Imp. English notes

English notes. Third period – 1835-1853 – on the invitation of Lord William Bentinck, Lord Macaulay came to India and chaired the committee. After one year he presented his recommendation which is called Macaulay minutes (1835). In his recommendation Macaulay emphasized the need of English saying that it is necessary for the smooth functioning of the British rule and for the spread of western knowledge and culture here. Wood’s Dispatch – It is called Magna carta of English education. He is recommended that English should be introduced as a compulsory subject in all classes and English should be made medium of instructions at college level. The education commission 1882- the commission recommended that English should not be given priority over the local language (vernacular). Indian university commission 1917-19- according to this commission a balance view is needed between the vernacular and English. It however, highlighted the need of English in India. In 1950, Indian parliament passed a bill making Hindi the language of admistration in central government. English was made a associated official language. A time period of 15 years was decided to popularize Hindi so that English may be removed from administration. In 1956, the central advisory board of education presented a three language formula. This formula was discussed in the chief minister’s conference in 1961. The basic formula was accepted with certain modifications. A) First, language should be regional language. English is taught as a second language in India. Second, English/Hindi. Third, modern European or modern Indian language. B) First regional language. Second, English / modern European language. Third, Hindi/modern Indian language. In 1963 an ordinance was issued to continue English as an associate official language. Even after 1965 till the states continues the same status. Place of English before Independence-1. It was the official language of administration and court.

2. It was the medium of instruction in school and colleges.3. It was the medium of instruction and teaching.4. It was a compulsory subject. Place of English after Independence- English was also dethroned from its highest position. As a result Hindi was declared the national and official language of the union by the Indian constitution.

1. It was declared the associated language.2. It did not remain the medium of instruction.3. It did not remain the medium of examination.4. It is not the national and the official language.5. It is not the compulsory subject. Recent position of English in India- Hindi was declared as the national language of India. The parliament had to pass an act in 1963 for making English an associate official language for an indefinite period.Prominent place in educational system- In the word of Howell, “Education in India under the British Government was first ignored them violently and successfully opposed, than conducted on a system now universally admitted to be the erroneous and finally placed on it present footing.” English occupies the most important place in the educational system of our country.

Importance of English in India-1. English as a link language- it is known to the educated people all over the

world. Therefore it is important for having inter-state links and communication for trade, administration and management, social affairs, cultural and educational exchange.

2. Language of international importance-“English is our major window on the modern world” Pd. Nehru. English occupies a very important place in the international world. It is the language understood in all the countries of the world. So it is very helpful in foreign trade, commerce, friendly relations.

3. Language of national importance- English language has been the official language, yet its national importance is acknowledged. Through it Indians maintained and still maintain their political, social, commercial and friendly relations.

4. An official language- English language has been the official language of India for more than 200 years. All official work of administration and management is done in English language in most of the states of our country.

5. A library language- English is the key to the treasure house of knowledge. Most of the book of higher learning and knowledge like science, technology, medicine, agriculture, astronomy, mathematics, anthropology, humanities etc. research books, good reference books are found in English language. That is why English occupies the position of library language.

6. Language of western Science and Arts- English was the key which opened the gates of western science and arts to Indians.

7. Language of the court- English was the language of the court. Judges and magistrates wrote and announced their decision in English. Lawyers and barristers placed their case in English. This was the language in which all the records of all the courts were kept even today, English occupies important courts.

8. Language of communication- English was the language of communiciation. All the highly placed officers and aristocratic families talked and corresponded in English.

9. Language of trade and industry- English became the language of trade and industry. Businessman and merchants living in the same province and other provinces used English for the purpose of correspondence.

10. Language of our literary development- Indian writers developed their own language and literature. The development of modern Indian novel, short story, drama and literary criticism is entirely due to the impact of English on Indian languages.VALUE AND IMPORTANCE OF TEACHING ENGLISH

1. International Importance- English claims to be the international language. It can even be called a university language. Hence, its knowledge promotes international understanding. It overcomes his prejudices, intolerance and narrow-mindedness. Thus, it is very helpful for fostering true internationalism and co-operation among the nations of the world.

2. Vocational importance- Study of English as a modern foreign language has tremendous vocational importance for us. It offers opportunities for many and varied vocations, like diplomatic and foreign services, commerce, medicine, teaching law, etc.

3. Educational importance- English is a direct medium to acquiring knowledge of modern arts, science, humanities technology etc. it is equally important for statesmen and politicians, scientist and doctors and educationists, businessman and research workers. They enrich their knowledge and experience by reading English books and journals.

4. Cultural importance- English widens one’s cultural and intellectual horizon. It develops scientific, technical and commercial relations with other countries. It imparts the knowledge of foreign nations and cultures. Thus it further requires mutual understanding and co-operation.

English is the lingua franca of the world. It is the language through which we can exchange our views with the people

of other countries. Its study facilitates the establishment of international contacts between

different nations of the world. Its study gives an opportunity to Indians to get employment not only in India

but also in other countries. It has given an opportunity to study English literature which is so vast and so

rich. It has opened the gates of western science and technology for us. It serves as a common language of Indians, and thus it brings closer the

people residing in different parts of India. It is the language of trade and industries in India. Almost our great leaders, famous scientists, renowned philosophers and well

known authors are the product of English education. English is one of the most developing languages of the world. It has always

been a source of development in the entire sphere of human activities.

Principles of foreign language teaching

In India English is taught bath as a second language and foreign language. The term second language is used because it has become a lingua franca between speakers of the different languages of the world. The English teacher should teach English language in such a way that the desire goal of learning may be achieved. There are different approaches for the teaching and learning process of language such as psychological, linguistic and pedagogical principles. These principles are based upon keen observation, research and experimentation. These principles are very useful for English teacher to raise the standard of English language. Foreign language teachers must keep in mind the following principles to achieve effectiveness in their teaching.

1. Principle of naturalness- The mother tongue is always learned easily because there is a natural environment for learning mother tongue. But this is not true with foreign language. The child encounters this language all of sudden in one of his classes and only 4 or 6 period in a week. Therefore it becomes difficult for him to learn the language. Hence, the natural environment should be provided by-a. Talking to students in the foreign language in the class, in the playground

etc.b. Arranging for group discussions.

2. The principle of motivation- Motivation is the core of learning. Perhaps no other principle is so important as of motivation because a student motivated to learn foreign language can himself manage to learn the language. But to motivate students to learn the foreign language is an up-hill task as there is no internal force for learning this language. Mother tongue is learnt in a motivational state because the child wants to express his thoughts and ideas. The process goes like this- internal desires to express ideas. Motivation to learn language. Learning the mother language.Motivation can be classified into two parts- internal and external motivation.Internal motivation related to the internal nature of the individual emotions. The child is motivated by his own ambitions and desires. But sometimes, the learner is not internally motivated; there would be the need of internal motivation for learner to achieve the particular objectives of English teaching. External motivation is created and developed by the English

teacher in the learner. The purpose of motivation is to create zeal to learn something new in language. A child learns mother tongue is a easier way because there is an internal desire of a child to express his feelings and thoughts in his mother tongue. But to learn a foreign language like English it is rather difficult on the part of English teacher to motivate him internally. This can be made easy by creating the external motivation which can be developed with the help of pictures, models, maps, charts, and audio-visual aids.

3. The principles of habit formation- Language teaching is an art. Like all other arts is it needs sustained’practice and drill’. Habit is the second nature of man which makes the speech automatic and natural. Habit formation includes following types of habits-

1. Habit of listening to the sounds of English words.2. Habit of spesking English with proper accent and intonation.3. Habit of speaking English with even speed. 4. Habit of reading aloud with articulation.5. Habit of using words and word phrases in their proper contest.6. Habit of using correct structures in simple conversation.7. Habit of writing but simple and correct English in good handwriting.8. Habit of expression.9. Habit of consulting dictionary and diary keeping.10. Habit of reading newspapers, magazines, journals and books of general

interest.4. The principles of multiple line of approach- According to the principle, an

English teacher should adopt many approaches to reach the goal. Some of the common approaches to the teaching English are given below-

1. The social approach.2. The cultural approach.3. The functional approach.4. The conventional approach.5. The behavioral approach.6. The oral-aural approach.

7. The structural approach.8. The situational approach.9. Communicative approach.5. The principle of conducive environment- The child learns his mother tongue

more rapidly because he is given a conductive environment for speaking the language and he is exposed to the environment where this language is spoken and written. He finds language exposure at home, school and society. The habit of listening, speaking, reading and writing all require the constant practice and exposure which is possible only in a conductive environment.

6. The principle of proper order- The language learning is a skill which involves listening, speaking, reading and writing. Proper order of learning a language is: LSRW. According to Mr. J.A. bright- LSWR.

7. The principle of proportion- The principle of proportion means that the English teacher should lay equal emphasis on all the aspects and skill of teaching English.j

8. The principle of linking with life- it is the duty of an English teacher that he should encourage his students to use the structures of English language in their daily life situations. The students come in the close contact with their teacher, classmates, playmates and other members of the society.

9. The principle of selection and gradation- Selection and guadation is another important principle to be kept in mind by teacher. Selection leads to gradation and gradation precedes selection. Theacher has to select material for his teaching. The material and aid should be in accordance with the physical and mental age and health of the children. The teacher must bear in mind all the general maxims. Gradation means that the teacher has to keep in his mind that first thing comes first and last comes lastly. The matter to be taught must form a psychological unit so as to create a logical sequence in the mental development of the children.Maxims of English teaching- Maxims of teaching are the formulas and general rules of teaching drawn from experiences of teacher, educationist and psychologist. These maxims are of great importance and useful to get the positive outcomes of teaching-learning process.

1. From known to unknown2. From simple to complex3. From indefinite to definite4. From concrete to abstract5. From analysis to synthesis6. From particular to general7. From real to unreal8. From whole to part9. From induction to deduction

10. From psychological to logical

General aims of teaching English-1. Semantic aim- it is related to the meaning and understanding of word

and sentences of a language.2. Phonetic aim- it deals with sound, spellings and pronunciation aspects

of the language.3. Graphic aim- it deals with the visual symbols of languages and hence it

is related to writing.4. Phonetic cum graphic aim- it deals with the reading aspect of the

language.

Objectives or special aims of teaching English-Besides these general aims, the teacher should have definite, clear cut aims of each lessons. These are called as ‘objectives’ of short term aims. These objectives should be precise, expressing and clear. These specific aims should be according to the teaching points. And it really necessary for a teacher to know what he has to do and achieve during a particular lesson.According to Dr. B. S. Bloom- “Educational objectives are the desired goal or outcome at which instructions is aimed.”

Types of objectivesCognitive domain Affective domain Psychomotor/conativeKnowledge Receiving PerceivingComprehension Valuing Imitation

Application Conceptualization ManipulationAnalysis Organization PrecisionSynthesis Responding ArticulationEvaluation Characterization Naturalization

Difference between aim and objective- Aims and objectives of education are the foundation stones of a teaching-learning process.

Aim ObjectiveUltimate goal Temporary goalDestination VehicleEnds MeansIdeal PracticableLong term Short termNot achievable AchievableGeneral SpecificBehavioral changes Non-behavioral changesEducational planning Instructional or teaching planning

Mother tongue- Mother tongue is the language that a child learns from his mother. He begins the learning of this language in his infancy. “The mother tongue is as natural for the development of the man’s mind.” Communication through mother tongue begins at the earlier stage of life.Mother tongue helps the child in all the kinds of thinking. All the mental operations like, inquiring, reasoning, analyzing, elaborating, discussing etc, are carried on in the mother tongue. Mother tongue is the basis of all work. The child begins to learn new words, their use in their context and thus acquire an ability of expression with carity, case and correctness. All this happens in a natural way. The child acquire linguistic skills by constant use and practise at home, in and outside the class-room, in his friend circle and wherever he goes.Place of mother-tongue in the teaching of English- The supporters of the Direct Method forbid the use of mother tongue in the teaching of English. Some teacher says that the use of mother tongue is an obstacle to the learning of English. Other regards the coordination of the teaching of the mother tongue and English as one of the cardinal principles of the teaching method.

Justification of the use of mother tongue- We should not make the extreme use of mother tongue and translate each and every word, phrase and sentence into the mother tongue. And we also should not totally avoid the use of mother tongue.Precautions in the use of mother tongue-

1. He should use English speech, objects, pictures, sketches and other possible means to communicate the idea represented by the word.

2. He should use the mothor tongue only when all his methods fail.3. After giving an equivalent in the mother tongue he should get quickly into

English. If necessary he should explain the grammatical points in the mother tongue but not forget to get back quickly into English.

4. To test the pupils to comprehension, he can ask the meaning of word in the mother tongue.

Problems of effective teaching of English in Indian schools-Children retarded in language are often poor in their academic achievements. The academic achievement in different subjects depends on the mastery over the language. Language is closely related to general intellectual development. The effective teaching of language influences the teaching of other subjects. English language is mostly taught as a second language in the Indian schools.

1. No specific aim- The teaching of English is not based upon the aims and objectives. Neither the teacher nor the students are acquainted with the aims and objectives of teaching English. Their aim is to get go through the examination.

2. No uniformity of the beginning stage of English teaching- Different patterns are adopted by different states. That is why the national Standard English language very storng state to state.

3. Over crowded classes- Our classes are over crowded. English teachers are unable to solve the individual problems of English language.

4. Sub-standard of text books- the text books of English are of very low standard.

5. Lack of suitable language teaching aids- our schools are not well equepped with suitable language teaching aids.

6. Lack of effective teachers-the teaching of English in schools are in the hand of teachers who neither know English nor are trained in the teaching methodology.

Suggestion for improvement of teaching English in India-1. Aims and objective based teaching of English.2. Uniform policy should be adopted.3. Text books should be prepared by language experts.4. Teacher-pupil ratio should not be 1: 40.5. New approaches and methods should be used.6. Positive evaluation.

Direct method- The direct method was originated in France in 1901. It received official sanction in 1908. Its principles came for Germany. It is reaction against G.T. Method. The main objective of this method was to impart a perfect command of foreign language. It aims to create a direct bond between the words and their meanings, thought and expression. They thought that pupils should acquire ability to think in the foreign language and speak them with good pronunciation. It was known as the Natural Method. The suggestion was that the pupil should learn the new speech in the same manner in which he learnt his mother tongue.Characteristics of Direct Method-

1. It creates the direct bond between word and its meaning.2. Direct method aims to develop fluency in speech. The learner is

expected to acquire an active command over the language by developing correct speech habits, pronunciation and intonation.

3. Minimum use of mother tongue.4. Sentence is the unit of speech.5. Audio-visual aids are used to explain the meaning.6. Grammar is taught inductively.7. Stress is given on speech.8. Emphasis is given on pronunciation.9. Vocabulary is taught on the basis of selection and gradation.

Merits of the Direct Method-

1. The Direct Method teaches the English language in the same manner in which the child learns his own mother-tongue.

2. It developed fluency in speech. The pupil can speak fluently, they can also write fairly and correctly.

3. The direct association with the English words, phrases and their meaning.

4. It enables the students to express their thoughts and feelings directly in English without the intervention of the mother tongue.

5. It emphasizes on pronunciation of the language.6. It lays emphasis on oral approach.7. It promotes practice and oral drill.8. It gives the pupil a real command over the English language so the pupil

can communicate without hesitation.9. Audio-visual aids are used to explain the meaning and develop interest

in teaching.

Demerits of the Direct Method-1. It does not pay more attention on reading and writing.2. This method ignores translation completely.3. It ignores the teaching of grammar.4. Only the intelligent children can be benefited by this method.5. The method is very expensive because a lot of audio-visual material is

needed.6. Only smart and active teachers and pupils can teach and learn through

this method. But most of the teachers have themselves got a very defective pronunciation of English.

7. Idioms and phrases cannot be taught through this method.8. Much time is consumed to create real life situations.

The method is not getting the importance in India due to over-crowded classes and overburdened poor teacher. The English teacher of our schools cannot create a conducive environment for direct method of teaching English.

Bilingual Method- it is recently developed and invented by Prof.C.J.Dodson of Wales. In this method, mother tongue is used to explain the meaning of words, phrases, idioms, sentences, structures and grammatical rules. This method carries the merits of G.T. Method, direct method and structural approach. The word bilingual applies to a person who knows two languages, the mother tongue and foreign language.

Characteristic of Bilingual Method-1. Mother tongue is used only by the teachers while explaining the meaning of

difficult words, phrases, idioms, etc.2. In this method, the students are given a lot of practice in the drill of

sentence pattern.3. Translation is done by the teacher only to explain the subject matter.4. Mother tongue is reduced gradually and when the pupil attains a certain

level of vocabulary, he stops using mother tongue and switches over to English.

5. Sentence is the unit of teaching.

Merits of the Bilingual Method-1. It gives emphasis on speech practice. It is helpful in creating linguistic habits.2. Audio-visual aids are not much needed.3. It saves the time, labor and energy of the teacher.4. It is less costly.5. It does not need trained teachers. Even a average teacher of English can

teach the lesson successfully.

Demerits of the Bilingual Method-1. Other aspects like reading, writing are ignored.2. There are some words, phrases and idioms in English which can not be

translated into mother tongue without loosing their correct effect.3. English language cannot be translated into Indian language.4. It develops the habit of translation in thinking so it stops students from

thinking freely.5. Students are passive listeners.

6. Sometimes it becomes very difficult to bring word meanings and child experience together.

7. Grammar is not taught systematically to the learners.

Structural approach-This approach was popularized by central institute of English, Hyderabad. Meaning- structure is an arrangement of words in certain order that conveys some meaning. The different arrangement of word patterns lead to the formation of different structure. The following sentences have the same words but, convey the different meaning in different arrangement of word patterns.Aims of structural approach-

1. To lay the foundation of English by establishing through drill and repetition about 275 graded structure.

2. To enable the students to attain mastery over an essential vocabulary of about 3000 words of active use.

3. To correlate the teaching of grammar and composition with the reading lessons.

4. To teach the four fundamental skills.5. To lay proper emphasis on the aural-oral approach.

Types of structures-1. Sentence structure2. Phrase structure3. Idiomatic structure4. Formula structure.

Precaution-1. The structure should be graded, illustrated, demonstrated and

classified.2. Ample practice should be given in one structure before preceding

another.3. Pupils’ mistakes should be promptly corrected.4. Pupils’ should be given adequate practice in speaking before they asked

for reading.

5. English teacher should be trained in this approach.6. A teacher should keep a record of structure useful for the class which he

teaches.7. If possible, their list should be hung in the class room.8. Rapid speech patterns should be taught with the help of printed

patterns.9. Care should be taken to prevent practice from becoming purely

mechanical.

Advantages of structural approach-1. Speech is emphasized.2. Language habit formation is stressed.3. Language materials are carefully selected and graded.4. Students become active because they learn language through activity.5. Language is taught in a meaningful situation.6. Oral aspect of the language is given more importance. 7. It provides opportunities for expression.8. Its principles of teaching are based on scientific and psychological

foundation.9. Child learns the functional grammar through this method.

10. It develops mastery and confidence among students.11. It is a systematic and interesting approach.12. Minimum wastage of time and energy.

Disadvantages of structural approach-1. It is suitable only in the lower classes.2. Suitable teachers are not available.3. Only well selected sentence patterns are taught.4. Reading, writing and vocabulary expansion are neglected.5. It is really successful in overcrowded classroom.6. Oral emphasis and drill work has given.7. Knowledge of mother tongue is not exploited.

8. It emphasis on the oral work. Course cannot be completed through this approach.

9. It demands too much language materials.10. It needs specially planned text books which are not available easily.11. This method cannot be applied in all the spears of teaching and testing.

Suggestions to improve this method-1. Structures should be graded and classified.2. English teacher should be trained in this approach.3. Other methods should be used with this approach.4. The syllabus of junior classes should cover the fundamental structures

of English language and a specific vocabulary.

Situational approach- in situational approach the foreign language should be taught by forming links between the new language items and real situations in the classroom. English teacher tries to create a lifelike classroom situation to teach new words and sentence pattern of language items.Main characteristics of situational approach-

1. English teachers introduced new words and sentence patterns of the language.

2. He creates the association with the language items and real situations.3. Practice and drill are stressed.4. Several examples are given on one language material in different

situations.5. In situational approach, quaternary technique is adopted.6. Actions of teacher in new situations to teach a particular item are very

necessary.7. Revision and repetitions are stressed.8. Presentation of new vocabulary or structures is emphasized.9. Presentation of new language items in different form of sentence.

Advantages of situational approach-

1. Situational approach is action based approach so it creates interesting teaching.

2. It is based upon psychological principles of learning.3. It emphasizing on listening and hearing skill of language.4. Students behave like active learners.

Disadvantages of situational approach-1. Situational approach is useful to the lower classes.2. A few vocabulary and sentence patterns can be taught through this

method.3. It is not fit for teaching prose, poetry and composition.4. Text books can not be taught by this method.5. Due to excessive use of drill and repetitions the classroom becomes

monotonous.

Suggestions for improvement-1. Text book should be written on situational approach.2. In service workshops and seminars should be arranged to train English

teachers in this approach.3. Appropriate audio-visual materials should be used to create real life

situations in the classroom.4. Language material an associated situation should be enlisted.

-Teaching of speaking-Basic components of speech-

1. Stress- Stress means push or emphasis in speech. we lay some emphasis on some letters, words, phrases and idioms. If a sound is made with more energy, the sounds come out with force. If the sound is made with less energy, the sound comes out with less force.

There is different in stress on syllable in English.a) There are words of two syllables in which stress is given on the first-

doc/tor, sis/ter, fi/nish.b) There are words of two syllables with stress on the second- be/lieve,

con/duct, mis/take.c) There are words of two syllables in which the stress is given on both-

fif/teen, up/stair, unknown.d) There are words of three syllables with stress on first- pho/to/graphy,

ho/li/day.e) There are words of three syllables with stress on second- dic/ta/tion,

to/mo/rrow.f) There are words of three syllables with stress on third- un/der/stand.g) In words of four syllables, the stress is usually given on the last but one-

e/du/ca/tion, re/ci/ta/tion.2. Rhythm- Rhythm is the musical aspect of language and it makes

pronunciation more appealing than it would otherwise be. According to Oxford dictionary- Rhythm is the metrical effect produced in verse, prose music or motion by the relation in quantity, stress, time or energy between the syllables, words, notes or movements that succeed each other. When a person plays upon a harmonium, his fingers of hands move form one note to the other at a regular interval. This is rhythm in music.

3. Intonation- Intonation is sing-song quality of a language. Intonation means modulation of voice. We have studied that when vocal cords are kept loosely together, they vibrate. The rate at which they vibrate is called the frequency of vibration and thus determines the pitch of the voice. The more rapidly the vocal cords vibrate, the higher will be the pitch.Tune first- when the pitch in voice is at a high level and falls down towards the end, it is called a pitch.Tune second- in this the pitch in voice acquires a high level at the end. The rising pitch is indicated by this sign.

4. Pause- Pause means to stop for a while, while speaking to someone. In English, speakers should pause after a comma, full stop etc. the cause can change the whole meaning of the sentence.Girls sing sweetly. Girls’ sing sweetly.

5. Juncture- Juncture is slight pause to indicate syllable break in the chain of speed sound. It separates near identical group of words. It is used to differentiate between two near sequence of phonemes.Whenever when everAlways all waysWelcome well come

6. Fluency- Fluency means the uttering of words and sentences with no gap or hesitation in the middle. Words should be spoken without shuttering and stumbling over sounds and sequences of sounds.

English sound system- Letter and sounds should not be confused and mixed up. Sounds are spoken and letters are written. Sounds represent the language and letters represent the script. In English language there are 26 letters.Sounds of English language and phonetic symbols-

1. Consonant sounds. 2. Vowel sounds-

a) Pure vowel sound and monophthongs- A single vowel sound is called pure vowel sound. They are 12 in number. /i/, /i/, /e/, /a/, /a:/, /o/, /o:/, /u/, /u:/, /^/, /∂:/, /∂ /.

b) Diphthongs and Impure vowel sounds- when two pure vowel sounds are mixed to produce a single sound it is called diphthongs. Each sound starts on one vowel sound and finishes on the other. These diphthongs are very long vowels. But the length is reduced before voice legs consonants. They are 9 in number- ie, ai, ou, au, oi, i∂, e∂, u∂, O∂.

Teaching of speaking and pronunciation-

“Good pronunciation is the hallmark of culture.” Pronunciation is a matter of coordination of vocal organ to produce certain sounds with a certain intonation.It is true that the faculty of speech is a natural gift; we get it polished and improved through education in our schools providing various opportunities for its natural development. A child learns to speak words and sentences in the same way as he hears them spoken. The influence of teacher’s speech on the speech habits of students is of great importance. A teacher is an ideal model before his pupils as far as teaching of English is concerned. Therefore, an English teacher should be very careful to his own pronunciation for laying down the correct speech habits of his students.Aims of teaching of speaking-

1. Cultivation of audible and intelligible pronunciation. 2. Production of correct sounds, stress, intonation, rhythm, fluency and

pause.3. Cultivation of the habit of speaking long sentences. 4. Developing good speech manner. 5. Expressing ideas, thoughts, and emotional feelings of others.

Causes of defective pronunciation in India-1. Substituting sound form mother tongue- sound of Indian language is

differing from English language. In India English pronunciation is different from region to region.

2. Lack of knowledge of phonetics- most of our English teachers do not know about phonetics or phonology. Therefore they do not impart good training of speech to their students. The students learn the defective pronunciation from their teachers. This process goes on. When the students become teacher they also impart the training of defective speech habits.

3. Mother tongue speech habits- a child develop the speech habit of his mother tongue. When he learns a foreign language, his mother tongue speech habits come in the way. He thinks in his mother tongue and then translates his thought in English.

4. Lack of speaking opportunity- speaking opportunity is not provided by the English teacher in the classroom. Oral drill or practice is not done. Oral aspect of the language is totally neglected.

5. Physical disability of the child- the defective speech organs may cause poor pronunciation of a child.

6. Teacher’s defective pronunciation- many teachers are not able to pronounce correctly. This effect the pronunciation of their students.

7. Ignorance of the intonation- Indian children has generally no knowledge of intonation. They replace a falling and rising intonation by even stress on all the words. In English, falling intonation is used in assertive sentences and rising intonation is used in interrogative sentences.

Suggestions to improve pronunciation-1. Oral training- the English teacher helps his students in learning,

speaking if he provides his students with oral activities and oral practice of language materials.

2. Teaching of various aspects of pronunciation- the English teacher should explain the various aspects of speech like vowel and consonant and their sounds, stress, intonation and pause etc.

3. Use of appropriate audio-visual aids- a teacher of today is well aware of the value of audio-visual aids.

4. Oral activities- oral activities like questioning, answering, reading aloud, reciting, debating, dramatizing, conversing etc. should be encouraged among pupils.

5. Individual attention- teacher should pay individual attention to the special difficulties of his pupils. He should help them in pronouncing the words correctly.

6. Analysis of long and difficult words- long and difficult words should be analyzed and written on the black board.

7. Proper correction- the word mispronounced by the pupils must be promptly corrected by the teacher. He should make it a point to give the correct pronunciation only.

Types of reading-1. Scanning reading- to go through particular information.2. Skimming reading- fast reading for gist or summary.3. Intensive reading-deep and through study vertically.4. Extensive reading- cursory reading, horizontally.5. Loud reading- reading by students.6. Model reading- reading by teacher.7. Supervised reading-in somebody’s supervision.8. Imitation reading.9. Library reading.

Methods of teaching reading-1. Alphabetic method2. Phonetic method 3. Syllabic method 4. Word method5. Phrase method 6. Sentence method 7. Story method

Aims of teaching reading English-1. To read with correct pronunciation.2. To read with accuracy.3. To read with fluency.4. To enable pupils to take pleasure in reading.5. To enable pupils to form a habit of reading.6. To enable the students to use ideas gained from reading in other

situation.7. To read with understanding.

Silent reading-silent reading is regarded as most important aspect of reading. It should therefore be encouraged as soon as children have acquired a certain amount of fluency in reading aloud.Advantages of silent reading-

1. It saves time and energy.2. It creates interest in reading.3. It ignores translation method and the frequent use of mother tongue.4. It is used in public place.5. It is used for higher classes.

Disadvantages of silent reading-1. It is not useful for the beginners.2. It ignores pronunciation and oral drill.3. It ignores correction-work of language.4. It is uninteresting.5. Supervision of teacher becomes ineffective.

Intensive reading- it means a minute and detailed study of the prescribed prose-text. It concentrates upon language, information and the grasping of the sense. Intensive reading is mainly concerned with developing in students the skill of understanding fully and accurately the written or printed material.Merits of intensive reading-

1. Intensive reading increases the active vocabulary.2. It helps in learning grammar.3. It improves the power of expression.4. It develops the skill of questioning and answering.5. It provides opportunities for loud reading and silent reading.

Demerits of intensive reading-1. It does not teach grammar systematically.2. It seldom imparts joy and pleasure.3. Its process is long and cumbersome.4. Students do it mainly to get through the examination.5. It gives too much stress on language.

Extensive reading- intensive reading must be supplemented by extensive reading. Indian education commissions(1964-66) strongly recommended extensive reading. It is also termed’ Rapid reading’ or independent silent reading.

Merits of extensive reading-1. It increases vocabulary.2. It keeps the whole class busy and active.3. It helps in assimilation of ideas.4. Useful for library reading.5. It is useful for self-reading and self-studying.

Comparison of intensive and extensive reading-

Intensive reading Extensive reading1. It concentrates upon the language. 1. It concentrates upon the subject

matter.

2. The aim is to make a careful and minute scrutiny.

2. The aim is only to grasp the meaning of what is read.

3. Words, phrases and expressions are studied in detail.

3. Words, phrases and expressions are not studied in detail.

4. New words and phrases occurring in the book pass into the pupil’s active vocabulary.

4. New words and phrases occurring in the book pass in to the pupil’s passive vocabulary.

5. The pupil should be able to understand and use all common words, phrases and expressions in book.

5. The pupil should be able to understand and not use all the common words, phrases and expressions in the book.

6. Reading by the pupils is aloud and controlled by the teacher.

6. Reading by the pupils is silent and independent.

7. The help of the teacher is maximum.

7. The non-detailed lesson is minimum.

8. The detailed reading lesson is essentially place for careful reading.

8. The non-detailed lesson is essentially a place for no teaching or minimum of teaching.

Audio-visual aids in the teaching of English-Due to the outstanding developments in the educational technology in recent years, there is an increased use of teaching aids in the teaching process. The more we are proceeding towards scientific and technological culture the more we will need to teach and learn language in a scientific and objective way. The emphasis on communication and audio-visual aids are more effective techniques of communication.Audio-visual aids of teaching means the techniques, devices and tools which can be used in teaching for their appeal to ear and eye. They are the aids of teaching learning process to create the interest among the students so that they may be attentive to English teaching in the class room.Criteria for selection of teaching aids-

1. Aids must be used when they are needed to be used.2. They should not be too small or too large.3. They should be very simple.4. They should not be costly.5. They should be teacher-made.6. They should be displayed in a proper way.7. They should be easy to understand.8. They should be related to the topic under study.9. They should not be over used.

10. They should be presented in a natural way.

Teaching aids-Audio-aids Visual-aids Audio-visual

aidsClassroom teaching techniquesPrinted Non-printed

1. Gramophone

1. Text book

1. Black board

1. Films 1. Language laboratory

2. Lingua- 2. News- 2. Chart 2. Televisi 2. Play-way

phone paper on tech.

3. Headphone

3. Magazine

3. Cards 3. Excursion

4. Tape-recorder

4. Models 4. Conversation

5. Radio 5. Maps 5. Oral activities

6. Flannel board

6. Phonetics

7. Fixed sand tray

7. Interview

8. Scroll frame

8. Practice

9. Slides of film strips

9. Action research

10. Epidiascope

10. Gesture

11. Pictures 11. Posture

12. Albums 12. Induction

13. Kindergarten box

13. Deduction

14. Montessori appratus

14. Group dynamic

15. Cartoon

16. Sketch

17. Photograph

18. Scrap books

19. Puppets

20. Film strips

Importance of audio-visual aids-1. Making teaching learning process very effective.2. Avoid to monotony of the traditional method of teaching.3. Create variety and interest to make the lessons lively and interesting.4. Provide the inspiration and motivation to the learners for further study.5. Develop language atmosphere in the class room.6. Development socio-cultural life of the people of the nation and abroad.7. Develop the positive attitude and aptitude to the language.8. Save the time and energy of the language teacher.9. Reduce over-dependence on learner’s mother tongue.

10. Clarify the content matter of the topic.

English text book- English text book is an important tool in the hands of a language teacher to teach the skills of language and the more so of a foreign language. The teacher must be able to evaluate the text book he has to use.Importance of English text book-

1. It makes the teaching of English systematic. 2. It checks the teaching form going astray.3. It facilitates self learning and self-study.

4. It represents the selected position of language materials which can be taught in a given time.

5. The language materials are graded class wise.6. It avoids the haphazardness, unnecessary, repetition and omission in

teaching-learning process.7. It serves as a guide to a teacher.

Characteristics of good text book- 1. Language materials in English subject should include vocabulary(active

and passive), structures (functional grammar), comprehension (textual passage) and composition.

2. Subject matter should be based on the psychological principles.3. Subject matter should be suited to the age of the pupils.4. Subject matter should be linked with Indian culture, traditions,

surroundings and social life.5. Subject matter should be varied topics e.g. prose, poetry, story,

biography, narration, conversation, description and dialogues.6. Subject matter should be taught through different methods,

approaches, techniques and devices.7. Subject matter should be taught by using the audio-visual aids.8. In subject matter, it should be given stress on both the aspects oral

and written.9. Text book develops the four language skills.

10. Words should be selected, graded and presented systematically.11. A gook English book should contain pictures and illustrations.12. The paper and printing of a good text book should be of good quality.13. Practice exercise should be given at the end of the lesson.