce 2200 GW 0.1 MW ≈0%

PV 300 MW 0.01%

Wind

Oshore 400 GW4 102 MW 0.03%

Onshore 3800 GW142 TW5

2,380 GW26.9TW25,805 MW

1.08%

Sut Arica

Solar

SHW 70 47 TW

CSP 2,361,300 1,000 TW 0 0%

PV (>1MW) 2,361,3001,000 TW540.5 GW

20MW 0.004%

Wind

Oshore 0

Onshore 18480 TW30.6 GW

8 MW 0.03%

Source: (M.Edkins, Marquard y Winkler 2010), CRSES, Energy Researc Institute at NRDC, INPE 12345

1 According to a typical parabolic troug power station wit respect to te solar energy irradiated per year on te total land surace required by te plant(Franz Trieb 2009). Te area considered was cosen or DNI ≥2,100 kW/m2.y => 1,216,300km2.

2 It is planned to estimate tecnical potential in te new edition o Brazilian Solar Atlas at te beginning o 2012.3 I considering 50% o te roo areas could be used or SWh, te area will be 8900 million m2.4 Te dept is no more tan 50m.5 Considering te average annual utilization our o wind power is 2000, te potential o onsore wind is 4760 TW.



Executive Summary

Summary Slar ad Wid Eergy Resurces i Eac Cutry6

BRAzIL

Solar and Wind Energy Potentials:– Tecnical wind energy potential o 273 TW/year– Teoretical solar potential o 6,897,050 TW6 wit an annual daily mean solar irradiation ranging rom 4 to 7 kW/m2

Tere are several wind and solar energy resources assessments in Brazil. Most are privately owned, wit ewavailable to te public domain:

– 10 wind energy resource assessments: Open range o resolution and quality

– 1 regional ig resolution map– 1 statistical data collection,– 1 wind map/actual measurements comparison study– 6 low-resolution wind maps (2 validated measurement data)– 1 medium resolution map

– 4 solar energy resource assessments. – 3 solar maps (1 medium resolution, 1 low resolution, 1 isolinemaps) and teir corresponding datasets

– 1 target and orecast assessment or RE electricity– Resource potentials are available in several publications;

however, the methodologies applied vary; i.e. models based onground station inormation or on satellite data.

– Lack o public national-level ig-quality solar and wind energy assessments (2009), altoug one ig-resolutionassessment is planned or wind and one solar medium resolution (10 km) assessment is available.

– Several regional ig-resolution wind energy assessments ave been provided by investors and/or by stateagencies, owever, tey were done using commercial tools or by oreign companies.

– Accuracy and resolution o publicly available maps and datasets are not appropriate or site selection, design andplanning o large installations, suc as CSP plants.

– ShW industry as been widely using solar data to assess te potential o systems.

ChInA

Solar and Wind Energy Potentials:– Vast solar and wind resources eist owever deployment is not near approacing te potential.– Technical wind potential = 2,780 GW; Technical solar potential = 2,200 GW.

Wind energy resource assessments: Open range o resolution and quality

– hig resolution maps at regional coverage– Statistical data collections o wind speed average– Comparison study o wind maps and eld measurements– Low resolution wind maps at country level

Solar energy resource assessments: Low resolution

– 1 series o national level low-resolution maps and teircorresponding datasets based on ground-stations

– 1 series o national level low-resolution maps and teircorresponding datasets based on satellite data and ground-stations

– 1 national solar radiation databaseLack o high-resolution solar and wind energy assessments or te entire country (2009).

Lack o accuracy Assessments o solar energy based on only ew ground site measurements.

Accuracy and resolutionPublicly available solar maps and datasets are not appropriate or site selection, design and planning o largerinstallations, suc as large PV and CSP plants.

Wind industryUtilizing available wind energy resource assessment but tese lack resolution. A ig resolution map is beingdeveloped in order to identiy potential sites or 50 GW wind arms.

6 Teoretical PV yield calculated as TW/kWp or Brazil wit DNI ≥2100 kW/m2y. Calculated under standard conditions to determine te Wp rating.



Executive Summary

SoUTh AFRICA

Solar and Wind Energy Potentials: Teoretical and tecnical potentials o solar in Sout Arica are vast, and greatly eceed te current energy demando 220 TW. Te tecnical potential or wind is estimated at 80 TW and or SWh at 47 per year.

– 10 wind energy resource assessments

wit wide range o resolution and quality

– 1 regional ig resolution map

– 1 statistical data collection– 1 wind map/actual measurements comparison study– 6 low resolution wind maps (1 wit patces sowing mean

annual wind speed, 2 wit validated measurement data)– 1 medium resolution map

– 2 reports containing inormation on energyresources

– RE-Independent Power Producers report– RE brieng paper

– 10 solar energy resource assessments – 7 low-resolution maps and teir corresponding datasets (2 o te maps obtained by interpolation o measuring station data,1 processing Meteonorm data)

– 3 solar radiation databases

– Lack o ig-resolution assessments o solar and wind energy (2009), altoug one ig-resolution assessment is

planned or wind.– Accuracy and resolution o publicly available maps and datasets are not appropriate or site selection, design and

planning o larger installations, suc as CSP plants.

– ShW industry in ZA as been widely using solar data to assess te potential o te systems.

natial ad Regial Plicies

Section 2 (National and Regional Policies) collects and

describes te national and regional policies or promoting

solar and wind energy in eac country, and documents

te main tecnologies used in eisting and planned solar

and wind applications. Vast solar and wind resources areabundant in te tree countries were deployment as not

yet begun to approac potentials. As an eample, Cina is

becoming an important global player in te PV and wind

sectors, owever, ast economic growt and abundant

conventional resources enable continued use o conventional

ossil uels (IEA PV Tecnology Roadmap, 2009). Witout

appropriate incentives and capacity to do oterwise, tese

countries are likely to ollow carbon-intensive development

pats. Cina is working now to meet domestic demand and

ambitious renewable energy targets by installing substantial

new clean energy-generating capacity. Brazil as one o te cleanest primary energy mies (wit 80% to 85% coming

rom large ydro) yet deorestation is a major source o GhG emissions. Te country as put in place an array o policiesand programs for the sustainable use of rainforests; however national policies supporting wind and solar deployment

are still weak.

Policies and use o energy resource assessments: An analysis o te inormation collected sows tat policies to promote

solar and wind energy tecnology deployment in Brazil, Cina and Sout Arica are not based on integrated assessments (only

partial assessments), and tus ail to reap te ull economic, environmental and employment benets o tese tecnologies.

Development o suc integrated assessments – in te orm o long-term policy roadmaps – is seen as a precondition or

successul deployment o solar and wind energy tecnologies and to ollow a low-carbon development pat.

In te case o Brazil, governmental policies ave concentrated more on wind energy tan on solar and tereore more

efforts have been made to develop high quality wind resource assessments. Even though wind energy is predominant;eorts ave been made to epand knowledge o Brazil’s solar resources in order to stimulate investments and tecnology

development. Te National Electricity Conservation Program, PROCEL, made use o solar resource assessments to



Executive Summary

Summary Slar ad Wid Eergy Plicies i Eac Cutry

BRAzIL

Targets– According to governmental energy plans: Sligt increase in renewable energy sare o primary energy and

renewable electricity sare.– 3.3 GW added by 2006 rom wind, biomass and small ydro – additional 3.3 GW by 2016.– Wind power 2.7 GW by 2010 and 5,250 MW troug new binding contracts by 2013.

Policies Te mecanisms adopted in Brazil to promote renewable energy tecnologies include auctions or specic sourcesand Reserve Energy Auctions (2009-2010), a eed-in tari (2002), guaranteed pricing, tradable certifcates andthird-party fnancing or onsore wind energy, bio-energy and ydropower (2002-2012).

Deployment– Combined new renewables suc as biomass, small ydro and wind power account or less tan 4% o te Brazil’s

electricity generation (85% o electricity generation is large ydro).– Since te implementation o PROINFA (Alternative Energy Sources Incentive Program) in 2002, tere as been more

tan a undred-old increase in te installed national wind energy capacity.

Lack o support or grid-connected PVBrazil is well-suited or grid-connected PV due to te substantial solar resources available and matc o solar irradiancepeak wit peak loads. Neverteless, solar PV is not mentioned in PROINFA, te major national program or renewables.

Leading country or use o o-grid PVIn 2003, te ederal government launced te electrication programme Luz para Todos (Ligt or All), wic aims tosupply ull electricity access by 2010. As a result Brazil is one o te leading countries in te use o PV tecnologies oro-grid areas.

Several governmental incentive programs promote large-scale use o solar water heating systems.

Use o resource assessments in governmental policies– National policies ave targeted wind energy more tan solar. Neverteless, tere are eorts to increase knowledge o

Brazil’s solar resources in order to stimulate investments and tecnology development.– Te National Electricity Conservation Program (PROCEL) made use o a solar resource assessment to ensure tat

solar eating goals could meet demand during peak ours.

ChInA

Targets– Cina as set ambitious RE targets (not announced yet), to include a wind power target o 150 GW and a solar PV

target o 20 GW by 2020.– Te ocial targets ed in te 2007 RE Medium and Long term Plan were a 15% sare o renewables in primary

energy made up as ollows: 300 GW ydro, 30 GW wind, 30 GW biomass, 1.8 GW solar PV and 300 million m 2 o ShW by 2020.

Policies– Guaranteed prices determined by bidding process: Wind power concession (2003-2008) and large-scale PV as a

guaranteed price troug bidding since 2009.– Reduced VAT income ta measures or wind tecnologies.– Feed-in-tari or wind energy since 2009, all oter renewable energy tecnologies under te eed-in tari as

dened by te Renewable Energy Law (2005).Te level o support is set by te provinces.– Capital grants troug te Brigtness Rural Electrication Programme.

Deployment– Cina is becoming an important global player in PV and wind, in terms o manuacturing capacity. however, PV

production is vulnerable to canges in policies abroad as 95% o te produced tecnology is eported.– Witout sucient incentives, Cina is likely to ollow a carbon-intensive development pat.



Executive Summary

SoUTh AFRICA

TargetNon-binding target o 10 TW o renewable energy by 2013.

Policies– Te Wite Paper on Renewable Energy (2003) aimed to remove barriers or te promotion o renewables and provide

10,000 GW o RE by 2013.– Feed-in Tari (REFIT) is te most important measure being implemented in 2009 but no Power Purcase Agreements were signed as o te end o 2010. Wile proposed by te National Energy Regulator o Sout Arica,te suggested eed-in-taris may not be ig enoug to stimulate signicant investments (solar PV not included).

Use o resource assessment in governmental policies To date resources assessments ave not been used in creating policy, ecept in te broader sense were it isrecognised tat ZA as signicant solar resources and some wind and biomass potential. No ig resolution wind atlasis available and none o te policies to date reerred to any specic geograpic area.

Wid ad Slar Teclgies

BRAzIL

WIND Total installed capacity– 602.3 MW (2009) and 931 MW by te end o 2010. Te largest installed capacity in Latin America until

2010 consisting o nearly 50% o te total capacity.– however, it is less tan 3% o te potential capacity estimated or Brazil, 143.5GW.– Total o 17 installed wind arms (2009), ranging rom 0.3 MW to 50 MW.

Generating costsWind energy is already competitive with conventional sources (average of $0.08 /kWh); however,

since te best locations are being used rst, wind generating costs may rise again wen te remaininglocations are used.

Domestic production capacityhig-quality industrial capacity to produce wind turbines rom 250 W up to 2.3 MW or domestic market

and eport (about 50% o annual production).SOLAR Main solar energy technologies deployed

– More tan 2.2 million square meters o solar water eaters installed or domestic use and small PVsystems or o-grid applications.

– Leading country in te use o PV or rural electrication.– Domestic production capacity o solar water eating industry is well developed.

Concentrating solar power (CSP)No CSP plants or large PV systems are currently installed in te country.

ChInA

WIND Installed capacity

– Cina is te world’s largest market, wit 13.8 GW added in 2009, more tan one-tird o te globalmarket.

– Wind capacity was doubled in 2009 in pursuit o an ambitious target o installing 30 GW o wind by2020.

Domestic industry capacity– Large-scale wind market is taking sape rapidly and te domestic industry is booming.– Cina remains te largest market or small wind turbines (2009).



Executive Summary

SOLAR Installed capacity– Total capacity o 305 MW in 2009 (1/3 provided by independent producers’ o-national grid).– Major imbalance between PV production and domestic market. however, rapid epansion planned,

setting up ambitious mid-term targets or domestic market, 1,800 MW installed capacity by 2020.

Domestic industry capacity

– PV industry has been growing rapidly; China is the world’s leading ¬manufacturer of solar photovoltaicpanels, wit more tan 40% sare o global PV cell production in 2009 and about 50% in 2010.– 95% o production is eported.– Most raw materials and equipment are imported.

Solar Water HeatersCina dominates te world market wit 70 % global installed capacity.

CSPIn early 2010, a deal was signed or at least 2 GW to be constructed in Cina by 2020, wit installation o te rst 92 MW to begin in 2010.

SoUTh AFRICA

WIND Total instal led capacity Two operational arms:– Klipeuwel 3.2 MW– Darling wind arm 5.2 MWWind industry will boom wit a viable eed-in-tari.

SOLAR Domestic production capacityWile te potential or solar is quite signicant, te uptake o tecnologies as remained limited due to telack o incentives.Main solar energy tecnologies being utilized are solar water eaters or domestic use (744.4MW t)andsmall PV systems or o-grid applications.

Large PVNo concentrating solar power plants or large PV systems are currently installed in te country.

CSP Te only concentrating solar power installation is a 25 kW Stirling dis system but it is out o operation.Eskom is planning a 100 MW solar tower near Upington, but nances ave not been secured yet.

Figure 6 Accumulative Istalled Capacity (2009) Slar ad Wid Teclgies i Brail, Cia adSut Arica

500400

300

200

100

0Sout Arica Brazil Cina

PVWind

Planned CSP (2010)

A c u m u l a t i v e I n s t a l l e d

C a p a c i t y ( M W )

200

150

100

50


S h W i n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y

( G W t )

SHW capacity

1 2 0 8

1 0 0

6

602,3

0

3 0 5

9 2

2,4

145

25 805



Executive Summary

Prject Develpers ad Fiaciers

Section 3 (Project Developers and Financiers) collects inormation rom te main project developers and project

nanciers in eac country about teir data requirements or risk management o solar and wind energy project

development. Te section analyses te most infuential barriers to investments in renewable energy tecnologies in te

tree countries suc as renewable energy capacity, researc and development, installation and maintenance, nancial

risks and initial costs.

BRAzIL

– Ranked sixth worldwide in investment in renewable energy (2009); total of US$ 7,400 million.

– Wind project developers made use o te eisting wind energy resource assessment tat indicates te besteconomic conditions are in te Norteast and Sout regions.

– Wind and solar energy policies ave encouraged investment by companies mainly in wind energy (no investmentsin large PV).

– hig-quality domestic industrial capacity to produce wind turbines.

– Traditionally dominated by just one turbine manuacturer, Wobben Enercon, several oter international playersave entered te Brazilian market, including Vestas, Suzlon and IMPSA.

– Tere are no national manuacturers on te PV market in Brazil, dominated by small PV systems.

– Companies epect to see new renewable energy policy measures resulting rom Brazil’s National Action Planon Climate Cange and suggest policies ocus on bringing down te cost o renewable power generation, e.g.troug a special tari, renewable energy credits, or reduced transmission costs or smaller renewable energygenerators (REEEP, 2010).

Source: (Pew Researc 2010), (REEEP 2010)

ChInA

– Ranked rst worldwide overall in investment in renewable energy (2009), total o US$ 34,600 million.

– National policy on renewable energy as provided a clear signal to companies and as stimulated investment.

– Companies would like to see innovation in energy market structure and demand management, e.g. a renewableenergy generation obligation, a renewable energy or emissions trading market, generation-based subsidies.

– Te Clean Development Mecanism (CDM) as stimulated corporate investment, bot directly (e.g. or projectdevelopment) and indirectly (e.g. new business areas or service companies).


SoUTh AFRICA

WIND Tere are a large number o wind arm developers and two main wind arm nanciers.

SOLARMain developers and nanciers are municipalities and provincial governments or solar water eater roll-

out programs.

– Ranked seventeent worldwide in overall investment in renewable energy (2009) total o 125 million US$.– Te Renewable Energy Feed-in Tari (2009) is canging investment patterns, owever tere is uncertainty about

how it will be applied; technology-specic measures not favoured. By the end of 2010, large number of wind

arms, large scale PV and CSP plants as proposed REFIT projects but no Power Purcase Agreements (PPA)

were signed under te REFIT. Main stumbling blocks are te development o mutually acceptable PPAs and te

selection criteria used to assess and rank project proposals.

– Industry would like to see R&D support, simplication of planning consents, renewable energy targets and in-

country support or CDM project development (REEEP, 2010).

– Many nancial institutions willing to provide loans or RE projects.



Executive Summary

Cina is emerging to te top spot or overall clean energy nance and investment. In 2009 Cina was ranked tird

among G-20 nations, wit 0.39 percent, and Brazil ort, wit 0.37 percent, in clean energy investment intensity (clean

energy investment as a percentage o gross domestic product) (Figure 7). Te ve-year installed growt in installed

capacity or Brazil and Cina are 79 % and 13.9 % respectively. Te ve-year growt in investment or Brazil and Cina

is 148 percent eac.

Eac o te tree countries ave undertaken consultations wit solar and wind energy companies, nanciers and

developers to study te most infuential risk criteria rom teir point o view, suc as te availability o resource inormation,

standard approval or integration capacity o te eisting grid.

Figure 8 sows te results ater consultation o te number o eisting companies, nanciers and developers or solar

and wind tecnologies in te tree countries.

Figure 8 Cmpaies, Prject Develpers ad Fiaciers i Brail, Cia ad Sut Arica

PV

ShW

Wind

CSP

100

80

60

40

20

0

Sout Arica Brazil Cina

Companies

1 300

100

80

60

40

20

0


Developers

100

80

60

40

20


Financiers

Source: (Pew Researc 2010)

Figure 7 Ivestmet Itesities i Reewable Eergy Teclgies (%) ad Grwt i te IstalledCapacity (%) i Brail (BR), Cia (Cn) ad Sut Arica (zA)

Installed 5-year growt, %

Investment intensity, %

100

80

60

40

20

0

I n s t a l l e d g r o w t ( % )

I n v e s t m e n t i n t e n s i t y

0,5

0,4

0,3

0,2

0,1

0

CN, 79

CN, 0,39 BR, 0,37

ZA, 0,03BR, 13,9



Background

Enancing Inormation or Renewable Energy Tecnology Deployment in Brazil, Cina and Sout Arica | 17

BACkGRoUnD

High-quality assessments o solar and wind energy resources are indispensable or raming

long-term, economically-sound policy rameworks or promoting solar and wind energy.

However, these assessments are expensive and not protable per se, because o the long

causal chain between, on the one end, the assessment o the resource and, at the other end,

the protable investment opportunity which could attract private sector interest.

Public unding can elp bridge tis gap by (i) nancing te development o ig-resolution assessments o renewable

energy, wic te private sector clearly will not undertake, and (ii) supporting a UNEP-acilitated eort to take te results

o tose assessments troug all te steps in te causal cain, to ensure tat targeted, unbiased and timely inormation

is made available to potential project developers and project nanciers, and tereby elp acilitate actual investment deals.

Tis study was commissioned by te United Nations Environment Programme in 2009 wit te purpose o identiying

best practices in promoting te use and development o renewable energy in Brazil, Cina, and Sout Arica (te “BASIC”

countries ecluding India). Tis report aims to map te etent to wic solar and wind resource inormation in tese tree

countries are being used and required; to identify the requirements for such information to support investments; and toevaluate te role o government policy in supporting renewable energy development.

Table II Selecti Majr Reereces Used i Tis Reprt

Study/ReportSolar/WindResources

Solar/WindPolicies

Investors / Developers

Solar/WindTechnologies

IEA PV Tecnology Roadmap • • •

World Energy Resource • •

Corp. Clean Energy Investment Trends – REEEP •

Pew Researc. •

Centro Clima •

Econsense– Forum or Sustainable Development o German Business

•

IEA. World Energy Outlook • • •

Arcadia Market •

A sustainable electricity blueprint or Brazil • •

Te primary data sources used or analysis were reports rom te tree project partners in 2009, complementary

sources o inormation (see main sources in Table II) and additional interviews wit governmental agencies and companies

in 2009 and 2010 conducted by te partners in eac o te tree countries studied. Te results were collated and

complemented by UNEP and are classied in Anne I.



Background

18 | Enancing Inormation or Renewable Energy Tecnology Deployment in Brazil, Cina and Sout Arica

Itrducti

Te tree countries eamined in tis report, Brazil, Cina and Sout Arica – tree o te key “Big Emerging Markets”

– refect signicant political, economic, demograpic, and energy resource diversity. Tey include te country wit te

largest epanse o tropical orest (and tird-largest emitter o total greenouse gases in te world), te world’s most

populous nation and largest annual emitter o energy-related CO2

(Cina overtook te United States in 2007), and

Arica’s largest greenouse gas emitter. Wile teir situations vary widely, tese countries sare common concerns tatave motivated actions to reduce greenouse gas emissions growt.

Brazil, Cina and Sout Arica increased teir energy consumption at an annual rate between 8% and 200% rom

1990-2009 and increased teir primary energy consumption by 69%, 126% and 48%, respectively. Te electricity and eat

sectors in Cina and Sout Arica contribute most to emissions, 48% and 63% respectively in 2008. Te bulk o Brazilian

GhG emissions (85%) is rom agriculture, land-use and orestry activities wit only 11% coming rom energy sector.

Figure 9 Ctributis Electricity ad heat Sectrs t GhG Emissis

Renewable sources o energy could supply new generating capacity needed to keep pace wit economic growt, as

all tree countries are well endowed wit renewable sources o energy. however, to date, Brazil, Cina and Sout Aricaave relied primarily on coal and large ydropower generation or power. Te tree countries eploit an insignicant sare

o teir ‘total realisable mid-term potentials’ or solar and wind energy (IEA, 2009). For eample, Brazil eploits 14.8

percent o its solar termal energy potential (0.4 out o 2.7 TW) and Cina eploits 1.08 percent o its on-sore wind

energy potential (2.6 out o 142 TW) (ERI, 2010). Moreover, potentials or use o o-sore wind energy, potovoltaic

(PV) solar and Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) systems remain virtually uneploited.

Figure 10 Ttal Eergy Csumpti (2008)

Sout Arica – 52%

Brazil – 9%

Cina – 39%

Coal and oil in primary energy consumption Coal consumption (% o billion short tons year)

80%

60%

40%

20%

0%Cina Brazil Sout Arica

Coal

Oil

6 9 %

1 8 %

5 %

7 5 %

4 8 %

1 0 %

Cina – 29%

US – 23%

Sout Arica – 4%

Brazil – 1%

Oter 44%



Wind and Solar Energy Resource Assessment


WInD AnD SoLAR EnERGY RESoURCE ASSESSMEnT

The research , interviews and consultations conducted in this study reveal that there are already

several wind and solar resource assessments available in each o the three countries although

in general there is a lack o publicly available high-resolution assessments (2009).

In 2010, Sout Arica lacked ig-resolution solar and wind energy assessments, altoug an assessment is planned

or wind energy (CSIR, SAWS, CSAG and Risoe, 2010). Assessments o solar and wind energy eist in Cina, but ave

been validated only partially against measurement data and tus lack accuracy. Brazil as a wide range o solar and wind

resource assessments available (Martins, 2011) but still lack ig-quality assessments at te national level.





Wid ad Slar Resurces Assessmet i Brail

Several studies ave been developed to evaluate wind energy resources in Brazil. Te national and regional wind

atlases ave done troug support rom a Brazilian government initiative to generate a reliable database necessary or

planning and boosting wind energy eploitation. Tese publications ave identied areas as possible locations or using

wind energy. Te best wind resources in terms o wind speed and capacity actor are in te Norteast, Souteast and

Soutern Regions (CEPEL/ELETROBRÁS. 2001).

A wind atlas publised by te Electric Power Researc Centre (CEPEL/ELETROBRÁS, 2001) sows tat te potential

or onsore wind energy capacity in Brazil is 143 GW (at 50 meters ig) – double te country’s current installed ydropower

capacity (Giulio Volpi, 2006), (Zakidov, 2008). New wind maps, wic are being prepared by te government based on

measurements at 80-100 meters, are epected to demonstrate a considerably iger capacity.

Figure 11 Wid Eergy Ptetial i Brail (143,4 GW i Ttal, 273 TW/year)

Source:EPE (2007) ttp://www.aneel.gov.br/arquivos/PDF/atlas_par2_cap5.pd

Solar energy as not been given as muc attention in Brazil’s government policies as wind energy as. Even so,

tere are eorts to epand knowledge o Brazil’s solar resources in order to stimulate investments and tecnology

development in this area. The resource potentials are available in several publications; SWERA Project Report, Atlas

Solarimétrico do Brasil – Banco de Dados Terrestre, and Atlas de Irradiação Solar do Brasil. however, te metodologies

used in the atlases vary; either using models based on ground station information on satellite data (see Table X).

http://www.aneel.gov.br/arquivos/PDF/atlas_par2_cap5.pdf

http://www.aneel.gov.br/arquivos/PDF/atlas_par2_cap5.pdf





Iteractive Slar ad Wid Resurce Map i Brail

Te most important wind and solar resource assessments or Brazil are represented in te ollowing interactive map.

Figure 12 Iteractive Slar ad Wid Resurce Map i Brail

By clicking on an image, te solar/wind resource map and its main caracteristics will be sown.





Table III Available Slar/Wid Resurce Reprts ad Database i Brail

Title: Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment in Brazil – SWERA Project Report.

Authors/Sponsors INPE,CEPEL/UNEP,GEF

Year 2008

Title: Brazilian Atlas or Wind Energy

Authors/Sponsors CRESESB/MME– ELETROBRAS – CEPEL – CRESESB/

Year 2001

Title: Wind Energy Overview or Brazil

Authors/Sponsors ANEEL/ANEEL

Year 2003

Title: Wind Energy Atlas or the Rio Grande do Sul

Authors/Sponsors State Government o Rio Grande do Sul/State Company orElectricity

Year 2003

Title: Wind Energy Atlas or the Rio de Janeiro

Authors/Sponsors SEINPE/SEINPE-ELETROBOLT

Year 2003

Title: Wind Energy Atlas or the Alagoas

Authors/Sponsors ELETROBRAS, Tecnology Institute or Development and Universityo Alagoas

Year 2009

Title:Wind Energy Atlas or the São Paulo

Authors/Sponsors Metropolitan Company or Water and Energy

Year 2008

Title: Wind Map or the Paraná

Authors/Sponsors COPEL – Compania Paranaense de Energia

Year 1st edition in 1999, updated in 2009

Title: Wind Energy Atlas or the Maranhão

Authors/Sponsors State Government o Maranão and University o Maranão.

Year Planning





Title: Wind Energy Atlas or the Brazilian Northeast Region

Authors/Sponsors ANEEL/ANEEL

Year 1998

Title: Brazilian Atlas or Solar Energy

Authors/Sponsors INPE/UNEP/GEF

Year 2006

Title: Solar Radiation Atlas o Brazil

Authors/Sponsors INMET/INMET

Year 1998

Title: Brazilian Solarimetric Atlas Ground Database

Authors/Sponsors CRESESB/MME/ELETROBRÁS/CEPEL/CRESESB

Year 2000

Title: Brazilian Atlas o Electricity – 3rd edition

Authors/Sponsors Brazilian Agency or Electric Energy (ANEEL)

Year 2005

See Anne I or urter details





Table IV Caracteristics te Available Slar Eergy Resurce Assessmets i Brail

Solar Assessments Map/database Validation Resolution Resolution

Brazilian Atlas or Solar Energy maps √ medium 10 km

Solar Radiation Atlas o Brazil maps √ low 50 km

Brazilian Solarimetric Atlas Ground Database Isolines Carts and Maps n/a n/aBrazilian Atlas o Electricity – 2nd edition targets/orecast n/a n/a

SWERA Project Report in Brazil Map/database √ medium 10 km

Table V Available Wid Eergy Resurce Assessmets i Brail

Wind Assessments Coverage Validation Resolution Resolution

Brazilian Atlas or Wind Energy Brazil √ (1) medium 1km 1km

Wind Energy Overview or te Brazil Brazil √ (1) medium 1km 1km

Wind Energy Atlas or te Rio Grande do Sul State o Rio Grande do Sul √ (2) medium 1km 1km

Wind Energy Atlas or te Rio de Janeiro State o Rio de Janeiro √ (3) ig 200m 200m

Wind Energy Atlas or te Alagoas State o Alagoas In progress ig 90m 90m

Wind Energy Atlas or te São Paulo State o São Paulo √ (4) ig 200m 200m

Wind Map or te Paraná Paraná State √ (5) ig 100m 100m

Wind Energy Atlas or te Maranão State o Maranão In progress n/a n/a

Wind Energy Atlas or te Brazilian NorteastRegion

Norteast o Brazil √ (6) low

SWERA Project Report Brazil √ (7) low 10km 10 km

(1) 45 ground sites wit anenometers at 50m.(2) 22 anemometric towers at 50m (measurements acquired along 2 years).(3) 5 anemometric towers (3 in lakes region, 2 in te N along sore) at 40m and 61m. Data were acquired along 22 monts.(4) Seven wind towers between 50m to 100m.(5) 34 wind arms (one at 100 m).(6) Data rom 13 wind energy tower and 2 conventional meteorological stations.(7) Ground data at airports, at automatic weater stations and at SONDA network sites.





I summary:9

BRAzIL

Solar and Wind Energy Potentials:– Tecnical wind energy potential o 273 TW/year– Teoretical solar potential o 6,897,050 TW9 wit an annual daily mean solar irradiation ranging rom 4 to 7 kW/m2

Tere are several wind and solar energy resources assessments in Brazil. Most are privately owned, wit ewavailable to te public domain:

– 10 wind energy resource assessments: Open range o resolution and quality

– 1 regional ig resolution map– 1 statistical data collection,– 1 wind map/actual measurements comparison study– 6 low-resolution wind maps (2 validated measurement data)– 1 medium resolution map

– 4 solar energy resource assessments. – 3 solar maps (1 medium resolution, 1 low resolution, 1 isolinemaps) and teir corresponding datasets

– 1 target and orecast assessment or RE electricity– Resource potentials are available in several publications;

however, the methodologies applied vary; i.e. models based onground station inormation or on satellite data.

– Lack o public national-level ig-quality solar and wind energy assessments (2009), altoug one ig-resolutionassessment is planned or wind and one solar medium resolution (10 km) assessment is available.

– Several regional ig-resolution wind energy assessments ave been provided by investors and/or by stateagencies, owever, tey were done using commercial tools or by oreign companies.

– Accuracy and resolution o publicly available maps and datasets are not appropriate or site selection, design andplanning o large installations, suc as CSP plants.

– ShW industry as been widely using solar data to assess te potential o systems.

9 Teoretical PV yield calculated as TW/kWp or Brazil wit DNI ≥2100 kW/m2y. Calculated under standard conditions to determine te Wp rating.





Wid ad Slar Resurces Assessmet i Cia

Currently tere are no publicly available ig resolution solar and wind energy resource maps or Cina. Roug solar

data can be derived rom te global solar irradiation and direct irradiation maps developed by te Cinese National

Meteorological Bureau (CNMB). Accurate GHI data are available from 122 on-site weather stations in China; but only

17 A-class weater stations measure bot GhI and DNI data required or te design o PV and CSP systems. Furter

evaluation is required to obtain a reliable and accurate solar resource assessment in Cina.

Table VI Available Slar/Wid Resurce Reprts ad Database i Cia

Title: National Wind Energy Resource Assessment

Authors/Sponsors National Development and Reorm Commission (NDRC)

Year 2004-2006

Title: China Wind Energy Resource Mapping Activity

Authors/Sponsors NREL/UNEP

Year 2000-2006

Title: National Wind Energy Resource Detailed Assessment Activity

Authors/Sponsors Ministry o Finance

Year 2007-2011

Title: Solar Resources Assessment or China

Authors/Sponsors Energy Researc Institute, NDRC

Year 1951-2008






Iteractive Slar ad Wid Resurce Map i Cia

Te most important wind and solar resource assessments or Cina are represented in te ollowing interactive map.

Figure 13 Iteractive Slar ad Wid Resurce Map i Cia






Table VII Available Slar ad Wid Eergy Resurce Assessmets i Cia

Solar/Wind Assessments Coverage Validation Resolution Resolution Accuracy

NDRC National × Low range classes o 50W/m2 Low (1)

SWERA-NREL Regional- Easter Cina √ Medium 1 km2

at 50 m eigt Medium(2)

MOF National-selected areas √ Medium 1 km2 at 10 m eigt Medium (3)

CNMB National n/a Low Low (4)

(1) Due to lack o onsite measurements(2) On-site tower measurements or 10 regions -170 meteo. stations(3) Surace data rom 400 wind measurement towers(4) On-site measurement (122 stations or GhI, sunsine rs. 752 stations)

I summary:

ChInA

Solar and Wind Energy Potentials:

– Vast solar and wind resources eist owever deployment is not near approacing te potential.– Technical wind potential = 2,780 GW; Technical solar potential = 2,200 GW.

Wind energy resource assessments: Open range o resolution and quality

– hig resolution maps at regional coverage– Statistical data collections o wind speed average– Comparison study o wind maps and eld measurements– Low resolution wind maps at country level

Solar energy resource assessments: Low resolution

– 1 series o national level low-resolution maps and teircorresponding datasets based on ground-stations

– 1 series o national level low-resolution maps and teircorresponding datasets based on satellite data and ground-stations

– 1 national solar radiation database

Lack o high-resolution solar and wind energy assessments or te entire country (2009).Lack o accuracy Assessments o solar energy based on only ew ground site measurements.

Accuracy and resolutionPublicly available solar maps and datasets are not appropriate or site selection, design and planning o largerinstallations, suc as large PV and CSP plants.

Wind industryUtilizing available wind energy resource assessment but tese lack resolution. A ig resolution map is beingdeveloped in order to identiy potential sites or 50 GW wind arms.





Wid ad Slar Resurces Assessmet i Sut Arica

Tere is a general agreement tat solar energy resources in Sout Arica are outstanding, owever no ig resolution

wind and solar maps are available in te public domain in 2010. Accuracy and resolution o public available maps and

datasets are not appropriate or site selection, design and planning o larger installations, suc as concentrating solar

power plants or large process eat installations or industry.

In two reports (Energy Research Centre, 2007); (Schaffle & Banks, 2006) large concentrating solar power (CSP)

plants ave been proposed or signicant greenouse gas emission reductions in Sout Arica. Bot studies envisage an

installed CSP capacity eceeding 20 GW by 2035. Currently, no CSP plants are in operation in te country, and none are

under construction. It is epected tat a sudden boom will be acilitated by te renewable energy eed-in tari (REFIT),

(NERSA, 2009). Te REFIT or CSP, at ZAR 2.10 (wic is equivalent to €0.18 at te ecange rate o 21 May 2009),

sould still be adequate to spur local implementation o te tecnology (Fluri, 2009).

Tere are 10 wind energy resource assessments wit an wide range o resolution and quality: 1 regional ig resolution

map, 1 statistical data collection, 1 wind map/actual measurements comparison study, 6 low resolution wind maps (1

patced sowing mean annual wind speed, 2 wit validated measurement data), and 1 medium resolution map.





Iteractive Slar ad Wid Resurce Map i Sut Arica

Te most important wind and solar resource assessments or Sout Arica are represented in te ollowing interactive map.

Figure 14 Iteractive Slar ad Wid Resurce Maps i Sut Arica






Table VIII Available Slar/Wid Resurce Reprts ad Database i Sut Arica

Title: South Arican Renewable Energy Resource Database – Annual Solar Radiation

Authors/Sponsors ESKOM/CSIR/ESKOM/DME

Year 1999

Title: A Proposed Renewable Energy Plan o Action or the Western Cape

Authors/Sponsors Restio Energy, Nano Energy/Department o Environmental Aairsand Development Planning

Year 2007

Title: Baseline Study on Wind Energy in South Arica

Authors/Sponsors Department o Mineral and Energy/Department o Mineral and Energy

Year 2003

Title: Review o Wind Energy Resource Studies in South Arica

Authors/Sponsors Department o Minerals and Energy/Department o Mineral andEnergy

Year 2003

Title: South Arican Renewable Resource database – Wind Resource

Authors/Sponsors Eskom/CSIR, Eskom, DME

Year 1999

Title: Bulk Renewable Energy Independent Power Producers in South Arica

Authors/Sponsors Danis Cooperation or Environment and Development/DME, DanisCooperation or Environment and Development

Year 2001

Title: Resource and Technology Assessment

Authors/Sponsors RAPS Consulting

Year 2006

Title: Renewable Energy Briefng Paper Authors/Sponsors holm, D., Banks, D., Scäfer, J., Wortington, R., and Arane-

Okese, Y./Unknown

Year 2008

Title: The potential contribution o renewable energy in South Arica

Authors/Sponsors Sustainable Energy & Climate Change Project/DANIDA-Royal

Danis Embassy

Year 2006





Title: Wind Atlas o Southern Arica

Authors/Sponsors Diab, R./Department o Minerals and Energy

Year Unknown

Title: Wind Engineering in Arica

Authors/Sponsors J. A. Wissea, K. Stigter Tecnical University Eindoven

Year 2007

Title: Wind Regimes o Arica

Authors/Sponsors Arican Wind Energy Association/InWEnt Division

Year 2004

Title: A solar radiation data handbook or Southern Arica

Authors/Sponsors Eberard, A., U. Cape Town/Energy Researc National Programme –Foundation or Researc Development

Year 1990

Title: Climate o South Arica – Sunshine and cloudiness

Authors/Sponsors Sout Arican Weater Service

Year 2005

Title: PVGIS

Authors/Sponsors Joint Researc Centre o te European Commission Year 2001-2007

Title: NASA- Surace meteorology and Solar Energy

Authors/Sponsors NASA's Eart Science Enterprise Program

Year 2008 (release 6.0)

Title: SWERA – Solar resource data or Arica Authors/Sponsors NREL/UNEP,GEF

Year 2006

Title: Meteonorm

Authors/Sponsors Meteotest, Switzerland

Year 2009






Table IX Caracteristics Slar Eergy Resurce Assessmets i Sut Arica

Solar Energy Assessment Validation Resolution Resolution

A solar radiation data andbook or Soutern Arica × low n/a

Climate o Sout Arica – Sunsine and cloudiness × low n/a

Munzedzi et al. very limited low 1˚ lat. 1˚ long.PVGIS n/a n/a

JRC-European Commission √ medium 2 km

NASA: Surace meteorology and Solar Energy √ (1) low 1˚ lat. 1˚ long.

SWERA-NREL √ very low 40 km 40 km

Diabate et al. √ low n/a

Sout Arican Renewable Energy Resource Database – Annual SolarRadiation ESKOM

× low n/a

Meteonorm × Database n/a

(1) Parameters based upon te solar and/or meteorology data were derived and validated based on recommendations rom partners in te energy industry.





Table X Caracteristics te Wid Eergy Resurce Assessmets i Sut Arica

Wind AssessmentsMap/ Database Coverage Validation Resolution Resolution

A Proposed Renewable EnergyPlan o Action or te WesternCape/Nano Energy

Map Western Cape √ (1) n/a – hig (Westcoast)

– Medium (resto province)

Baseline Study on Wind Energy inSout Arica /DME

Statistical data Sout Arica √ (2) – No wind map

Review o Wind Energy ResourceStudies in Sout Arica/DME

Report onaccuracy o eisting maps

Sout Arica √ (1) – No wind map

Sout Arican RenewableResource database – WindResource/Eskom

Map Sout Arica × Estimatedmean annualwind speedat 10 m.

Low (Patcy)

Bulk Renewable EnergyIndependent Power Producers inSout Arica

Sout Arica – –

Resource and Tecnology Assessment/RAPS consulting

Review o previousstudies

KwaZulu Natal – n/a n/a

Renewable Energy Brieng Paper/ holm et al.

Review o previousstudies

Sout Arica – n/a

Te potential contribution o renewable energy in Sout Arica/ DANIDA

Review o previousstudies/maps

Sout Arica × Low (Patcy)

Wind Atlas o Soutern Arica/U,KwaZulu Natal

Mapnormalized at10 m

Sout Arica √ (1) n/a – Low or Sout Arica

– higer orWestern Capecoast

Wind Engineering in Arica/ Tecnical University Eindoven

Review o previous maps

Arica × – 50 km at50 m

– Mean windspeed at10 m

Low

Wind Regimes o Arica/AricanWind Energy Association

Arica andSout Arica

Low

(1) Based on measured data(2) Statistical data

Almost 90% o te interviewed companies ave been using solar energy resource assessments in teir business and

are igly satised wit te results o te assessments used in terms o accuracy and resolution (mostly ShW industry).





Table XI Use Slar Resurce Assessmets by Cmpaies i Sut Arica

Number oCompaniescontacted

(interviewed)

Existing EnergyResource

Assessments

Used EnergyResource

Assessment Sotware tools

Solar42 ShW (19)

127 4

21 PV (3) 9 4

Eskom – 3NASA – 5CSIR – 4SABS – 2RETSCREEN – 3Own measurements/ weater stations – 4Weater data – 2None – 4NREL – 4RAPS – 1

In ouse – 10

None – 7RETSC REEN – 5SOLA RC – 1SOLO – 1hOM ER – 1

Figure 15 Use Slar Eergy Resurce Assessmet by Slar Cmpaies i Sut Arica

Solar Energy Resource Assessment by Solar companies Use o soware design tools

I summary:

SoUTh AFRICA

Solar and Wind Energy Potentials: Teoretical and tecnical potentials o solar in Sout Arica are vast, and greatly eceed te current energy demando 220 TW. Te tecnical potential or wind is estimated at 80 TW and or SWh at 47 TW.

– 10 wind energy resource assessmentswit wide range o resolution and quality

– 1 regional ig resolution map– 1 statistical data collection,– 1 wind map/actual measurements comparison study– 6 low resolution wind maps (1 wit patces sowing mean

annual wind speed, 2 wit validated measurement data)– 1 medium resolution map

– 2 reports containing inormation on energyresources

– RE-Independent Power Producers report– RE brieng paper

– 10 solar energy resource assessments – 7 low-resolution maps and teir corresponding datasets (2 o te maps obtained by interpolation o measuring station data,1 processing Meteonorm data)

– 3 solar radiation databases

– Lack o ig-resolution assessments o solar and wind energy (2009), altoug one ig-resolution assessment isplanned or wind.

– Accuracy and resolution o publicly available maps and datasets are not appropriate or site selection, design andplanning o larger installations, suc as CSP plants.

– ShW industry in ZA as been widely using solar data to assess te potential o te systems.



REVIEW oF nATIonAL PoLICIES To PRoMoTE SoLAR AnD WInD EnERGY

This section describes national and regional policies or promoting solar and wind energy in

each country and documents the main technologies used in existing and planned solar and

wind applications. Vast solar and wind resources exist in the three countries where deployment

has not yet begun to approach its potential.

As an eample, Cina is becoming an important global player in te PV and wind sectors, owever, ast economic

growt, and abundant conventional resources enable continued use o conventional ossil uels (IEA PV Tecnology

Roadmap, 2009). Witout appropriate incentives and capacity to do oterwise, tese countries are likely to ollow

carbon-intensive development pats. Cina is working now to meet domestic demand and ambitious renewable energy

targets by installing substantial new clean energy-generating capacity. Brazil, as one o te cleanest primary energy

mies (wit 80% to 85% is coming rom large ydro) yet deorestation is te major source o GhG emissions. Te

country has put in place an array of policies and programs for the sustainable use of rainforests; however national

policies supporting wind and solar deployment are still weak.

Policies and use o energy resource assessments: An analysis o te inormation collected illustrates tat policies to

promote solar and wind energy tecnology use in Brazil, Cina and Sout Arica are not based on integrated assessments,

and tus ail to reap te ull economic, environmental and employment benets o tese tecnologies. Development o

suc integrated assessments – in te orm o long-term policy roadmaps – is seen as a precondition or acieving

deployment o solar and wind energy tecnologies and to ollow a low-carbon development pat.

In te case o Brazil, governmental policies ave concentrated more on wind energy tan on solar and tereore more

efforts have been made to develop high quality wind resource assessments. Even though wind energy is predominant;

eorts ave been made to epand knowledge o Brazil’s solar resources in order to stimulate investments and tecnology

development. Te National Electricity Conservation Program, PROCEL, made use o solar resource assessments to

ensure tat solar eating was close to meeting te demand at peak ours. Sout Arica as an enormous potential orrenewable energy projects and various studies are publicly available, owever resource potentials are oten not considered

wen discussing te policy support options.

Classication o wind and energy policies: Table xII outlines policy instruments or te promotion o renewable energy

sources or electricity in te tree countries. Solar and wind energy instruments can be classied by (1) stimulating te RE

electricity prices (or by establishing “price premiums”); or (2) establishing and promoting the installed capacity. Regulatory

instruments may dene te minimum amount o renewable energy to be produced or consumed (Centro Clima, 2010).



Review o National Policies to Promote Solar and Wind Energy


Table XII Classifcati Slar ad Wid Plicy Istrumets i Brail, Cia ad Sut Arica

System Price Quantity

Regulated

Focused onInvestment

Financial Subsidy/Capital subsidies, grants or rebates– BR: Biomass, mini-ydro, o-grid PV (Eletrobrás/

GTZ Technical Cooperation Project (2005); PROINFA-

Promotion o RES market troug incentives andsubsidies (2002)

– ZA: SWh up to 30% o capital cost (ESKOM), o-grid PV– CN

Tender system/Publiccompetitive biddingsFiscal Incentives/Investment excise, or other tax

credits– BR: Local and regional regulations; Solar Heaters in

National Habitation Programs (2007); My home my life

(2009); Light for all (2003)

– CN: 50% VAT reduction or wind since Nov 2001 CN:Wind and Solar. Income ta ree or rst 3 yrs., 50%income ta reduction or net 3 yrs.

Based onGeneration

Feed-in taris– ZA: REFIT (2009, not implemented)– CN: Since 2009 or wind– BR: PROINFA, 2002

Tender system/Publiccompetitive biddings– CN: Wind (2003-2008)– CN: Solar PV (2009 to

present)– BR: Wind (2009-2010)– ZA: Wind (delayed or

abandoned))

Fiscal Incentives/Energy production payments “taxcredits”– ZA

Quota System WithGreen Certifcates (RPS)– CN (2007)

Voluntary

Focused onInvestment

Shareholder Programs– ZA: RE 2003– BR: PROCEL – National Electricity Conservation

Program (1985)– CN: WP 2009, REP 2009

Voluntary agreementsbased on a defnedquantity with greencertifcates– BR, CN, ZA (non

eisting)

Financing Programs– BR (not-known)– CN ($400 billion unds)

Based onGeneration

Green taris– BR, CN (non eisting)– ZA: Green Certicates in Cape Town

Source: Centro Clima/PPE/COPPE/UFRJ, INPE, Fraunoer ISI, Researc and Costa (2006), ERI, INPE, CRSES

Targets or wind and solar energy : Cina as set ambitious targets (not ocially announced yet) or wind, biomass

and solar energy. Te RE targets were oreseen as 150 GW o wind power by 2020 and 20 GW o solar PV by 2020. Te

ocial targets in te 2007 RE Medium and Long Term Plan are 15% sare o renewable in primary energy by 2020 wit

te ollowing specic goals: 300 GW ydro, 30 GW wind, 30 GW biomass, 1.8 GW PV, and 300 million m 2 o ShW. To

reac te envisaged government targets te current policies migt not be consistent enoug.

Te Sout Arican government’s target o acieving 4% o all power generated rom renewable sources by 2013 as

been criticised or not being ambitious enoug. however, witout adequate incentives tis target is unlikely to be reaced.





Te main caracteristics o te eisting wind and solar energy promotion policy instruments are summarized and

compared in te table below.

Table XIII Wid ad Slar Eergy Prmti Plicy Istrumets i Brail

Policy InstrumentRegulated vs. Voluntary Investment vs. Generation Goal

Actual(2009) Forecast

PROINFA-

Promotion o RES

market through

incentives and

subsidies

(2002)

Voluntary:

Strategic at

sort term

Investment 3.3GW total toNational Grid:

2.074 GW 3.3 GW

Wind 1.1 GW 602.3 MW 1423 MW

Small-

scale

ydro

1.1GW 1135 MW 1191 MW

Bio-

mass

1.1 GW 514 MW 685 MW

EmergencyProgram oWind Energy –PROEÓLICA(2001)

Voluntary Investment:Incentive or wind turbinesimportation

Generation:Federal governmentguarantees purcase o wind- electricity by stateutility or 15 yrs

Addition o 1050 MW o wind capacity to tenational grid by December 2003.

Light or all (2003) Voluntary:Strategic atsort term

Investment 100% o population as access to electricityby 2008Program beind scedule, decree etendedto 2010

National ElectricityConservationProgram (1985)

Voluntary:Sort-termmeasure

Investment:Credit and nancing orrational use o energy andincrease energy eciency

Support energyeciency amongenergy utilities(1) and nal users.

On-going Up to 18%reductiono teelectricitydemand in2018

Figure 16 (16.A) Targets r Reewable Eergy Istalled (16.B) Targets r te Sare Electricity rmReewable i Brail, Cia ad Sut Arica

500

400

300

200

100

0


C a p a c i t y ( G

W )

30

20

10

0Sout A r ica Brazi l

16

12

8

4

0

2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2020

S a r e o R E e l e c t

r i c i t y ( % )

Sout Arica

Brazil

Cina

2020 2016 2013 2009







Public PolicyPrograms andIncentives or Solar

Heaters (2005)

– Mandatoryor newbuildings

– Voluntaryor eistingbuildings

Investment:Will be proposed aterregulation by te Eecutive

o Federal government.

n/a(2) n/a(2) n/a(2)

National Policy or Alternative Energy(2007)

Mandatory Investment:– R&D government

investments– Federal ta incentives– Funding support wit

long-term interest

n/a(2) n/a(2) n/a(2)

Solar Heaters inNational HabitationPrograms (2007)

Mandatory n/a n/a(2) n/a(2) n/a(2)

Solar Heaters inBuildings supportedby PNH and PAC(2007)

Mandatory Investment:Outlines requirements o SWh nanced by te PNhand PAC National Programs

n/a(2)

n/a(2)

n/a(2)

AlternativeEnergy orIsolated SystemsProgram, SolarEnergy or WaterHeating Programand DistributedGenerations

Program (2007)

Mandatory Investment:Provides requirementsto promote distributedelectricity generation andenergy eciency by usingrenewable energy.

n/a(2) n/a(2) n/a(2)

Brazilian Programor Solar Heaters –PROSOL (2008)

Mandatory Investment:National Fund supportedby 0,1% o Annual GrossRevenue o Electricitycompanies

n/a(2) n/a(2) n/a(2)

Eletrobrás/ GTZ TechnicalCooperation Project(2005)

Mandatory Investment:Support to powerdistribution utilities in teNort and Norteast

25,000 electricconnections

n/a(2) n/a(2)

Renewable Sourceso Energy (2009)

Mandatory Investment:National Fund or Researc

and Development o Alternative Sources andRenewable Energy(3)

n/a(2) n/a(2) n/a(2)

REINFA – IncentiveProgram orDevelopment andExploitation o Alternative Sourceso Energy (2009)

Mandatory Investment: Tax incentives for R&D in

renewable energy, storageand generation tecnologyand devices wit bettereciency.

n/a(2) n/a(2) n/a(2)

(1) Generation, transmission and distribution.(2) Waiting or approval in Brazilian Congress.(3) Royalties from oil; net operating revenues resulting from the operation of thermal power plants; federal resources, electricity tax.





Table XIV Wid ad Slar Eergy Prmti Plicy Istrumets i Cia

Policy InstrumentRegulatedvs. Voluntary

Investment vs.Generation Goal


Middle and Long-term RenewableEnergy DevelopmentStrategy (2005-2020)and

“11th-Five-Year”Renewable EnergyDevelopment Plan(2005-2010)

Voluntary Non-bindingtarget

Wind – M and L

Strategy:

5 GW (2010 )30 GW (2020)

– 11th- Plan:

10 GW (2010)30 GW (2020)

– 6 GW by teend o 2007

– 12 GW in 2008(eceed nationaltarget or 2010o 10 GW)

20 GW (2010)

Solar PV300 MW in 20101.8 GW in 2020

100 MW in 2007130 MW(estimated) in2008

300 MW (2010)

Solar water

heating150 million m2 (2010)300 million m2 (2020)

108 million m2

(2007)

150 million m2

(2010)

Regulation oRenewable PowerPricing and CostSharing(2006)

Regulated Generation:

Subsidy on

power price

Wind – M and L Term

Strategy:

5 GW (2010)30 GW (2020)

– 11th- Plan:

10 GW (2010)30 GW (2020)

– 12 GW in 2008

(eceed 2010

target o 10 GW)

– Strong turbine

manuacturing

industry as

result o te

stimulatingmarket.

– Capacity could

reac 20 GW

(2010)

– At least 60 GW

or, 100 GW

(2020)

Solar PV300 MW in 20101.8 GW in 2020

– Lack o power

price policy.

Four pilot

projects(1) wit

power price

subsidy by 2009

– Government

planning bidding

or selection o

PV developers;te 1st bidding

project was

conducted in

March 2009;

power price

is te most

important actor.





Policy InstrumentRegulatedvs. Voluntary

Investment vs.Generation Goal


Special Fund orLocalization o theManuacturing o

Wind Turbines (2008)

Regulated Investment:

Financial tool

– Subsidy or

Wind

Subsides orassembling andcomponents

manuactures(50%respectively).600 RMB Yuan/ kW subsidy perturbine (US$ 82/ kW, based on teecange rate in2007) or te rst50 units.Requirements.1. Wind turbine

≥1 MW

2. Cinese manu-actures(2)

3. Developedby and/orbelongingto Cineseenterprise

Several

manuactures

received subsidies

– Estimated

tat more

manuactures

will benet romsubsidy.

– Te und will

stimulate

improvement

o design and

manuacturing

o new

turbines.

Policy on VAT orSome ResourceComprehensiveUtilization Projectsand Other Products


Financial tool

– Ta

8.5% VAT or windpower projects(te general VATrate is 17%)

– All wind power

projects benet

rom VAT

policy(3)

– By 2010, about

31 GW increase

troug te

policy

Te policy will

continue and wit

iger positive

impact

Special Fund orRenewable EnergyDevelopment(2006)


Financial tool –

subsidy

To Support,1. R&D,

standard anddemonstrationprojects

2. RE projects inrural areas

3. IndependentRE systems inremote areasand islands

4. Resourcessurvey,assessmentand databaseor RE

5. Manuacturinglocalization o RE acilities

Ministry o

Finance arranged

te Special Fund

troug many

cannels(4)

Epected tat te

und will cover

broad renewable

elds(5)

(1) Two projects are te Solar-PV-Building in Sangai and te Solar-PV-in desert areas in Inner Mongolia wit power subsidy o 4 RMB Yuan/KW. (about

US$ 0.58/kW, based on te ecange rate in 2009).

(2) Or Cinese companies (51% stakes)(3) In particular, beore 2006 tere was no eed-in-tari policy or wind power in Cina.(4) In 2007, 300 million Cinese RMB Yuan (about US$ 41 million, based on ecange rate in 2007) or National Wind Energy Resource Detailed

Assessment Program (rom 2007-2011), wit te epected output o at least 50GW detail wind power resources survey.(5) Suc as new renewable village power programs, and resources survey or solar energy, and solar pilot projects including solar-PV roo-systems etc.





Table XV Wid ad Slar Eergy Prmti Plicy Istrumets i Sut Arica


Actual(2009)

White Paperon RenewableEnergy(2003)

Non-bindingtarget

Several nancial and legalinstruments are proposedbut not yet implemented

– 10 TW RE by2013

– 4% o RE electricityby 2013

Not yet acieved

Renewable energy

ramework, DME

(2003)

Strategic:

Regulated

Generation:

– Te production tari was

determined evaluating

te estimated capital cost

and te levelised cost o

electricity togeter wit

te NERSA tari

– 10 TW RE by2013


Not yet acieved

Renewable

Energy Market

TransormationProject, DME/DBSA

(2009)

Voluntary:

Tecnical

assistance

Generation:

– Financing mecanisms

cover incremental costrenewable;

Investment (SWh):

– Grants strengten

capacity o te private

sector

– 10 TW RE by2013


Not yet acieved

Long-term

mitigation scenarios

(2007)

Voluntary:

Policy Support

Data-based scenarios – Outline dierentscenarios o mitigation;

– Inorm long-termnational policy;

– Provide solid basisor negotiationson a post-2012climate regime.

Compreensive

report

City o Cape

Town – Energy and

Climate Change

Strategy(2006)

Voluntary:

Policy Support

– Reduce climatecange trougte promotion o sustainable energyuse;

– Identiy mostvulnerablecommunities to

minimise impacts o climate cange.

– Setting o energy

targets and

monitoring/

enorcing tem.

Solar Water Heater

by-law – City o

Cape Town

(in planning)

Compulsory – Te bylaw wi ll be

implemented troug

building plan approvals.

– Sanctions wit nes.

– 10% o omesequipped witSWh by 2010

– 10% o City-ownedousing wit SWhby 2010

n/a

Green Certifcates –

City o Cape Town

(2010)

Voluntary Generation:

Green certicates (non-

tradable)

Sell generatedelectricity by DarlingWind Farm to Cape Town customers

– Electricity

generation o 13.2

GW per annum

REFIT – NERSA(2009)

Compulsory Generation:Feed-in taris

Not advancing





Review natial Plicies t Prmte Slar ad Wid Eergy i Brail

Te mecanisms currently adopted in Brazil to promote te use o renewable energy sources are auctions or

specic sources done in 2008, and Reserve Energy Auctions, also done in 2008 eclusively or biomass, and in 2009

eclusively or wind.

Te main criticism o te government policies is tat tey ave ad little eect on promoting renewable energysources or electricity generation. PROINFA was te key program or increasing te deployment o renewable energy

or electricity generation. however, PV systems were not addressed in PROINFA or any oter government energy

sector program. Currently, tere are no government programs specically or increasing te penetration o solar eating

tecnology in omes, public buildings or or industrial applications, owever, tere are local and regional regulations tat

make ShW in new buildings mandatory.

It as been claimed tat in Brazil electricity rom wind is already competitive wit conventional sources. however

wind power generating costs may increase wen te best resource locations are used, ten new incentives would be

necessary to maintain wind’s competitiveness and promote oter renewables suc as solar energy.





N a t i o n

a l P o l i c y

G o a l

N a t u r e

I n s t r u m e n t s

R e s o u r c e s

S e c t o r

N a t i o n a l P o l i c y

o r A l t e

r n a t i v e

E n e r g y

( 2 0 0 7 )

P r o v i d e s t e N a t i o n a l

P o l i c y o r A l t e r n a t i v e

E n e r g y

M a n d a t o r y

– F e d e r a l T a

x I n c e n t i v e s ,

– F u n d i n g s u p p o r t w i t l o n g - t e r m i n t e r e s t ,

– G o v e r n m e

n t I n v e s t m e n t s i n R & T .

B i o m a s s , h y d r o ,

S o l a r a n d W i n d

W a t e r h e a t -

i n g , L i q u i d

F u e l s , T r a n s -

p o r t a t i o n ,

E l e c t r i c i t y

S o l a r h

e a t e r s

i n N a t i o n a l

h a b i t a t i o n

P r o g r a

m s ( 2 0 0 7 )

T o p r o v i d e r e q u i r e m e n t s

o r u s i n g S W h i n b u i l d i n g

s

M a n d a t o r y

n / a ( I t a s n o t b e e n y e t r e g u l a t e d b y B r a z i l i a n C o n

g r e s s ) .

S o l a r

W a t e r

h e a t i n g

S o l a r h

e a t e r s

i n B u i l d

i n g s

s u p p o r t e d b y

P N h a n d P A C

( 2 0 0 7 )

T o p r o v i d e r e q u i r e m e n t s

o r s o l a r e a t e r s i n

p u b l i c o u s i n g a n d n o n -

r e s i d e n t i a l b u i l d i n g s

M a n d a t o r y

M a n d a t o r y S

W h f n a n c e d b y :

– N a t i o n a l A

c c e l e r a t e d G r o w t P r o g r a m

– N a t i o n a l h

a b i t a t i o n P l a n

S o l a r

W a t e r

h e a t i n g

A l t e r n a

t i v e

E n e r g y

o r

I s o l a t e d S y s t e m s

P r o g r a

m , S o l a r

E n e r g y

o r W a t e r

h e a t i n g P r o g r a m ,

a n d D i s t r i b u t e d

G e n e r a

t i o n s

P r o g r a

m ( 2 0 0 7 )

T o p r o m o t e d i s t r i b u t e d

g e n e r a t i o n ( 6 ) t r o u g

u s e o r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y

r e s o u r c e s

M a n d a t o r y

– A l t e r n a t i v e

E n e r g y f o r I s o l a t e d S y s t e m s P r o g r a m

( F A J S ) ;

– S o l a r E n e r g y f o r W a t e r H e a t i n g P r o g r a m ( P A E S ) ;

– D i s t r i b u t e d

G e n e r a t i o n s P r o g r a m ( P G D )

S o l a r

W a t e r

h e a t i n g

B r a z i l i a

n P r o g r a m

o r S o l a r h e a t e r s

– P R O S O L

( 2 0 0 8 ) ( 4 )

T o p r o m o t e t e B r a z i l i a n

P r o g r a m o r S o l a r h e a t e r s

– P R O S O L

M a n d a t o r y

N a t i o n a l F u n

d s u p p o r t e d b y 0 , 1 % o

A n n u a l G r o s s R e v e n u e o

E l e c t r i c i t y c o

m p a n i e s

S o l a r

W a t e r

h e a t i n g

E l e t r o b

r á s /

G T Z T e

c n i c a l

C o o p e

r a t i o n

P r o j e c t ( 2 0 0 5 )

T o e l p p o w e r d i s t r i b u t i o

n

u t i l i t i e s i n t e N o r t a n d

N o r t e a s t t o a c i e v e t e

g o a l s o t e P r o g r a m o

U n i v e r s a l i z e d E l e c t r i c

P o w e r t r o u g t e u s e

o R E

M a n d a t o r y

D E P – M a n a

g e m e n t D e p a r t m e n t o E l e t r o b r á s o r

U n i v e r s a l i z a t i o n

P r o g r a m

S o l a r , w i n d a n d

b i o m a s s

R u r a l

e l e c t r i f c a t i o n /

p o t o v o l t a i c





N a t i o n

a l P o l i c y

G o a l

N a t u r e


R e s o u r c e s

S e c t o r

R e n e w

a b l e

S o u r c e

s o

E n e r g y

( 2 0 0 9 )

– T o p r o v i d e i n c e n t i v e s o

r

r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y u s e

a n d a l t e r n a t i v e u e l s ,

– T o e s t a b l i s t e N a t i o n

a l

F u n d o r R e s e a r c

a n d D e v e l o p m e n t o

A l t e r n a t i v e S o u r c e s a n d

R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y .

M a n d a t o r y

– N a t i o n a l F u n d o r R e s e a r c a n d D e v e l o p m e n t o A l t e r n a t i v e

S o u r c e s a n d R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y ( 5 )

S o l a r , W i n d ,

B i o m a s s a n d

h y d r o g e n

E n e r g y

p r o d u c t i o n

R E I N F A –

I n c e n t i v e

P r o g r a

m o r

D e v e l o

p m e n t

a n d E x

p l o i t a t i o n

o A l t e r n a t i v e

S o u r c e

s o

E n e r g y

( 2 0 0 9 )

– T o p r o v i d e i n c e n t i v e s

o r d e v e l o p m e n t o

a l t e r n a t i v e s o u r c e s o

e n e r g y

– T o s e t o u t m e a s u r e s t o

s t i m u l a t e t e p r o d u c t i o

n

a n d c o n s u m p t i o n o

c l e a n e n e r g y .

M a n d a t o r y

– T a x i n c e n t i v e s f o r R & D i n r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y , s t o r a g e a n d

g e n e r a t i o n

t e c n o l o g y a n d d e v i c e s w i t b e t t e r e

f c i e n c y

R e n e w a b l e

s o u r c e s o e n e r g

y

E n e r g y

p r o d u c t i o n

( 1 ) I n J u l y

2 0 0 1 , i n t e m i d s t o t e e l e c t r i c i t y c r i s i s b r o u g t o n b y p e r s i s t e n t d r o u g t , t e P o w e r C r i s i s M a n a g

e m e n t C a m b e r e s t a b l i s e d t e P R Ó E Ó L I C A e m e r g e n c y w i n d e n e r g y p r o g r a m . T e r u l e o l a w d o e s n o t p r o m o t e a l o n g -

t e r m e s t a b l i s m e n t o a w i n d i n d u s t r y i n B r a z i l , b u t a s c

r e a t e d a n i n c e n t i v e o r t e i m p o r t a t i o n o w i n d t u r b i n e s .

( 2 ) I t d o e s

n o t d i r e c t l y a d d r e s s w i n d a n d s o l a r e n e r g y b u t c o

n s i d e r s b o t v i a b l e i n r e m o t e a r e a s a r r o m t e e

l e c t r i c i t y g r i d , t t p : / / w w w . e l e t r o b r a s . g o v . b r / E M_ P r o g r a m a s_

P r o i n a / d e a u l t . a s p

( 3 ) t t p : / / w

w w . e l e t r o b r a s . c o m / p c i / m a i n . a s p ? T e a m I D = { 1 C 0 5

6 5 8 A - 8 C 9 3 - 4 6 E A - A C 5 3 - 7 E D 9 0 2 2 0 8 5 E 2 }

( 4 ) t t p : / / w

w w . c a m a r a . g o v . b r / s i l e g / M o s t r a r I n t e g r a . a s p ? C o d

T e o r = 5 4 6 5

( 5 ) R o y a l t i e s f r o m o i l ; n e t o p e r a t i n g r e v e n u e s r e s u l t i n g f r o m t h e o p e r a t i o n o f t h e r m o p o w e r p l a n t s ; f e d e r a l r e s o

u r c e s , e l e c t r i c i t y t a x .

( 6 ) M o d i f e

s t e L a w n o . 1 0 4 3 8 i n o r d e r t o i n c r e a s e t e r e n e

w a b l e e n e r g y s a r e i n t e B r a z i l i a n E n e r g y M a t r i x .

P N h – N a

t i o n a l h o u s i n g P o l i c y , G r o w t A c c e l e r a t i o n P r o g r a

m m e – P A C

http://www.eletrobras.gov.br/EM_Programas_Proinfa/default.asp





























































http://www.eletrobras.com/pci/main.asp?TeamID=%7B1C05658A-8C93-46EA-AC53-7ED9022085E2%7D




















































































http://www.camara.gov.br/sileg/MostrarIntegra.asp?CodTeor=5465





































































I summary:

BRAZIL

Targets– According to governmental energy plans: Sligt increase in renewable energy sare o primary energy and

renewable electricity sare.– 3.3 GW added by 2006 rom wind, biomass and small ydro – additional 3.3 GW by 2016.– Wind power 2.7 GW by 2010 and 5,250 MW troug new binding contracts by 2013

Policies Te mecanisms adopted in Brazil to promote renewable energy tecnologies include auctions or specic sourcesand Reserve Energy Auctions (2009-2010), a eed-in tari (2002), guaranteed pricing, tradable certifcates andthird-party fnancing or onsore wind energy, bio-energy and ydropower (2002-2012).

Deployment– Combined new renewables suc as biomass, small ydro and wind power account or less tan 4% o te Brazil’s

electricity generation (85% o electricity generation is large ydro).– Since te implementation o PROINFA (Alternative Energy Sources Incentive Program) in 2002, tere as been

more tan a undred-old increase in te installed national wind energy capacity.

Lack o support or grid-connected PVBrazil is well-suited or grid-connected PV due to te substantial solar resources available and matc o solarirradiance peak wit peak loads. Neverteless, solar PV is not mentioned in PROINFA, te major national programor renewables.

Leading country or use o o-grid PVIn 2003, te ederal government launced te electrication programme Luz para Todos (Ligt or All), wic aims tosupply ull electricity access by 2010. As a result Brazil is one o te leading countries in te use o PV tecnologiesor o-grid areas.

Several governmental incentive programs promote large-scale use o solar water heating systems.

Use o resource assessments in governmental policies– National policies ave targeted wind energy more tan solar. Neverteless, tere are eorts to increase knowledge

o Brazil’s solar resources in order to stimulate investments and tecnology development.

– Te National Electricity Conservation Program (PROCEL) made use o a solar resource assessment to ensure tatsolar eating goals could meet demand during peak ours.





Review natial Plicies t Prmte Slar ad Wid Eergy i Cia

Cina is becoming an important global player in te PV and wind sectors, owever, ast economic growt, and

abundant conventional resources encourage and enable continued use o conventional ossil uels (IEA PV Tecnology

Roadmap, 2009). Cina is working now to meet domestic demand and ambitious renewable energy targets by installing

substantial new clean energy-generating capacity.

Since 2009, Cina’s government as begun to promote eigt wind power bases 1. Tese wind park locations were

identied taking into account partial resource assessments; they have rich wind resources on land and/or offshore.

Furtermore wind power as been promoted in Cina since 2005 considering te tecnical and economic potential.

Cina started to promote large-scale PV and CSP demonstration projects in 2010, owever as not used ig resolution

solar resource assessments to support te development o tese projects.

1 Wind Bases are very large wind parks, or eample, te West Inner Mongolia Wind Bases will reac 20 GW wind capacity beore 2020.





T a b l e X

V I I W i d a d S l a r E e r g y P r m

t i P l i c y I s t r u m e t s i C i a

N a t i o n

a l P o l i c y

G o a l

N a t u r e


R e s o u r c e s

S e c t o r

M i d d l e

a n d L o n g - t e r m

R e n e w

a b l e E n e r g y

D e v e l o

p m e n t S t r a t e g y

( 2 0 0 5 - 2 0 2 0 )

“ 1 1 t - F

i v e - Y e a r ”

R e n e w

a b l e E n e r g y

D e v e l o

p m e n t P l a n

N a t i o n a l D e v e l o p m e n t

a n d R e

o r m C o m m i s s i o n

( 2 0 0 5 - 2 0 1 0 )

1 0 % R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y o t o t a l e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n

b y 2 0 1 0

1 5 % R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y b y 2 0 2 0

W i n d

– M a

n d L S t r a t e g

y :

5 G W ( 2

0 1 0 ) ; 3 0 G W ( 2

0 2 0 )

– 1 1 t h - P l a n :

1 0 G W ( 2

0 1 0 ) ; 3 0 G W ( 2

0 2 0 )

S o l a r P V

3 0 0 M W i n 2 0 1 0 1

. 8 G W i n 2 0 2 0

S o l a r w a t e r h e a t

i n g

1 5 0 m i l l i o n m 2 ( 2 0 1 0 )

3 0 0 m i l l i o n m 2 ( 2 0 2 0 )

P r e d i c t e d n a t i o n a

l t a r g e t s o r s o l a r p o w e r , s o l a r

t e r m a l w i l l b e r e a c e d i n 2 0 1 0 .

E s t i m a t e d w i n d p

o w e r o a t l e a s t d o u b l e o n a t i o n a l

t a r g e t s , 2 0 G W i n

2 0 1 0 , 6 0 G W i n 2 0 2 0

V o l u n t a r y / N o n -

b i n d i n g t a r g e t

S e v e r a l f n a n c i a l a n d l e g a l

i n s t r u m e n t s a r e p r o p o s e d b u t n o t

y e t i m p l e m e n t e

d

– B i o m a s s

– W i n d

– S o l a r

– S m a l l - s c a l e

y d r o

– E l e c t r i c i t y

– L i q u i d

u e l s

– S o l a r

w a t e r

e a t i n g

R e g u l a

t i o n o n

R e n e w

a b l e P o w e r

P r i c i n g

a n d C o s t S a r i n g

( 2 0 0 6 )

N a t i o n a l D e v e l o p m e n t

a n d R e

o r m C o m m i s s i o n

– T o s e t - u p t e r a

t i o n a l p a y b a c k o r r e n e w a b l e p o w e r

d e v e l o p e r s ,

– A t t r a c t i n v e s t m e n t a n d i n c r e a s e t e m a r k e t s c a l e o

r e n e w a b l e p o w e r ( 1 )

C o m p u l s o r y

F i n a n c i a l t o o l –

S u b s i d y o n p o w e r

p r i c e

– S o l a r

– W i n d

– o t e r r e n e w a b l e

s o u r c e s


S p e c i a

l F u n d

o n L o c

a l i z a t i o n

M a n u a c t u r i n g o W i n d

T u r b i n e

( 2 0 0 8 )

M i n i s t r y o F i n a n c e

– T o s e t - u p t e c a p i t a l s u p p o r t o r l o c a l i z a t i o n

m a n u a c t u r i n g o

M W s

i z e w i n d t u r b i n e o r C i n e s e

e n t e r p r i s e s ,

– T o s u p p o r t t e w i n d t u r b i n e i n d u s t r y d e v e l o p m e n t i n

C i n a

C o m p u l s o r y


S u b s i d y

W i n d






N a t i o n

a l P o l i c y

G o a l

N a t u r e


R e s o u r c e s

S e c t o r

V A T P o

l i c y o r R e s o u r c e

C o m p r e e n s i v e

U t i l i z a t i o n P r o j e c t s

( 2 0 0 1 )

M i n i s t r y o F i n a n c e a n d

S t a t e A

d m i n i s t r a t i o n o

T a x a t i o

n

– T o p r o v i d e a a v

o u r a b l e v a l u e - a d d e d - t a x o r

c o m p r e e n s i v e

u t i l i z a t i o n o s o m e r e s o u r c e s a n d

w i n d p o w e r p r o

j e c t s ,

– P r o v i d e i n c e n t i v

e s o r t e d e v e l o p m e n t o w i n d t e

i n d u s t r y ( 2 )

C o m p u l s o r y


T a x

W i n d


S p e c i a

l F u n d o

R e n e w

a b l e E n e r g y

D e v e l o

p m e n t ( 2 0 0 6 )

M i n i s t r y o F i n a n c e

T o g i v e f n a n c i a l s

u p p o r t o n t e r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y

d e v e l o p m e n t w i t

l a r g e a p p l i c a t i o n p o t e n t i a l a n d

w i t p r o d u c t s o r e p l a c i n g u e l , b u i l d i n g e a t i n g a n d

c o o l i n g , a n d e l e c t r i c p o w e r .

C o m p u l s o r y


S u b s i d y

S o l a r a n d W i n d

E l e c t r i c i t y ,

u e l , t e r m a l

( 1 ) B i d d i n g p r o c e s s o r s e l e c t i n g t e p r o j e c t d e v e l o p e r s . G e n e r a l l y , t e p r o j e c t c a n g e t a s u b s i d i s e d p o w e r p r i c e o 2 0 - 3 0 R M B Y u a n / M W . T u s , a e e d - i n - t a r i i s a d o p t e d i n C i n a o r r e n e w a b l e p o w e r . A s a n e x t s t e p , i t i s s u g g e s t e d

t o p r o v

i d e d e t a i l f n a n c i a l a n d e c o n o m i c a n a l y s i s o r i n s t a

l l e d r e n e w a b l e p o w e r p r o j e c t s , a n d i m p r o v e s p e c

i f c s u b s i d y l e v e l s .

( 2 ) T e a v

o u r a b l e V A T a s p r o v i d e d r e a l f n a n c i a l s u p p o r t o

r w i n d p o w e r p r o j e c t s . T e r e i s a s a r e d v i e w i n t e w i n d p o w e r i n d u s t r y t a t t e V A T r a t e o r w i n d

p o w e r s o u l d b e r e d u c e d u r t e r g i v e n i t s e n v i r o n

m e n t a l b e n e f t s .

h o w e v

e r , t e c o l l e c t e d V A T i s s a r e d b y t e c e n t r a l g o v e

r n m e n t f n a n c e ( 7 5 % ) a n d l o c a l f n a n c e ( 2 5 % ) , t u s i t e t a x r a t e i s t o o l o w , t e r e w i l l b e l e s s d r i v e o r t e l o c a l g o v e r n m e n t t o d e v e l o p w i n d p o w e r p

r o j e c t s . T e r e o r e , i t i s

i m p o r t a n t t o s e t t e r a t i o n a l t a x r a t e o r t i s k i n d o p o l i c y .





I summary:

CHINA

Targets– Cina as set ambitious RE targets (not announced yet), to include a wind power target o 150 GW and a solar PV

target o 20 GW by 2020.– Te ocial targets ed in te 2007 RE Medium and Long term Plan were a 15% sare o renewables in primary

energy made up as ollows: 300 GW ydro, 30 GW wind, 30 GW biomass, 1.8 GW solar PV and 300 million m 2 o ShW by 2020.

Policies– Guaranteed prices determined by bidding process: Wind concession power (2003-2008) and large-scale PV as

a guaranteed price troug bidding since 2009.– Reduced VAT income ta measures or wind tecnologies.– Feed-in-tari or wind energy since 2009, all oter renewable energy tecnologies under te eed-in tari as

dened by te Renewable Energy Law (2005).Te level o support is set by te provinces.– Capital grants troug te Brigtness Rural Electrication Programme.

Deployment

– Cina is becoming an important global player in PV and wind, in terms o manuacturing capacity. however, PVproduction is vulnerable to canges in policies abroad as 95% o te produced tecnology is eported.– Witout sucient incentives, Cina is likely to ollow a carbon-intensive development pat.





Review natial Plicies t Prmte Slar ad Wid Eergyi Sut Arica

Te non-binding target o 10,000 GW o renewable energy contribution to te total energy consumption by

2013, as outlined in Sout Arica’s Wite Paper on Renewable Energy (DME, 2003), raised awareness o renewables

considerably. however, witout adequate incentives, tis target is unlikely to be reaced. Unortunately or te wind and

solar electricity sectors, te renewable energy target was envisioned to be acieved troug a miture o sugar bagasse

(59%), landll gas (6%), hydro (10%), solar water heaters (13%), other biomass (1%) and only 1% wind; solar PV or CSP

were not included (DME, 2004).

Several measures are being implemented to address tis problem but until now implementation as not been

eective. Te most important measure to elp meet te target is a eed-in tari or renewable energy sources (REFIT)

tat was establised in 2009. however, tere is still no clarity on te process and a unctioning REFiT does not seem

to be advancing.

Te Renewable Energy Wite Paper aims to eliminate barriers impeding te urter promotion o renewable energies

troug a variety o initiatives, including: 1) promoting nancial and scal instruments or redirecting national unds to

renewable energies; 2) developing effective legislation in order to manage the growth of renewable energy; 3) promotingresearch and development of renewable energy projects; 4) raising public awareness; and 5) establishing technology

support centres to assist in te maintenance o te new energy inrastructure. A description o national policies or

promoting solar and wind energy is given in te table below.





T a b l e X

V I I I W i d a d S l a r E e r g y P r m

t i P l i c y I s t r u m e t s i S u t A

f r i c a

N a t i o n

a l P o l i c y

G o a l

N a t u r e


R e s o u r c e s

S e c t o r

W i t e P a p e r o n

R e n e w

a b l e E n e r g y

( 2 0 0 3 )

D e p a r t

m e n t o M i n e r a l s

a n d E n

e r g y

– C o m m i t s G o v e r

n m e n t t o e n s u r e

r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y b e c o m e s

a s i g n i f c a n t p a r

t o i t s e n e r g y

p o r t o l i o

– N o n - b i n d i n g t a r

g e t o 1 0 T W

r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y o t e t o t a l

e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n b y 2 0 1 3 .

– 4 % (

1 . 7 G W ) o t e p r o j e c t e d

e l e c t r i c i t y d e m a

n d o r 2 0 1 3 ( 1 )

V o l u n t a r y / N o n -

b i n d i n g t a r g e t

S e v e r a l f n a n c i a l a n d l e g a l i n s t r u

m e n t s a r e

p r o p o s e d b u t n o t y e t i m p l e m e n t e d

– B i o m a s s

– W i n d

– S o l a r


y d r o


– L i q u i d

u e l s

– S o l a r

w a t e r

e a t i n g

R e n e w

a b l e e n e r g y

r a m e w

o r k ( 2 0 0 3 )

D e p a r t


a n d E n

e r g y

– E n a b l e t e e s t a b l i s m e n t o n e w

r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y g e n e r a t i n g

p r o j e c t s t o c a t a

l y s e r e n e w a b l e

e n e r g y m a r k e t i n o r d e r t o m e e t

S o u t A r i c a ’ s 2

0 1 3 R e n e w a b l e

E n e r g y t a r g e t .

– N o n - b i n d i n g t a r

g e t o 1 0 T W

r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y o t e f n a l

e n e r g y c o n s u m p t i o n b y 2 0 1 3

S t r a t e g i c s o r t -

t e r m m e a s u r e

i ) I P P s p r o p o s a l s e v a l u a t e d o n

c o m p e t i t i v e a n d

l e a s t - c o s t b a s i s

i i ) I P P s i n i t i a t e t e l i c e n s i n g p r o

c e s s , I P P s

c o n t r a c t i n c l u d e s a P P A

i i i ) E s k o m a n d m u n i c i p a l i t i e s b u

y r e n e w a b l e

e n e r g y a t p r o d u c t i o n t a r i a n

d r e c o v e r c o s t s

o n p a s s t r o u g - b a s i s

i v ) P r o j e c t s d e v e l o p e d a s b i l a t e r a l i n i t i a t i v e s

b e t w e e n I P P / c u s t o m e r p a y i n g g e n e r a t i o n

p r e m i u m w i l l c o n t i n u e

– B i o m a s s

– L a r g e W i n d

– C S P


y d r o






N a t i o n

a l P o l i c y

G o a l

N a t u r e


R e s o u r c e s

S e c t o r

R e n e w

a b l e E n e r g y

M a r k e t T r a n s o r m a t i o n

P r o j e c t ( 2 0 0 9 )

D e p a r t


a n d E n

e r g y ( D M E ) /

D e v e l o

p m e n t B a n k o

S o u t e

r n A r i c a

– R e m o v e b a r r i e r s a n d r e d u c e

i m p l e m e n t a t i o n

c o s t s o r e n e w a b l e

e n e r g y t e c n o l o

g i e s t o e l p

m i t i g a t e G h G e m i s s i o n s

– P r o m o t e o n - g r i d e l e c t r i c i t y r o m

r e n e w a b l e s o u r c e s .

– E s t a b l i s p o l i c y

a n d r e g u l a t o r y

r a m e w o r k s a n d

p r o v i d e t e c n i c a l

a s s i s t a n c e & b u

i l d i n s t i t u t i o n a l

c a p a c i t y o r R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y

P o w e r G e n e r a t i o n a n d C o m m e r c i a l

S o l a r W a t e r h e a t i n g ( 2 )

V o l u n t a r y

R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y P o w e r G e n e

r a t i o n

– S u p p o r t : D M E a n d N E R S A t o

d e v e l o p a l e g a l ,

p o l i c y , a n d r e g u l a t o r y r a m e w o r k o r r e n e w a b l e

e n e r g y ;

– F i n a n c i n g m e c a n i s m s o r c o v e r i n g t e

i n c r e m e n t a l c o s t o f r e n e w a b l e

;

– P u b l i c a n d p r i v a t e s e c t o r i n s t i t u t i o n a l c a p a c i t y

o r r e n e w a b l e i n v e s t m e n t s .

– D i s s e m i n a t i o n a n d D e v e l o p m e

n t o R e s o u r c e s

i n f o r m a t i o n ;

– M a t c i n g G r a n t s t o s t r e n g t e n t e c a p a c i t y

o t e p r i v a t e s e c t o r i n c l u d i n g : ( i ) a c t i v i t i e s o r

r e n e w a b l e i n v e s t m e n t s ; ( i i ) p r e

- f e a s i b i l i t y s t u d i e s

f o r r e n e w a b l e i n v e s t m e n t s ; a n

d ( i i i ) p r o m o t i o n

o - g r i d r e n e w a b l e e n e r g y .

C o m m e r c i a l S o l a r W a t e r h e a t i n g ( C S W h ) :

– S u p p o r t t e d e v e l o p m e n t o S

W h i n d u s t r y

t o i n t e r n a t i o n a l b e s t p r a c t i c e l e v e l s t r o u g

t e c n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e i n d e v e l o p i n g s t a n d a r d s

a n d c o d e s o r C S W h , p r o m o t

i o n c a m p a i g n s ,

a n d t r a i n i n g .

– M a t c i n g a n d P e r o r m a n c e G r a n t s o r s m a l l a n d

m e d i u m e n t e r p r i s e s

R e n e w a b l e s


– W a t e r

e a t i n g

L o n g t e r m m i t i g a t i o n

s c e n a r

i o s ( 2 0 0 7 )

D e p a r t

m e n t o

E n v i r o n m e n t a l A a i r s

& T o u r i s m / E n e r g y

R e s e a r c C e n t r e ( U . o

C a p e T

o w n )

– O u t l i n e d i e r e n t

s c e n a r i o s o

m i t i g a t i o n a c t i o n ,

– I n o r m l o n g - t e r m

n a t i o n a l p o l i c y

– P r o v i d e a s o l i d b a s i s o r S o u t

A r i c a p o s i t i o n i n m u l t i - l a t e r a l

c l i m a t e n e g o t i a t i o n s

P o l i c y m a k i n g

S u p p o r t

D a t a - b a s e d s c e n a r i o s

A l l r e s o u r c e s

E n e r g y





N a t i o n

a l P o l i c y

G o a l

N a t u r e


R e s o u r c e s

S e c t o r

C i t y o

C a p e T o w n –

E n e r g y

a n d C l i m a t e

C a n g e S t r a t e g y ( 2 0 0 6 )

– R e d u c e c l i m a t e

c a n g e t r o u g

t e p r o m o t i o n o

s u s t a i n a b l e u s e o

e n e r g y

– I d e n t i y c o m m u n i t i e s a n d

e c o s y s t e m s m o

s t v u l n e r a b l e t o t e

i m p a c t s o c l i m a t e c a n g e i n o r d e r

t o m i n i m i z e t e s e i m p a c t s .

T e r e m a y b e s o m

e m o v e m e n t

o n a S W h i n i t i a t i v

e i n C T l a t e r i n

2 0 1 1 w e r e t e c

i t y w i l l r e c o v e r t e

r e p a y m e n t o t e

S W h t r o u g t e i r

b i l l i n g s y s t e m .

P o l i c y

I n t e g r a t i o n o s u s t a i n a b l e e n e r g y a p p r o a c e s :

– D e v e l o p m e n t o s t r a t e g i c v i s i o

n s a n d g o a l s

– C a p a c i t y b u i l d i n g

– T r a n s o r m a t i o n o e n e r g y s u p p

l y

– E n e r g y e f c i e n c y p r o g r a m s

– S e t t i n g o e n e r g y t a r g e t s a n d m o n i t o r i n g /

e n o r c i n g t e m

– I n o r m a t i o n g a t e r i n g / m a n a g e

m e n t

– A s s e s s i n g v u l n e r a b i l i t y a n d a d

a p t i o n

V a r i o u s

– E n e r g y

– T r a n s p o r t

S o l a r W

a t e r h e a t e r B y -

l a w – ( i n p l a n n i n g )

C i t y o

C a p e T o w n

M u n i c i p a l i t y

R e g u l a t e i n c o r p o r a t i o n o S W h i n

a l l n e w b u i l d i n g s a n d a l l a d d i t i o n s t o

e x i s t i n g b u i l d i n g s

i n C a p e T o w n .

I n 2 0 1 0 s t i l l n o t i m

p l e m e n t e d

C o m p u l s o r y

T e b y l a w w i l l b e i m p l e m e n t e d b y m e a n s o

b u i l d i n g p l a n a p p r o v a l s .

S o l a r ( 3 )

W a t e r

e a t i n g

G r e e n

C e r t i f c a t e s –

( 2 0 0 9 )

C i t y o

C a p e T o w n

M u n i c i p a l i t y

T o s e l l e l e c t r i c i t y g e n e r a t e d b y

D a r l i n g W i n d F a r m

t o c u s t o m e r s i n

C a p e T o w n

T a k i n g p l a c e r o m

2 0 1 0

V o l u n t a r y

G r e e n c e r t i f c a t e s ( n o n - t r a d a b l e )

W i n d


R E F I T – N E R S A ( i n

p l a n n i n

g )

E s t a b l i s a e e d - i n t a r i o r r e n e w a b l e

e n e r g y s o u r c e s ( 4 )

C o m p u l s o r y

F e e d - i n t a r i s

– W i n d ,

– C S P ,

– y d r o , - l a n d f l l

g a s


( 1 ) T a r g e t s

w e r e r e v i e w e d a t t e R e n e w a b l e E n e r g y S u m m i t

i n C e n t u r i o n o n 1 9 / 2 0 M a r c 2 0 0 9 .

( 2 ) F o u r - y e a r p e r i o d , i n l i n e w i t G E F O p e r a t i o n a l P r o g r a m N

o . 6 .

( 3 ) h e a t p u m p s m i g t b e i n c l u d e d i n a r e v i s e d v e r s i o n .

( 4 ) T e p r o p o s e d t a r i s a r e w i d e l y s e e n a s t o o l o w t o s p u r s

i g n i f c a n t i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o e l e c t r i c i t y g e n e r a t i o n r o m r e n e w a b l e s o u r c e s .

I P P = I n d e

p e n d e n t P o w e r P r o d u c e r

N E R S A =

N a t i o n a l E n e r g y R e g u l a t o r o S o u t A r i c a





I summary:

SOUTH AFRICA

TargetNon-binding target o 10 TW o renewable energy by 2013.

Policies– Te Wite Paper on Renewable Energy (2003) aimed to remove barriers or te promotion o renewables andprovide 10,000 GW o RE by 2013.

– Feed-in Tari (REFIT) is te most important measure being implemented in 2009 but no Power Purcase Agreements were signed as o te end o 2010. Wile proposed by te National Energy Regulator o Sout Arica,te suggested eed-in-taris may not be ig enoug to stimulate signicant investments (solar PV not included).

Use o resource assessment in governmental policies To date resources assessments ave not been used in creating policy, ecept in te broader sense were it isrecognised tat ZA as signicant solar resources and some wind and biomass potential. No ig resolution windatlas is available and none o te policies to date reerred to any specic geograpic area.



WInD AnD SoLAR EnERGY TEChnoLoGIES

Brail

Te main applications o PV tecnology in Brazil are telecommunications, rural electrication, water pumping and

public ligting in low-income rural communities. Grid-connected PV systems are still in te eperimental stage, wit

a combined power o 22 kWp installed (Varella, 2009). In 1995, te Brazilian government launced a programme,

PRODEEM (Programme o Energy Development o States and Municipalities), to promote rural electrication using PV

systems. Approimately 9000 PV systems were installed rom 1996 troug 2001, wit a total o 6 MWp o installed

capacity. In 2003, te ederal government launced te programme Luz para Todos (Ligt or All), wic aims to provide

electricity to te entire country by 2010. Te programme as an estimated total budget o about USD 2.6 billion unded

by te ederal government, concessionaires and state governments. A programme or labelling PV equipment and

systems was launced in 2003 by INMETRO (Brazilian Institute or Metrology, Standardisation and Industrial Quality)

to guarantee te quality o equipment acquired and installed witin te Ligt or All programme. Tis labelling sceme

is currently in orce and applies to PV modules, carge controllers, inverters and batteries and is done on a voluntary

basis (Varella, 2008). Te PV market is currently dominated by multinationals, and tere are no domestic manuacturers.

however, wit te support o te government, te Brazilian Centre or Development o Solar PV Energy (CB-Solar),

created in 2004, as developed a pilot plant to manuacture cost eective PV modules and silicon solar cells at scale

(Moelecke and Zanesco, 2007), (IEA PV roadmap, 2009).

BRAZIL

WIND Total installed capacity– 602.3 MW (2009) and 931 MW by te end o 2010. Te largest installed capacity in Latin America

until 2010 consisting o nearly 50% o te total capacity.– however, it is less tan 3% o te potential capacity estimated or Brazil, 143.5 GW.– Total o 17 installed wind arms (2009), ranging rom 0.3 MW to 50 MW.

Generating costsWind energy is already competitive with conventional sources (average of $0.08 /kWh); however,

since te best locations are being used rst, wind generating costs may rise again wen te remaining

locations are used.Domestic production capacityhig-quality industrial capacity to produce wind turbines rom 250 W up to 2.3 MW or domesticmarket and eport (about 50% o annual production).

SOLAR Main solar energy technologies deployed– More tan 2.2 million square meters o solar water eaters installed or domestic use and small PV

systems or o-grid applications.– Leading country in te use o PV or rural electrication.– Domestic production capacity o solar water eating industry is well developed.

Concentrating solar power (CSP)No CSP plants or large PV systems are currently installed in te country.



Wind and Solar Energy Technologies


Cia

Cina’s solar PV industry as been growing rapidly and te country now ranks rst in te world in eports o PV cells.

Domestic output o PV cells epanded rom less tan 100 MW in 2005 to 2 GW in 2008, eperiencing a 20-old increase

in just our years (Wang, 2008). Tis is te result o a strong demand rom te international PV market, especially rom

Germany and Japan. however, te PV market demand in Cina remains small, wit more tan 95% o te country’s

PV-cell products eported.

In 2009, Cina’s cumulative PV installed capacity was 305 MW (National Energy Administration, 2009). Some 40%

o tis demand is met by independent PV power systems tat supply electricity to remote areas not connected to te

national grid. Market sares o solar PV or communications, industrial, and commercial uses ave also increased. BIPV

systems, as well as large-scale PV installations in desert areas, are being encouraged by te Cinese government,

wic began providing a subsidy o RMB 20 (USD 2.93) per watt or BIPV projects in early 2009. It is likely tat

te 2010 and 2020 national targets or solar PV (400 MW and 1,800 MW, respectively) announced in 2007 will be

signicantly increased. Eperts predict tat te installed capacity could reac 1 GW in 2010 and 20 GW in 2020 in Cina

(CREIA, 2009).

In early 2010, a deal was signed or at least 2 GW o CSP to be constructed in Cina by 2020, wit installation o terst 92 MW to begin in 2010 (Renewable Energy World, s..).

CHINA

WIND Installed capacity– Cina is te world’s largest market, wit 13.8 GW added in 2009, more tan one-tird o te global

market.– Wind capacity was doubled in 2009 in pursuit o an ambitious target o installing 30 GW o wind by

2020.

Domestic industry capacity– Large-scale wind market is taking sape rapidly and te domestic industry is booming.

– Cina remains te largest market or small wind turbines (2009).SOLAR Installed capacity

– Total capacity o 305 MW in 2009 (1/3 provided by independent producers’ o-national grid).– Major imbalance between PV production and domestic market. however, rapid epansion planned,

setting up ambitious mid-term targets or domestic market, 1,800 MW installed capacity by 2020.

Domestic industry capacity– PV industry has been growing rapidly; China is the world’s leading ¬manufacturer of solar

potovoltaic panels, wit more tan 40% sare o global PV cell production in 2009 and about 50%in 2010.

– 95% o production is eported.– Most raw materials and equipment are imported.

Solar Water HeatersCina dominates te world market wit 70 % global installed capacity.

CSPIn early 2010, a deal was signed or at least 2 GW to be constructed in Cina by 2020, wit installationo te rst 92 MW to begin in 2010.



Wind and Solar Energy Technologies


Sut Arica

Sout Arica’s accumulative installed capacity or solar and wind tecnologies is very low despite abundant resources

potentials and a national renewable energy eed-in tari. Tere are only two wind arms in operation providing a capacity

o 3.2 and 5.2 MW respectively. Solar energy applications are concentrated to domestic solar ot water eating, a

strong sector tat as received support troug local mandates in Cape Town and a programme rom te national

utility, Eskom. Te City o Cape Town solar water eating mandate is under consideration to be adopted at te nationallevel. Renewables ave a dicult playing eld, as tey orced to compete wit ceaper conventional uels, like coal,

also in abundance in Sout Arica. In addition, Eskom, te only utility in soutern Arica, enjoys a monopoly in te

electricity sector.

It is epected tat te eed-in tari will elp pave te way to making renewables more competitive wit conventional

(coal) produced electricity and will support te growt o renewables.

SOUTH AFRICA

WIND Total installed capacity. Two operational arms:– Klipeuwel 3.2 MW

– Darling wind arm 5.2 MWWind industry will boom wit a viable eed-in-tari.

SOLAR Domestic production capacity:Wile te potential or solar is quite signicant, te uptake o tecnologies as remained limited due tote lack o incentives.Main solar energy tecnologies being utilized are solar water eaters or domestic use (744.4MW

t)and

small PV systems or o-grid applications

Large PV:No concentrating solar power plants or large PV systems are currently installed in te country.

CSP: Te only CSP installation was a 25 kW Stirling dis but i t is out o operation. Eskom is planning a100 MW solar tower near Upington, but nances ave not been secured yet.

Figure 17 Accumulative Istalled Capacity (2009) Slar ad Wid Teclgies i Brail, Cia adSut Arica

500

400

300

200

100


PV

Wind

Planned CSP (2010)

A c u m u

l a t i v e I n s t a l l e d

C a p

a c i t y ( M W )

200

150

100

50


S h W i n s t a l l e d c a p a c i t y

( G W t )

SHW capacity

1 2 0 8

1 0 0

6 0

3 0 5

9 2

2,4

145

25 805

4 4 0



PRoJECT DEVELoPERS AnD FInAnCIERS

This section collects inormation rom the major project developers and project nanciers in

each country about their data requirements or risk management o solar and wind energy

projects. The section analyses the most infuential barriers to investments in renewable

energy technologies in the three countries such as renewable energy capacity, research

and development, installation and maintenance, nancial risks and initial costs.

Summary Prject Develpers ad Fiaciers i Eac Cutry

BRAZIL

– Ranked sixth worldwide in investment in renewable energy (2009); total of US$ 7,400 million.

– Wind project developers made use o te eisting wind energy resource assessment tat indicates te besteconomic conditions are in te Norteast and Sout regions.

– Wind and solar energy policies ave encouraged investment by companies mainly in wind energy (no investmentsin large PV).

– hig-quality domestic industrial capacity to produce wind turbines.

– Traditionally dominated by just one turbine manuacturer, Wobben Enercon, several oter international playersave entered te Brazilian market, including Vestas, Suzlon and IMPSA.

– Tere are no national manuacturers on te PV market in Brazil, dominated by small PV systems.

– Companies epect to see new renewable energy policy measures resulting rom Brazil’s National Action Planon Climate Cange and suggest policies ocus on bringing down te cost o renewable power generation, e.g.troug a special tari, renewable energy credits, or reduced transmission costs or smaller renewable energygenerators (REEEP, 2010).


CHINA

– Ranked rst worldwide overall in investment in renewable energy (2009), total o US$ 34,600 million.

– National policy on renewable energy as provided a clear signal to companies and as stimulated investment.

– Companies would like to see innovation in energy market structure and demand management, e.g. a renewableenergy generation obligation, a renewable energy or emissions trading market, generation-based subsidies.

– Te Clean Development Mecanism (CDM) as stimulated corporate investment, bot directly (e.g. or projectdevelopment) and indirectly (e.g. new business areas or service companies).




Project Developers and Financiers


SOUTH AFRICA

WIND Tere are a large number o wind arm developers and two main wind arm nanciers.

SOLAR Main developers and nanciers are municipalities and provincial governments or solar water eater roll-

out programs.

– Ranked seventeent worldwide in overall investment in renewable energy (2009) total o 125 million US$.

– Te Renewable Energy Feed-in Tari (2009) is canging investment patterns, owever tere is uncertainty abouthow it will be applied; technology-specic measures not favoured. By the end of 2010, large number of wind

arms, large scale PV and CSP plants as proposed REFIT projects but no Power Purcase Agreements (PPA)were signed under te REFIT. Main stumbling blocks are te development o mutually acceptable PPAs and teselection criteria used to assess and rank project proposals.

– Industry would like to see R&D support, simplication of planning consents, renewable energy targets and in-

country support or CDM project development (REEEP 2010).

– Many nancial institutions willing to provide loans or RE projects.

Eac o te tree countries ave done consultations wit solar and wind energy companies, nanciers and developers

to study te most infuential risk criteria rom teir point o view suc as te availability o resource inormation, standard

approval or integration capacity o te eisting grid.

In 2009 Cina was ranked tird among G-20 nations, wit 0.79 percent, and Brazil ort, wit 0.37 percent, in clean

energy investment intensity (clean energy investment as a percentage o gross domestic product) (Figure 19). Te ve-

year growt in investment or Brazil and Cina is 148 percent eac.

Source: (Pew Researc 2010)

Figure 19 Ivestmet Itesities i Reewable Eergy Teclgies (%) ad Grwt i te IstalledCapacity (%) i Brail (BR), Cia (Cn) ad Sut Arica (zA)

Installed 5-year growt, %

Investment intensity, %

100

80

60

40

20

0

I n s t a l l e d g r o w t ( % )

I n v e s t m e n t i n t e n s i t y

0,5

0,4

0,3

0,2

0,1

0

CN, 79

CN, 0,39 BR, 0,37

ZA, 0,03BR, 13,9

Figure 18 Slar ad Wid Eergy Develpers i Sut Arica, Brail ad Cia

PV

ShW

Wind

CSP

100

80

60

40

20


Developers





Prject Develpers ad Fiaciers i Brail

Te main PV solar energy project developers in Brazil are located in te Sout and Souteast regions o te country.

Most o te PV systems developers are electricity utilities and researc institutes. All o te systems installed are small

and used or demonstration or educational purpose. Water eating is a major application o solar energy in Brazil.

Government incentive programs were created to promote large-scale use o solar water eating systems. Te major

barrier to increase te adoption o solar water eating system is linked to te lack o inormation on tis tecnology.

Regarding wind energy, te criteria or risk management are similar or te 14 developers interviewed in Brazil.

Figure 22 Mai Ris Criteria Idetifed by Wid Develpers i Brail

Very Important Autorization to act as Independent Energy Producer by te Brazilian Agency or ElectricalEnergy.

Very Important Proo o ownersip or te area utilized or leasing contract or a period not less tan 20 years.

Very important At least 60% o te plant value in equipment and services sould be manuactured in Brazil.Must be qualied as an energy producer and able to obtain governmental loan and oter benetsregulated by Law.

Very important Te grid sould be able to cope wit te additional electricity being ed into te grid according tote National operator o Electrical System or utilities.

Very important Environmental License issued by Brazilian Ministry o Environment or oter autorized stateinstitute.

Very important Reliable wind measurements or at least one ull year certied by an independent wind energyauditor accredited according to IEA rules. It is very important to evaluate te project’s economiceasibility.

Figure 20 Slar ad Wid Eergy Cmpaies i Sut Arica, Brail ad Cia

PV

ShW

Wind

Figure 21 Slar ad Wid Eergy Fiaciers i Sut Arica, Brail ad Cia

PV

ShW

Wind

100

80

60

40

20


Companies

1 300

100

80

60

40

20


Financiers





Figure 23 Mai Ris Criteria Idetifed by Wid Fiaciers i Brail

Very Important Technology, products and services generated by R&D projects.

Very Important Increase te scope o te distribution services o electricity.

Very important Wind arms sould be in accordance wit te PROINFA requirements regulated by Law no. 10438.

Very important Te Ministry o Mines and Energy sould announce te wind arm project as Enable to PROINFA. Very important Perormance status o oter renewable energy projects in developing countries.

Very important Energy companies meet te Brazilian rules or receiving straigt grants.

Prject Develpers ad Fiaciers i Sut Arica

Wind resources are considered a key risk criterion to take into account during te development o wind arms as

resources must allow or a capacity actor greater tan 30%.

Figure 24 Ris Criteria Idetifed by Wid Farm Develpers i Sut Arica

Very important

ImportantGrid able to cope wit additionalwind electricity

NeutralWind arm distance to grid ≤30 km Terrain sould be environmentally

sound

Wind arm not located in area werecommunication media are already inplace

Terrain accessible or construction Capacity actor as great infuenceon electricity costs: Wind resourcesmust allow capacity actors ≥30%

ShW developers do not identiy solar resources as a risk actor, and it is not a actor considered in te development

o ShW projects, altoug a survey o te ShW industry sows tat 90% o te enterprises take into consideration

dierent solar resource assessments and use sotware tools.

Figure 25 Ris Criteria Idetifed by ShW Develpers i Sut Arica

Neutral

Less important Standards approval

Water pressure Vandalism Important

Transport and storage Sortage o materials Sortage o installers Very important

Climate conditions house conditions Identication o recipients Appointment o serviceprovider



AnnEX I: AVAILABLE SoLAR AnD WInD MAPS

Available Slar ad Wid Resurce Assessmets i Sut Arica

Figure 26 A Slar Radiati Data hadb r Suter Arica

A solar radiation data hand-book or Southern Arica Available Free

Author/Publisher Eberard, A., University o Cape Town/Energy Researc National Programme –Foundation or Researc Development

Methodology Interpolation between measuring stations:– Global and diuse radiation rom 12 stations– Sunsine our rom 86 stations. (1)

Main Findings – Low resolution maps o global radiation or Sout Arica and Namibia– Te data are presented in contour maps, bar-carts and tables

Link to publication Contact [email protected] (1) Were only sunsine our records were available, te values or global radiation were estimated.

mailto:[email protected]




Annex I: Available Solar and Wind Maps


Figure 27 Climate Sut Arica – Susie ad Cludiess

Climate o South Arica –Sunshine and cloudiness Available Free

Author/Publisher Sout Arican Weater Service

Methodology Interpolation between measuring stations:Sunsine our rom 13 stations were use

Main Findings Seeks to distinguis between areas o dierent sunshine climates as well as

cloudiness– Sunsine our maps: Te data are presented in contour maps, tables and plots.– No region receives less tan al o te possible sunsine, and a very large region

in te interior receives over 80 %.

Link to publication ttp://old.weatersa.co.za/Publications/Documents/Public_General_ino_Publications.doc

http://old.weathersa.co.za/Publications/Documents/Public_General_info_Publications.doc








Figure 28 PVGIS-JRC Eurpea Cmmissi

PVGIS-JRC EuropeanCommission Available Free

Author/Publisher Joint Researc Centre (JRC), European Commission

Methodology andResolution

A GIS-based metodology or computation o solar irradiance/irradiation at a givensurace inclination

Main Findings Map-based inventory o solar energy resource and assessment o te electricitygeneration rom potovoltaic systems

Link to publication ttp://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/apps3/pvest.pp?map=arica

http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/apps3/pvest.php?map=africa

http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/apps3/pvest.php?map=africa





Figure 29 nasa: Surace Meterlgy ad Slar Eergy

NASA: Surace Meteorologyand Solar Energy Available Free

Author/Publisher NASA's Eart Science Enterprise Program


Low resolution map (1 degree longitude 1 degree latitude)

Meteorology and solar radiation rom te NASA Science Mission Directorate’ssatellite and re-analysis researc programs.

Main Findings Interactive maps: A renewable energy resource web si te

Link to publication ttp://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/sse

http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/sse

http://eosweb.larc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/sse





Figure 30 Swera – Slar ad Wid Eergy Resurce Assessmets

SWERA – Solar andWind Energy Resource Assessments Available Free

Author/Publisher NREL/UNEP,GEF


Low resolution map (40km 40km)

NREL’s Climatological Solar Radiation Model uses inormation on cloud cover,atmosperic water vapour and trace gases, and te amount o aerosols in teatmospere to calculate te montly average daily total insolation (sun and sky)alling on a orizontal surace.

Main fndings Solar resource data or Arica: montly and annual average direct normal (DNI),global orizontal (GhI), latitude tilt, and diuse data and GIS data at 40 km by 40 kmresolution or Arica.

Link to publication ttp://swera.unep.net







Figure 31 Meterm

Meteonorm Author/Publisher Meteotest, Switzerland


Te programme's calculation algoritms provide te basis or generating ourlyvalues or global radiation, temperature and oter meteorological parameters.Satellite data is used in areas wit a low density o weater stations.

Main fndings Database wit climatic data rom 8055 stations around te world (29 stations inSout Arica o wic only 11 provide solar radiation data)

Link to publication ttp://www.meteonorm.com/media/maps_online/g_map_arica.pd

http://www.meteonorm.com/media/maps_online/gh_map_africa.pdf

http://www.meteonorm.com/media/maps_online/gh_map_africa.pdf





Figure 32 Sut Arica Reewable Eergy Resurce Database – Aual Slar Radiati. ESkoM

SA Renewable EnergyResource Database Available Free

Author/Publisher ESKOM

Resolution andMethodology

Low Resolution Annual Solar Radiation Map

Model estimates total or global radiation based on 1 geometric and 1 atmospericcomponent. Total radiation estimated by adjusting predictions rom te geometricmodel by te transmissivity predicted by te atmosperic model

Main Findings – Low resolution map wit annual global orizontal irradiation– Solar radiation data, collected over a 40 year period at 130 sites by te Sout Arican Weater Bureau, used to create/veriy te various model components.

Link to publication ttp://www.crses.sun.ac.za/pds/Solar%20Mapping%20SA-1.pd ttp://www.erc.uct.ac.za/seminars-courses/presentations/Fluri_19-08-2009.PDF

http://www.crses.sun.ac.za/pdfs/Solar%20Mapping%20SA-1.pdf

http://www.erc.uct.ac.za/seminars-courses/presentations/Fluri_19-08-2009.PDF

http://www.erc.uct.ac.za/seminars-courses/presentations/Fluri_19-08-2009.PDF

http://www.crses.sun.ac.za/pdfs/Solar%20Mapping%20SA-1.pdf





Figure 33 CSP Study

CSP study-T.P. Fluri Available Free

Source T.P. Fluri/Energy Policy 37 (2009) 5075–5080


Low resolution map (40 km40km)

Link to publication ttp://www.crses.sun.ac.za/UNEP/Additional%20-%20TP%20Fluri%20Te%20potential%20o%20concentrating%20solar%20power%20in%20Sout%20Arica.pd

Main Findings Maps derived rom NREL data sowing te average daily direct normal irradiation

(DNI) or te wole year and or te monts o Marc, June, September andDecember

http://www.crses.sun.ac.za/UNEP/Additional%20-%20TP%20Fluri%20The%20potential%20o%20fconcentrating%20solar%20power%20in%20South%20Africa.pdf










Figure 34 A Prpsed Reewable Eergy Pla Acti r te Wester Cape Assessmet

A Proposed RenewableEnergy Plan o Action orthe Western Cape Available Free

Author/Publisher Nano Energy

Resolution and

Methodology

hig or te west coast,

Medium or te rest o te provinceOverlay created rom pysical data

Main Findings Wind map o Western Cape

Link to publication ttp://www.capegateway.gov.za/Tet/2008/3/4._ses_re_banks_resources_scenarios_plan_draoctt20070523v5_print.pd

http://www.capegateway.gov.za/Text/2008/3/4._ses_re_banks_resources_scenarios_plan_drafoctt20070523v5_print.pdf








Figure 35 Baselie Study Wid Eergy i Sut Arica

Windmill in use or Water pumping in Sout Arica

Baseline Study on WindEnergy in South Arica Available Free

Author/Publisher Department o Mineral and Energy

Methodology Statistical data: Collection and processing o statistical and oter inormation

pertaining to wind energy systems currently installed in Sout AricaMain Findings Current utilisation o wind power in Sout Arica

Link to publication ttp://www.wwindea.org/ome/images/stories/wwecs/docs/2003/ windbaselinestudy.pd









Figure 36 Review Wid Eergy Resurce Studies i Sut Arica

Review o Wind EnergyResource Studies in South Arica Available Free

Author/Publisher Department o Mineral and Energy

Methodology Report: Various sites visited and te accuracy or validity o eisting wind maps areassessed against actual measurements

Main Findings Predicting te wind resource rom meteorological stations must be done witcaution and ig uncertainty is epected

Link to publication ttp://unccc.int/les/meetings/seminar/application/pd/sem_sup1_sout_arica.pd

http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/seminar/application/pdf/sem_sup1_south_africa.pdf

http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/seminar/application/pdf/sem_sup1_south_africa.pdf





Figure 37 Sut Arica Reewable Resurce Database – Wid Resurce/Esm

South Arican RenewableResource database – WindResource Available Free

Author/Publisher Eskom

Resolution Low resolution map wit estimated mean annual wind speed at 10 m

Main Findings Patcy Wind map o Sout AricaLink to publication ttp://www.sabregen.co.za/sarerd%20database/wind.tm

Figure 38 Bul Reewable Eergy Idepedet Pwer Prducers i Sut Arica

Bulk Renewable EnergyIndependent PowerProducers in South Arica Available Free

Sponsor/Author/Publisher Danis Cooperation or Environment and Development/Department o Mineral andEnergy

http://www.sabregen.co.za/sarerd%20database/wind.htm

http://www.sabregen.co.za/sarerd%20database/wind.htm





Figure 39 Resurce ad Teclgy Assessmet-kwazulu natal

Bulk Renewable EnergyIndependent PowerProducers in South Arica Available Free

Author/Publisher RAPS Consulting

Methodology/Resolution From publised maps, it is dicult to determine te speed at specic sites

Main Findings From publised maps it is dicult to tell speed at specic sites

Link to publication ttp://www.nura.co.za

Figure 40 Reewable Eergy Briefg Paper: Ptetial Reewable Eergy t Ctribute t natial

Electricity Emergecy Respse ad Sustaiable Develpmet

Renewable Energy BriefngPaper Available Free

Author/Publisher holm, D., Banks, D., Scäfer, J., Wortington, R., and Arane-Okese, Y

Methodology/Resolution No map. Based on prior works by Banks and Scäfer (2007)

Main Findings Reerence paper not containing resource inormation just wit reerence to tem.Public inormation is moderate quality

Link to publication ttp://www.nano.co.za/REBriengPaperFinal5Aug08.pd

http://www.nura.co.za/

http://www.nano.co.za/REBriefingPaperFinal5Aug08.pdf

http://www.nano.co.za/REBriefingPaperFinal5Aug08.pdf

http://www.nura.co.za/





Figure 41 Te Ptetial Ctributi Reewable Eergy i Sut Arica/DAnIDA

The potential contributiono renewable energy inSouth Arica Available Free

Author/Publisher Sustainable Energy & Climate Change Project /DANIDA

Methodology/Resolution Resource rom available studies

Main Findings Low resolution Wind Map

Link to publication ttp://www.nano.co.za/PotentialContributionORenewableEnergyInSAFeb06.pd

http://www.nano.co.za/PotentialContributionOfRenewableEnergyInSAFeb06.pdf

http://www.nano.co.za/PotentialContributionOfRenewableEnergyInSAFeb06.pdf





Figure 42 Wid Atlas Suter Arica

Wind Atlas o Southern Arica Available Free

Author/Publisher/Sponsor R.Diab-U. KwaZulu Natal/Department o Minerals and Energy

Resolution Low resolution wind map or Sout Arica. Western Cape coast line given in moredetail

Main Findings Wind data rom variety o sources was collected and syntesised to assess windpotential

Link to publication Contact [email protected]







Figure 43 Wid Egieerig i Arica

Annual mean wind speed in m/s, 50m a.g.l. in m/s as generated, wit a grid o 50km (Arican Development Bank, 2004

Detail o a world map o annual mean wind speed in m/s, 10m a.g.l. or te period 1976–1995 (WAsP, 2006).

Wind Engineering in Arica Elsevier ee

Author/Publisher J. A. Wissea, K.StigterTecnical University Eindoven


Low (50km50km) at 50 mmean wind speed at 10 mWaSP

Main fndings Wind maps o Arica rom dierent resources

Link to publication ttp://www.sciencedirect.com

http://www.sciencedirect.com/

http://www.sciencedirect.com/





Figure 44 Wid Regimes i Arica/Arica Wid Eergy Assciati

Wind Regims In Arica Map Available Free

Author/Publisher Arican Wind Energy Association


Low resolution mapsWINDPLOT

Main Findings Wind map based on measured data see Wind Atlas o Sout Arica (Diab, 1995)

Link to publication ttp://www.ariwea.org/

http://www.afriwea.org/

http://www.afriwea.org/





Available Slar ad Wid Resurce Assessmets i Brail

Figure 45 Brailia Atlas r Slar Eergy – InPE/SWERA

Brazilian Atlas or SolarEnergy Available Free

Author/Publisher INPE/SWERA

Resolution and

Methodology

Radiative transer model BRASIL-SR and a geo-reerenced environmental and

socio-economic database.Main fndings – Digital and printed maps o global, diuse, normal direct and PAR components o solar irradiation.

– Solar energy scenarios prepared by GIS tools.– Typical meteorological year or main Brazilian cities.

Link to publication ttp://swera.unep.net/ and ttp://sonda.ccst.inpe.br/publicacoes/


http://sonda.ccst.inpe.br/publicacoes/

http://sonda.ccst.inpe.br/publicacoes/






Figure 46 Slar Radiati Atlas Brail – Brailia Istitute Fr Meterlgy

Solar Radiation Atlas oBrazil R$ 30

Author/Publisher Brazilian Institute or Meteorology (INMET)


50km 50 kmEstimates provided by BRASIL-SR model based on satellite data

Main Findings All solar irradiation components (global, diuse and normal direct) presented inmaps and carts.

Link to publication ttp://www.inmet.gov.br/tml/inormacoes/publicacoes/

http://www.inmet.gov.br/html/informacoes/publicacoes/

http://www.inmet.gov.br/html/informacoes/publicacoes/





Figure 47 Brailia Slarimetric Atlas Grud Database – CRESESB

Brazilian Solarimetric AtlasGround Database R$ 30

Author/Publisher CRESESB/CEPEL

Methodology Ground data acquired by pyranometer and actinograper at over 500 sites.

Main Findings Contour-line maps: Isolines Carts and Maps: daily and montly global solarirradiation and insolation.

Link to publication ttp://www.cresesb.cepel.br/

http://www.cresesb.cepel.br/

http://www.cresesb.cepel.br/





Figure 48 Brailia Atlas Electricity (3rd Editi)/Brailia Agecy r Electric Eergy

Brazilian Atlas o Electricity Free

Author/Publisher Brazilian Agency or Electric Energy


Statistical data and low resolution map collection– Collection o data (1998-2002): electricity generation and consumption,

demograpic census, energy utilities and stakeolders, government and privateorganizations

Main Findings – Targets and orecasts or conventional and alternative energy sources or electricitygeneration.

– Production, transmission and distribution o electric energy, it’s socio-economicand environmental impacts.

Link to publication ttp://www.aneel.gov.br/visualizar_teto.cm?idtt=1689

http://www.aneel.gov.br/visualizar_texto.cfm?idtxt=1689

http://www.aneel.gov.br/visualizar_texto.cfm?idtxt=1689





Figure 49 Atlas D Ptecial Eólic Brasileir CRESESB/CEPEL

Atlas do Potencial EólicoBrasileiro Available Free

Author/Publisher CEPEL/CRESESB

Resolution and

Methodology

1km1km

45 ground sites -Anenometers at 50m eigtNumeric modelling wit mesoscale model MASS/MesoMap togeter wit limit-layermodel WindMap.

Main Findings – Wind potential map.– Maps o annual and seasonal average or wind velocity and direction.– Weibull parameters.

Link to publication ttp://www.cresesb.cepel.br/atlas_eolico_brasil/mapas_1a.pd

http://www.cresesb.cepel.br/atlas_eolico_brasil/mapas_1a.pdf

http://www.cresesb.cepel.br/atlas_eolico_brasil/mapas_1a.pdf





Figure 50 Wid Eergy overview r te Brail/AnEEL

Wind Energy Overview orthe Brazil Available Free

Author/Publisher ANEEL


1km1km.45 ground sites -Anenometers at 50m eigtNumeric modelling by using mesoscale model MM5 togeter wit WAsP

Main Findings – Annual and seasonal wind velocity and direction at 50m ig

Link to publication nal report or te PNUD project atttp://www.dsr.inpe.br/projetournas/doc/RelFProj029.pd

http://www.dsr.inpe.br/projetofurnas/doc/RelFProj029.pdf

http://www.dsr.inpe.br/projetofurnas/doc/RelFProj029.pdf





Figure 51 Wid Eergy Atlas r te Ri Grade D Sul

Wind Energy Atlas or the

Rio Grande do Sul Available Free Author/Publisher ANEEL

Resolution 1km1km45 ground sites -Anenometers at 50m eigt Anemometers data acquired and numeric modelling wit mesoscale model MASS/ MesoMap togeter wit limit-layer model WindMap.

Main Findings – Wind potential map– Tematic maps or annual and seasonal wind speed average and direction at

50m, 75m, and 100m (daytime regime).– Weibull distribution parameters.

Link to publication ttp://www.seinra.rs.gov.br/atlas/INDEx_mapas.tm/ ttp://www.seinra.rs.gov.br/inde.pp?menu=atlaseolico/

http://www.seinfra.rs.gov.br/atlas/INDEX_mapas.htm

http://www.seinfra.rs.gov.br/index.php?menu=atlaseolico/

http://www.seinfra.rs.gov.br/index.php?menu=atlaseolico/

http://www.seinfra.rs.gov.br/atlas/INDEX_mapas.htm





Figure 52 Wid Eergy Atlas r te Ri De Jaeir

Wind Energy Atlas or theRio de Janeiro Available Free

Author/Publisher State Government o Rio de Janeiro-SEINPE

Resolution 200m200m Anemometers data acquired and numeric modelling wit mesoscale model MASS/ MesoMap togeter wit limit-layer model WindMap

Main fndings – Wind potential map– Tematic maps or annual and seasonal average o te wind speed and direction

or 50m, 75m, and 100m eigt, daytime regime).– Weibull distribution parameters

Link to publication ttp://www.orumdeenergia.com.br/nukleo/pub/atlaseolicorj.zip

http://www.forumdeenergia.com.br/nukleo/pub/atlaseolicorj.zip

http://www.forumdeenergia.com.br/nukleo/pub/atlaseolicorj.zip





Figure 53 Wid Eergy Atlas r Alagas – Eletrbras

Wind Energy Atlas or Alagoas Available Free

Author/Publisher ELETROBRAS, Tecnology Institute or Development and University o Alagoas(UFAL).

Resolution hig resolution: 90m 90mMain Findings – Identies three areas for wind energy exploitation ;

– Te wind energy potential is estimated at 336MW in areas wit wind velocity largertan 7 m/s at 75 m ig.

Link to publication ttp://www.desenvolvimentoeconomico.al.gov.br/minas-e-energia/mapa-eolico/

Figure 54 Wid Eergy Atlas Sã Paul – Metrplita Cmpay r Water ad Eergy

Wind Energy Atlas o SãoPaulo Available Free

Author/Publisher Metropolitan Company or Water and Energy


hig resolution: 200m 200m7 wind towers between 50m to 100mWAsP/KAMM metod.

Link to publication Wind Energy Atlas in progress

http://www.desenvolvimentoeconomico.al.gov.br/minas-e-energia/mapa-eolico/

http://www.desenvolvimentoeconomico.al.gov.br/minas-e-energia/mapa-eolico/





Figure 55 Ptetial Wid Atlas te State Paraá

Potential Wind Atlas o theState o Paraná N/A

Author/Publisher COPEL – Compania Paranaense de Energia


hig resolution: 100m 100m34 wind arms (one 100 m eigt)

Link to publication ttp://www.matrizlimpa.com.br/wp-content/plugins/download-monitor/download.pp?id=Atlas_do_Potencial_Eolico_do_Estado_do_Parana-MatrizLimpa.com_.br_.pd.zip

Main Findings – Central Soutern area: best potential wind sites.

– Nortern and Western regions present a larger wind resource tan pre-estimated– Te wind electricity generation in Paraná can reac 3.375 GW-40% o teconsumption in Paraná

Figure 56 Wid Atlas Maraã

Wind Atlas o Maranhão N/A

Author/Publisher State Government o Maranão and University o Maranão

Resolution In progress

Link to publication In progress

http://www.matrizlimpa.com.br/wp-content/plugins/download-monitor/download.php?id=Atlas_do_Potencial_Eolico_do_Estado_do_Parana-MatrizLimpa.com_.br_.pdf.zip










Figure 57 Wid Atlas r te nrteast Regi Brail – AnEEL

Wind Atlas or theNortheast Region o Brazil Free

Author/Publisher ANEEL -WANEB

Methodology 34 wind arms (one 100 m eigt).– Preliminary wind assessment using reliable wind data rom te Brazilian Wind

Energy Centre, electricity companies and selected meteorological stations– Dynamical numerical model or typical wind climate

Main Findings – Contour line maps– Description o trade wind ront trajectory and modelling or wind power

applications;

– Caracterization o te meso-scale wind circulation,

– Identication of the regional windy areas for installing wind turbines;– Classication o te regional rougness lengt or wind energy application, using

remote sensing analysis;

– Modelling land-sea breeze circulation and daily speed variation;

Link to publication ttp://www.eolica.com.brNo digital copy available in internet

http://www.eolica.com.br/

http://www.eolica.com.br/





Figure 58 Slar ad Wid Eergy Resurce Assessmet i Brail – SWERA Prject Reprt

Solar and Wind EnergyResource Assessment inBrazil – SWERA ProjectReport Free

Author/Publisher INPE/CEPEL

Resolution 10km 10 kmData acquired at airports, automatic weater stations and SONDA network sitesused or validation– Mesoscale ETA model or wind maps

Link to publication ttp://sonda.ccst.inpe.br/publicacoes– Report wit long-term potential or large scale use o solar and wind energies in

Brazil.– High quality information on solar and wind energy resources; along with tools to

acilitate energy policies and investments

http://sonda.ccst.inpe.br/publicacoes

http://sonda.ccst.inpe.br/publicacoes





Available Slar ad Wid Resurce Assessmets i Cia

Figure 59 Slar ad Wid Eergy Resurce Assessmet i Cia – SWERA Prject

Free

Author/Publisher UNEP/NREL


East Asia Coverage- Low resolution map collection (40km)– Wind power density maps at 50 m eigt -Combination o analytical, numerical

and empirical metods


Model estimates montly average daily total radiation using inputs derived romsatellite and surace observations o cloud cover, aerosol optical dept, precipitationwater vapour, albedo, atmosperic pressure and ozone sampled (2006).







Figure 60 Slar Resurce Assessmet r Cia

“GIS o wind and Solar or Cina” UNEP project titled “Capacity Building o Rapid Commercialization o Renewable

Energy in Cina”. ERI et al 2000-2001.

Solar Resource Assessment or China

Author/Publisher/Sponsor ERI/Cina National Weater Bureau/Energy Researc Institute-NDRC


– Low resolution map collection

Link to publication

Main Findings Map based on te data o solar radiation rom 1951-1980, very low resolution





Figure 61 Cia Wid Resurce Assessmet Reprt – nDRC

Wind resources density o Cina (unit: w/m2, 70m eigt, 1978-2008, resolution 1km×1km)

China Wind Resource Assessment Report –NDRC

Author/Publisher/Sponsor National Development and Reorm Commission (NDRC)

Resolution 50W/m2

Data acquired at airports, automatic weater stations and SONDA network sitesused or validation

Link to publication Book-wind resource maps and report





Figure 62 Cia Wid Eergy Resurce Mappig Activity – UnEP

China Wind EnergyResource Mapping Activity

– UNEP Free

Author/Publisher/Sponsor UNEP-NREL/GEF

Resolution 1km1km


Findings/Areas covered Eastern Cina including osore areas







Figure 63 natial Wid Eergy Resurce Detailed Assessmet – nRDC

Wind resources density o Cina (unit: w/m2, 70m eigt, 1978-2008, 1km×1km)

Wind resources density o hangzou Bay o Cina (unit: w/m2, 70m eigt, 1978-2008, resolution 200m×200m)

China Wind EnergyResource Mapping Activity– UNEP Free

Author/Publisher/Sponsor National Development Reorm Commission/Ministry o Finance

Resolution 1km1km and 200m200mNumerical modelling, mesoscale model, 400on-site measurements

Link to publication n/a

Aims to nd potential sites or 50 GW wind arms:– Onsore wind teoretical potential is 3800 GW– Onsore wind tecnical potential o 2,380 GW (50 m eigt).– Osore wind tecnical potential o 400 GW (dept ≤50m)



BIBLIoGRAPhY

“A sustainable electricity blueprint or Brazil”, Energy or Sustainable Development, 2006, vol. x, no. 4.

Arcadia Market, “Renewable Energy Development in Emerging Markets”, Arcadia Market Commentary , August 2009,

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Centro Clima, “Assessing te eectiveness o national solar and wind energy policies, and development o nationalpolicy roadmaps”, UNEP, 2010.

CEPEL/ELETROBRÁS, “Wind Atlas o Brazil”, CEPEL/ELETROBRÁS, 2001.

CSIR, SAWS, CSAG and Risoe, “Wind Atlas or Sout Arica”, 2010.

Department o Minerals and Energy, “Economic and Financial Calculations and Modelling or te Renewable Energy

Strategy Formulation”, CABEERE Report No. 2.3.4 – 19, Pretoria, 2004.

Department o Minerals and Energy, “Wite Paper on Renewable Energy”, 2003.

Energy Researc Institute (EPI), “Enancing Inormation or te promotion o solar and wind energies in Cina”, UNEP,

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Fluri, T.P., “Te potential o concentrating solar power in Sout Arica”, Energy Policy , vol. 37 (2009): 5075–5080.

Franz Trieb, Cristop Scillings, Marlene O’sullivan, Tomas Pregger, Carsten hoyer-Klick, “Global potential o

concentrating solar power”, Solar Paces Conerence, Berlin, 2009.

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International Energy Agency (IEA), World Energy Outlook , Paris, 2009.

Edkins M. , A. Marquard, and h. Winkler, Final report 2010 or the United Nations Environment Programme research

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Martins, F. R and Pereira, E. B., “Enancing inormation or solar and wind energy tecnology deployment in Brazil”,

Energy Policy , 2011.

Pew Researc, “Wo’s Winning Te Clean Energy Race? Growt, Competition and Opportunity in te World’s Largest

Economies”, 2010.

Te Renewable Energy and Energy Eciency Partnersip (REEEP), Corporate Clean Energy Investment Trends in Brazil,

China, India and South Arica, 2010.

Renewable Energy World. http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/magazine

Banks, D.I. & Schäffler, J.L. , “The potential contribution of renewable energy in South Africa”, 2nd Ed., Prepared or

Sustainable Energy & Climate Change Project, Earth life Africa, Johannesburg, 2006.

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Reerences


Solomon, S., D. Qin, M. Manning, Z. Cen, M. Marquis, K.B. Averyt, M. Tignor and h.L. Miller, Contribution o Working

Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report o the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge, United

Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Varella F., Cavaliero, C.K.N. and Silva, E.P., “A survey o te current potovoltaic equipment industry in Brazil”, Renewable

Energy , 2009: 1801-1805.

Varella, F., Cavaliero, C.K.N. and Silva, E.P. “Energia Solar Fotovoltaica no Brasil: Incentivos Regulatórios,” Revista

Brasileira de Energia, volume 14, no. I, 2008, pages 9-22.

S. Wang, “Cina PV Development Report”, Cina Environmental Science Press, 2008.

Zakidov, R. A. “Modern trends in wind-power engineering”, Applied Solar Energy , 2008, pages 112–115.



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http://www.unep.org/dtie





For more information, contact:

UNEP DTIE

Energy Branch15 rue de Milan

75441 Paris Cedex 09France Tel: +33 1 4437 1427Fax: +33 1 4437 1474E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.unep.fr/energy

This report documents crucial information to support deployment of

renewable energies in three key emerging markets – Brazil, China and

South Africa – and provides information for policy-making aimed at

supporting renewable energy markets in these countries. Specifically

this study collates information on solar and wind resources and

resource information, renewable energy support policies and goals,

riskmanagementandtechnologies integral to the increasedrenewable

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P.O. Box 30552 Nairobi, Kenya

Tel: ++254-(0)20-762 1234

Fax: ++254-(0)20-762 3927

E-mail: [email protected]


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Enhancing Information for Renewable Energy Technology Deployment in Brazil, China and South Africa

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