English. Word Formation To this point, we have looked at affixation There are other, less rule...
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Transcript of English. Word Formation To this point, we have looked at affixation There are other, less rule...
![Page 1: English. Word Formation To this point, we have looked at affixation There are other, less rule governed, methods of creating new words.](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032703/56649d005503460f949d31ac/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
English
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Word Formation
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Word Formation
To this point, we have looked at affixation
There are other, less rule governed, methods of creating new words
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Shortening
Many ways to shorten a phrase that sometimes will become a word
Acronym
Using the first letter of each word to create a new word
Abbreviation
Pronouncing the first letter of each word
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Acronyms
constable on patrol
cop
radar detection and ranging
radar
aquired immune deficiency syndrome
AIDS
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Abbreviations
television TV
compact disk CD
very important person
VIP
unidentified flying object
UFO
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Backformation
Another example of shortening
A word with a recognizable structure is stripped of an affix
television > televise
These argue that the rules that we have explored are real
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Backformation
burglar burgle
beggar beg
enthusiasm enthuse
hamburger burger
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Clipping
The converse of backformation
Clipping does not assume a rule but deletes material while obeying the phonological rules of the language
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Clipping
professor prof
disrespect diss
gymnasium gym
mathematics math
memorandum memo
attitude tude
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Blends
Blends are the compression of two words into one
smoke + fog = smog
They will obey the phonological rules of the language
smoke + fog ≠ sfog
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Blends
television marathon telethon
breakfast lunch brunch
motor hotel motel
frozen cappacino frappacino
situation comedy sitcom
cranberry martini crantini
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Blends
Some blending patterns become so common that they seem to create new morphemes
Watergate
Nannygate
Monicagate
-gate looks like a suffix meaning ‘scandal’
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Zero Derivation
In English, it is possible to change grammatical category without a suffix
Is ‘love’ a verb or a noun?
Formally, there are two lexemes
But, practically, it is not possible to tell until it is used
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Ambiguity
Sentences can be ambiguous for two reasons
Structural ambiguity
Lexical ambiguity
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Structural Ambiguity
Recall ‘unfoldable’
‘John watched the boy with the telescope’
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Lexical Ambiguity
Because words can have more than 1 meaning or grammatical category, they can make a sentence ambiguous in surprising ways
‘Time flies like an arrow’
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Zero Derivation
Consider ‘impact’
It is a past participle, so it must originally have been a verb
But it is often used as a noun
LexN
LexV
⇒ + ∅
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Brand Names
Every product needs a name
A patent restricts who can produce that product
So, the name becomes associated with the product
e.g. Kleenex
This is an example of generization
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Brand Names
Some products are so successful that their name becomes generic
In the 2005 report to stockholders, Google predicted that it would lose its trademark
“google” is now a verb
Other search engines are just search engines
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Examples
granola
spandex
zipper
nylon
escalator
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Brand Names
Companies are required to protect brand names
Listen to Johnson & Johnson band-aid ads
“I’m stuck on band-aid brand because band-aid’s stuck on me”
Emphasizes the difference between bandage and band-aid
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Quality Inn vs McDonalds
Quality Inn proposed to establish a franchise of hotels called McSleep
McDonalds sued claiming that it had the trademark of “Mc + noun”
McMuffin, McNuggets
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Mc + noun
McJoblow paying, short term employment
McNewsdigested news
stories
McArtlow cost, mass produced art
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What does Mc mean?
Two linguists
“basic, convenient, inexpensive and standardized”
“That’s McDonalds!”
McDonalds wins