ESCUELA:

PONENTE:

BIMESTRE:

ENGLISH PHONOLOGY

CICLO:

INGLÉS

II BIMESTRE

Dra. Cármen Benitez

ABRIL – AGOSTO 2007

VOWELSVOWELS

Definition:Definition:

Vowels are defined from the Vowels are defined from the phoneticalphonetical and and phonological points phonological points of viewof view

- Phonetically: deals with the way a sound is produced, so, Phonetically: deals with the way a sound is produced, so, vowels are sounds articulated without any closure in the vocal vowels are sounds articulated without any closure in the vocal tract or a degree of narrowing (oral or nasal)tract or a degree of narrowing (oral or nasal)

- Phonologically: deals with the place vowels have in a word, so Phonologically: deals with the place vowels have in a word, so vowels are sounds occurring at the center of the syllable and vowels are sounds occurring at the center of the syllable and receive the stress with most intensity.receive the stress with most intensity.

CLASSIFICATION OF VOWELSCLASSIFICATION OF VOWELS

ACCORDING TO PHONETIC FEATURESACCORDING TO PHONETIC FEATURES

• Changes in movement during articulationChanges in movement during articulation Simple Simple Complex Complex

/ æ / / e / / æ / / e / / i:/ / ɔ:ɪ / / i:/ / ɔ:ɪ /

• The tension of the tongue musclesThe tension of the tongue musclesTense Tense Lax Lax

// əʊ / / əʊ / əʊ / / əʊ / / ɪ / /ɔ: / / ɪ / /ɔ: /

• The position of the lower jawThe position of the lower jawHigh Mid High Mid Low Low

/ ɪ / / u: / / ɪ / / u: / / e / /ɔ:ɪ / / e / /ɔ:ɪ / /æ / / a / /æ / / a /

• The position of the tongueThe position of the tongueFront Central BackFront Central Back/ i: / / i: / / a: / / a: / /u: / /u: /

• The position of the lipsThe position of the lipsRounded Rounded UnroundedUnrounded / uʊ / / uʊ / / ɪ / / ɪ /

VOWELS ACCORDING TO LENGTHVOWELS ACCORDING TO LENGTH

- Short: Short: /ɪ/, /e/, /æ/, /ʌ/, /ɒ/, /ʊ/ /ɪ/, /e/, /æ/, /ʌ/, /ɒ/, /ʊ/ - Long: /Long: /ı:/, /ɜ:/, /ɑ:/, /ɔ:/, /u:/ı:/, /ɜ:/, /ɑ:/, /ɔ:/, /u:/

VOWELS ACCORDING TO THE PLANES OF THE MOUTH.VOWELS ACCORDING TO THE PLANES OF THE MOUTH.

- ACCORDING TO THE VERTICAL PLANE OF THE MOUTH: ACCORDING TO THE VERTICAL PLANE OF THE MOUTH: HIGH, MID and LOW VOWELS. These names correspond to HIGH, MID and LOW VOWELS. These names correspond to the the position of the lower jawposition of the lower jaw. It was explained before. . It was explained before.

- ACCORDING TO THE HORIZONTAL PLANE OF THE MOUTH: ACCORDING TO THE HORIZONTAL PLANE OF THE MOUTH: FRONT, CENTRAL and BACK VOWELS. These names FRONT, CENTRAL and BACK VOWELS. These names correspond to the correspond to the position of the tongueposition of the tongue and it was and it was explained before.explained before.

SEMIVOWELS AND GLIDESSEMIVOWELS AND GLIDES Sound functioning as a consonant, but lacking the PHONETIC Sound functioning as a consonant, but lacking the PHONETIC characteristic normally associated with consonants (such as FRICTION characteristic normally associated with consonants (such as FRICTION or CLOSURE) but functioning as them.or CLOSURE) but functioning as them.

They are: / y /, / w /, / r / and / : / They are: / y /, / w /, / r / and / : /

- GLIDES WITH / y /:GLIDES WITH / y /: The / y /-glide is a movement in the point of The / y /-glide is a movement in the point of articulation of the vowel toward a higher and more in front position. articulation of the vowel toward a higher and more in front position.

yellowyellow

- GLIDES WITH / w /:GLIDES WITH / w /: The / w /-glide is a movement toward a The / w /-glide is a movement toward a position that is higher and farther back in the mouth, with position that is higher and farther back in the mouth, with accompanying lip-pounding. accompanying lip-pounding.

waterwater

- GLIDES WITH / r / AND / : / :GLIDES WITH / r / AND / : / :The / r /-glide is a movement toward The / r /-glide is a movement toward a central retroflex position from some other position. a central retroflex position from some other position.

here here therethere

NASALIZATIONNASALIZATION

What is it?What is it?

We call nasalization to the change of an oral vowel to a We call nasalization to the change of an oral vowel to a nasal one because of the effect of a neighboring sound.nasal one because of the effect of a neighboring sound.medal, neighbor, nasal, mothermedal, neighbor, nasal, mother

When does it occur?When does it occur?

It occurs when a vowel is preceded by a nasal consonant.It occurs when a vowel is preceded by a nasal consonant.

Compare:Compare:mate / latemate / late pen / menpen / men

DISTRIBUTIONDISTRIBUTIONIt is the total set of context or environments, in which a sound unit can occur. It is the total set of context or environments, in which a sound unit can occur.

• Vowel allophones,Vowel allophones,• Minimal pairs, Minimal pairs, • Diphthongs and triphthongs.Diphthongs and triphthongs.

VOWEL ALLOPHONES: VOWEL ALLOPHONES: LENGTHENED and UNLENGTHENED ALLOPHONES.LENGTHENED and UNLENGTHENED ALLOPHONES.They are articulated in such a way that the vowel sound is the longest within the They are articulated in such a way that the vowel sound is the longest within the syllable. The length or duration of a vowel depends on the type of consonant syllable. The length or duration of a vowel depends on the type of consonant sound that follows in an adjacent position. We use a dot [ : ] to indicate that a sound that follows in an adjacent position. We use a dot [ : ] to indicate that a vowel is lengthened.vowel is lengthened.

sell, begin, singersell, begin, singer

UNLENGTHENED VOWEL ALLOPHONES: UNLENGTHENED VOWEL ALLOPHONES: This type of sounds are relatively This type of sounds are relatively short within the syllable, and it determines that the syllable is UNSTRESSED. short within the syllable, and it determines that the syllable is UNSTRESSED.

rip, pick, set, left rip, pick, set, left

• MINIMAL PAIRS,MINIMAL PAIRS, phonologically : a pair of words which differ in only one phonologically : a pair of words which differ in only one phoneme. mphoneme. meen, mn, maann

• A minimal pair with vowel contrast is a pair of words which differ only by a vowel A minimal pair with vowel contrast is a pair of words which differ only by a vowel sound. For example, in the words SIT and SAT, the difference is in the vowel sound sound. For example, in the words SIT and SAT, the difference is in the vowel sound of each word / i/ and / e / respectively. of each word / i/ and / e / respectively.

DIPHTHONGS: DIPHTHONGS:

DIPHTHONG: combination of two vowel sounds within a single syllable.DIPHTHONG: combination of two vowel sounds within a single syllable.

Two elements: stronger, weaker = Two elements: stronger, weaker = Elements of the diphthongElements of the diphthong

Diphthongs are made with the tongue beginning in one position and gliding to Diphthongs are made with the tongue beginning in one position and gliding to another before the sound closes.another before the sound closes.

ARTICULATORILY: ARTICULATORILY: - - Distance the tongue travels:Distance the tongue travels: “WIDE”= long glide“WIDE”= long glide

““NARROW” = short glideNARROW” = short glide

- - Direction of the tongue:Direction of the tongue: "CLOSING""CLOSING" = = closer position closer position "CENTRING“= "CENTRING“= central position central position

AUDITORILY: AAUDITORILY: According to the prominence of the elements: ccording to the prominence of the elements: "FALLING“ = "FALLING“ = when the first element is more prominent than the second when the first element is more prominent than the second "RISING“ = "RISING“ = when the second element is more prominent than the first. when the second element is more prominent than the first.

In English, all diphthongs are considered generally "falling".In English, all diphthongs are considered generally "falling".

PITCHPITCH SEGMENTAL PHONEMESSEGMENTAL PHONEMES (vowles and consonants) (vowles and consonants)

SUPRASEGMENTAL PHONEMESSUPRASEGMENTAL PHONEMES special features of speech add meaning to what we special features of speech add meaning to what we say. They are PITCH, STRESS and JUNCTURE.say. They are PITCH, STRESS and JUNCTURE.

What is What is PITCH?PITCH?The hThe height of tone, produced by the tension of the vocal cords. Permits the ordering of eight of tone, produced by the tension of the vocal cords. Permits the ordering of sounds on a scale running from low (grave) to high (acute).sounds on a scale running from low (grave) to high (acute).

INTONATION PATTERNS:INTONATION PATTERNS:A RISE IN PITCH.-A RISE IN PITCH.- occurs on the last syllable and reaches a point below the next occurs on the last syllable and reaches a point below the next higher pitch,. In the drill material, the rise is represented by a rising arrow (higher pitch,. In the drill material, the rise is represented by a rising arrow ( ).).

Is it yours?Is it yours?A FADING AWAY INTO SILENCE, A FADING AWAY INTO SILENCE, not accompanied by a terminal rise. There is often a not accompanied by a terminal rise. There is often a fall in pitch, especially if the phrase ends on fall in pitch, especially if the phrase ends on pitch 1pitch 1. The "fading away" is represented by . The "fading away" is represented by a break or space in the "staff" and the absence or an upturned arrow.a break or space in the "staff" and the absence or an upturned arrow.

We are going to the moviesWe are going to the movies

A SLOWING DOWN OR SUSTENSION OF THE VOICE, A SLOWING DOWN OR SUSTENSION OF THE VOICE, not accompanied by a pitch rise not accompanied by a pitch rise or a fading away. Sometimes this kind of phrase-ending contour has been described as a or a fading away. Sometimes this kind of phrase-ending contour has been described as a "SHIFTING OF GEARS". A dotted vertical line is used to represent this kind of contour. "SHIFTING OF GEARS". A dotted vertical line is used to represent this kind of contour.

I would like to talk about …. er…I would like to talk about …. er…

STRESSSTRESSDDefined as the loudness, intensity or articulatory energy with efined as the loudness, intensity or articulatory energy with which a syllable is spoken.which a syllable is spoken.

The same as pitch, it helps to add meaning to what The same as pitch, it helps to add meaning to what we say.we say.

Stress also helps to differenciate the meaning or Stress also helps to differenciate the meaning or grammatical grammatical function of a wordfunction of a word

To emphasize or contrast informationTo emphasize or contrast informationpresent / present present / present

There are four contrasting degrees of stress in English. There are four contrasting degrees of stress in English.

– / ' / called the PRIMARY, LOUD or HEAVY STRESS;/ ' / called the PRIMARY, LOUD or HEAVY STRESS;– / ^ / called the SECONDARY or MEDIUM STRESS;/ ^ / called the SECONDARY or MEDIUM STRESS;– / ` / called the TERTIARY, THIRD or LIGHT STRESS;/ ` / called the TERTIARY, THIRD or LIGHT STRESS;– / ◡ / called the WEAK or MINIMAL STRESS./ ◡ / called the WEAK or MINIMAL STRESS.

- WORD STRESS: It's the stress given to one or more syllables in

an individual word when it stands alone.

One-syllable words or any other word said in isolation, so it is not necessary to use a stress mark when transcribing them.

If a word has two or more syllables, at least one of them is stressed.

- SENTENCE STRESS: It is the stress given to different words in a sentence to bring out the meaning of connected speech.

The same sentence can be said using different stress depending on what you want to say.

yes How are you?yes? How are you?

- MAJOR-MINOR STRESS DISTINCTION:MAJOR-MINOR STRESS DISTINCTION: (useful). (useful).

Major stress: Major stress: nouns, verbs, adjectives and nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbsadverbs,. ,.

Minor stress: Minor stress: personal pronouns, short personal pronouns, short prepositions, auxiliary verb, articlesprepositions, auxiliary verb, articles and the like, except and the like, except when these have special contrastive (or shifted) stress.when these have special contrastive (or shifted) stress.

- CONTRASTIVE OR EMPHATIC STRESS:CONTRASTIVE OR EMPHATIC STRESS: primary stress can be primary stress can be put on any word in the phrase to show put on any word in the phrase to show contrast or emphasiscontrast or emphasis. . This is not the only means of showing contrast, but it is an This is not the only means of showing contrast, but it is an extremely common device. For example, it is possible to say:extremely common device. For example, it is possible to say:

HER DRESS IS PRÉTTY, HER DRESS ÍS PRETTY,HER DRESS IS PRÉTTY, HER DRESS ÍS PRETTY, HER DRÉSS IS PRETTY, or HÉR DRESS IS PRETTY.HER DRÉSS IS PRETTY, or HÉR DRESS IS PRETTY.

JUNCTUREJUNCTURE

This is another suprasegmental phoneme, known as the This is another suprasegmental phoneme, known as the manner of transition from one segmental phoneme to manner of transition from one segmental phoneme to another.another.

Juncture is an extremely important sound feature in Juncture is an extremely important sound feature in English. Let's note its role differentiating phrases such as:English. Let's note its role differentiating phrases such as:

A NODE A NODE from from AN ODE AN ODE

WHITE SHOES WHITE SHOES from WHY CHOOSEfrom WHY CHOOSE

NIGHT RATE NIGHT RATE from from NITRATENITRATE

A NAME A NAME from AN AIMfrom AN AIM

INTERNAL JUNCTUREINTERNAL JUNCTURE identifies a type of juncture that occurs identifies a type of juncture that occurs within a phrasewithin a phrase. We can distinguish:. We can distinguish:

1. INTERNAL CLOSE JUNCTURE: 1. INTERNAL CLOSE JUNCTURE: is the normal transition from is the normal transition from one phoneme to the next within an utterance. For example, in the one phoneme to the next within an utterance. For example, in the word word TRTRAIN, the close juncture is determined by the manner of AIN, the close juncture is determined by the manner of transition / t/ to / r /.transition / t/ to / r /.

2. INTERNAL OPEN JUNCTURE (+) 2. INTERNAL OPEN JUNCTURE (+) it is a manner of transition it is a manner of transition which contrasts with close juncture. It keeps meanings apart. This is which contrasts with close juncture. It keeps meanings apart. This is a manner of transition from one phoneme to the next in two a manner of transition from one phoneme to the next in two uterances. Let's analyze the following pairs of phrases:uterances. Let's analyze the following pairs of phrases:

A NAME A NAME AN AIMAN AIM NIGHT RATE NIGHT RATE NITRATENITRATE SHORE TRAIN SHORE TRAIN SHORT RAINSHORT RAIN

TERMINAL OR EXTERNAL JUNCTURE: TERMINAL OR EXTERNAL JUNCTURE: The term TERMINAL The term TERMINAL JUNCTURE refers to a juncture that occurs AT THE END OF JUNCTURE refers to a juncture that occurs AT THE END OF SENTENCES AND PHRASES. We also have: SENTENCES AND PHRASES. We also have:

DOUBLE BAR JUNCTURE/ /:DOUBLE BAR JUNCTURE/ /:This is a terminal juncture that means A This is a terminal juncture that means A RISE IN PITCH. Also called RISING JUNCTURE, ocurs in QUESTIONS. RISE IN PITCH. Also called RISING JUNCTURE, ocurs in QUESTIONS. are you OK? are you OK? a:+ ju:+a:+ ju:+əʊ keɪ ||əʊ keɪ ||

DOUBLE CROSS JUNCTURE/#/:DOUBLE CROSS JUNCTURE/#/:This is a terminal juncture that This is a terminal juncture that indicates a fading away into silence. indicates a fading away into silence.

let’s go let’s go lets +glets +gəʊ #əʊ #

SINGLE BAR JUNCTURE/ /:SINGLE BAR JUNCTURE/ /:This is a terminal juncture that is This is a terminal juncture that is marked by a sustention of the voice. This pause determines a change marked by a sustention of the voice. This pause determines a change in the sense or meaning of the expression. Let's see these two in the sense or meaning of the expression. Let's see these two questions:questions:I CAN TELL MARYI CAN TELL MARY I CAN TELL, MARYI CAN TELL, MARYaaɪ +kæn + tel meri:ɪ +kæn + tel meri:## aaɪ +kæn + tel | meri:/ɪ +kæn + tel | meri:/

TRANSCRIPTIONSTRANSCRIPTIONS

What is to transcribe?What is to transcribe?

Transcribing means to put what we say into speech sounds.Transcribing means to put what we say into speech sounds.

What do we use to transcribe?What do we use to transcribe?

We use the English Phonetic Alphabeth which is the set of symbols We use the English Phonetic Alphabeth which is the set of symbols that represent speech sounds. that represent speech sounds.

When transcribing:When transcribing:

do not use capital letters (we do not use letters, but symbols)do not use capital letters (we do not use letters, but symbols) most of the times the symbol is the same letter.most of the times the symbol is the same letter. do not use periods or punctuation marks.do not use periods or punctuation marks. write the word as it is pronounced, not as it is writtenwrite the word as it is pronounced, not as it is written do not use other phonetic symbolsdo not use other phonetic symbols

PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION.- PHONETIC TRANSCRIPTION.- is a graphic representation of is a graphic representation of speech sounds which records as many differences in sound as speech sounds which records as many differences in sound as it is possible to perceive. it is possible to perceive.

This is also called This is also called narrow narrow or or allophonic. allophonic. This is written within square brackets [ ]. This is written within square brackets [ ].

PHONEMIC TRANSCRIPTIONPHONEMIC TRANSCRIPTION, it is also a graphic , it is also a graphic representation of speech sounds, which records only those representation of speech sounds, which records only those differences in sound that are significant in the particular differences in sound that are significant in the particular language. language.

It is also called It is also called phonemic phonemic or or broadbroad This is written between diagonal bars or slanted lines This is written between diagonal bars or slanted lines

/ /. / /.