English - Na’vi Dictionary 13 · English - Na’vi Dictionary v. 13.7 Compiled by Mark Miller ...

English - Na’vi Dictionary v. 13.7

Compiled by Mark Millerwww.LearnNavi.org

Last updated: May 2nd, 2018

This is an English to Na’vi dictionary. Bold indicates English words. Italics indicate theNa’vi equivalent. Plain text indicates grammatical categorization: parentheses indicate furthernotes. «x» represents an infix, where t«pre-first»«1»ar«2»on are the positions. Proper nounshave been capitalized. – and + indicates that an affix or adposition can fall on either side.Knowledge of lenition processes will be assumed.

Abbreviations:

– = morpheme boundary+ = leniting morpheme boundary<> = infix morphemeadj. = adjectiveadp. = adpositionadv. = adverbconj. = conjunctionc.w. = compound worddem. = demonstrativeintj. = interjectioninter. = interrogativen. = nounnfp. = not for people

num. = numberofp. = only for peoplepart. = particlepn. = pronounprop. n. = proper nounv. = verbsvin. = stative intransitive verbvtr. = transitive verbvin. = intransitive verbvtrm. = transitive modal verbvim. = intransitive modal verbsbd. = subordinated

Sources

We have sourced every word as best as we could. This sourcing is placed in a subscript after theIPA transcription and reveals the source of each word. For historical interest, this dictionarywas originally based on an initial list of around 500 words provided by Dr. Frommer in earlyMarch, 2010. As the language has continued to develop, additional vocabulary has been addedas it appears in communications from Dr. Frommer via his blog and emails. Dr. Frommer hassolicited the LearnNavi.org community to help come up with new vocabulary via the LexicalExpansion Project. This project continues and many suggested words now appear in the canonlexicon presented in this dictionary. Other sources are words modified by unproductive affixesthat are included here if Dr. Frommer has used them and words that have a modified semanticmeaning due to a productive affix. Order of canonicity, from most to least:

• PF = Dr. Paul Frommer• M = The Movie

1

mailto:[email protected]

• JC = James Cameron• G = the Avatar Games• ASG = The Survival Guide• PND = Pandorapedia.com

A

above, over: ["i.o] PF adp. io–’ah, expression of warning or frustration,

’crap!’, hell!’: [">tsa."hEj] ZS intj. tsa-heyhave a conversation, chat, converse:

[p·æN."k'·o] PF vin. pängkxoabandon, leave: [t'·IN] PF vtr. txìngability: [">tsu.Po] PF n. tsu’oabout, concerning: [tE."Ri] PF adp. teri–abstract idea of a creation: [tI."Nop^] PF n.

tìngop (derived from ngop create)abstract idea of a suggestion: [tI."mok^] PF n.

tìmok (derived from mok suggest)abstract idea), prayer (in general: [tI.a."ho] PF

n. tìaho (derived from aho pray)abstraction), thing (object, fact: [Pu] PF n. ’uaccent, pronunciation: ["lI.Pu.pam] PF n.

lì’upam (c.w. from lì’u word and pam sound)accept: [m·l

"."P·an] PF vtr. mll’an

acceptance: [tI.ml"."Pan] PF n. tìmll’an (derived

from mll’an accept)accident: ["fE.kEm] PF n. fekem (c.w. from fe’

bad and kem action)accident-prone, clumsy: [pI."saw] PF adj. pì-

sawaccidentally, unintentionally: [nIt."kan.lu.ke]

PF adv. nìtkanluke (c.w. from nìtkan purpo-sefully, deliberately and luke- without)

accomplish, bring to a conclusion: [ha."sEj"s·i] PF vin. hasey si (derived from hasey do-ne, finished)

accomplishment, feat, great deed: [sæ."Ro.Pa]PF n. säro’a

according to, by, via, following: ["I.læ] or[I."læ] PF adp. ìlä+

acquaintance (with the potential for be-coming a friend): [PEj.la."naj] PF n. ’eylanay(derived from ’eylan friend)

acquire, get: ["k·a.n·om] PF vtr. kanomacross, aiming for the opposite side of: [fEw]

PF adp. few–across, covering thoroughly: [ka] PF adp. ka–

acting on intuition, making an informedguess: [nI."PEn] PF adv. nì’en (derived from’en guess)

active, energetic: ["wa.lak^] PF adj. walakactivity that keeps one busy: [tIn] PF n. tìn

(derived from ’ìn be busy)actually, as a matter of fact: [nI.fkEj.to."Naj] PF

adv. nìfkeytongay (c.w. from tìfkeytok situa-tion and ngay true)

add: [s·uN] PF vtr. sungaddition, post script: [tI."suN] LN n. tìsung (de-

rived from sung add)additionally, besides, furthermore: [nI."suN]

PF adv. nìsung (derived from sung add)additionally, too, also: [kop^] PF adv. kopadjective: ["sjon.lI.Pu] PF n. syonlì’u (c.w. from

syon feature, trait, characteristic and lì’uword)

admit: [p·l"."Naj] PF vin. pllngay (derived from

plltxe speak and ngay true)adorable, endearing, cute: ["ho.na] PF adj. ho-

naadorableness, cuteness: [tI."ho.na] PF n. tìhona

(derived from hona endearing)adorn: [i."o.i s·i] PF vin. ioi si (derived from ioi

adornment)adornment, or ceremonial apparel (item of):

[i."o.i] PF n. ioiadposition: ["staR.lI.Pu] PF n. starlì’u (c.w. from

sätare connection, relationship and lì’u word)adult person: ["fjEjn.tu] PF n. fyeyntu (derived

from fyeyn ripe, mature)adult, ripe, mature: [fjEjn] PF adj. fyeynadvantage, benefit, upside, gain: [">tsan.kum]

PF n. tsankum (c.w. from tsan’ul improve, getbetter and kum result)

advantageous: [">tsan.kum.NaP] PF adj. tsan-kumnga’ (derived from tsankum advantage,benefit, upside, gain)

adverb: ["fja.lI.Pu] PF n. fyalì’u (c.w. from fya’opath, way, manner and lì’u word)

adverbial: [nI] PF nì– deriving affix

2

advice, bit or piece of advice: [mo."waR] PF n.mowar

advise: [mo."waR s·i] PF vin. mowar si (derivedfrom mowar advice)

advisor: [mo."waR.si.ju] PF n. mowarsiyu (deri-ved from mowar advice)

affix: ["lI.'Pu.vi] PF n. lì’uvi (derived from lì’uword)

after: ["maw.fwa] PF conj. mawfwa (c.w. frommaw after and fwa that)

after (temporal): [maw."kr".a] PF conj. mawkrra

variant of akrrmaw (c.w. from krr time andmaw after)

after (temporal): [a."kr".maw] PF conj. akrrmaw

variant of mawkrra (c.w. from krr time andmaw after)

after (time): [maw] PF adp. maw–after midnight: ["k'am.t'o.maw] PF n. kxam-

txomaw (c.w. from kxamtxon midnight andmaw after)

after sunset, twilight, the time before dark:[t'on."PoN.maw] PF n. txon’ongmaw (c.w.from txon’ong sunset and maw after)

after, afterwards, later: ["maw.kr"] PF adv.

mawkrr (c.w. from maw after and krr time)afternoon: [haP."NiR] PF n. ha’ngirafterwards, after, later: ["maw.kr

"] PF adv.

mawkrr (c.w. from maw after and krr time)again: [nI."mun] PF adv. nìmunagainst (as in: fight against): [wæ] PF adp.

wä+age: ["kE.wan] PF n. kewan (derived from koak

old and ’ewan young)aged (for living things), old: ["ko.ak^] PF adj.

koakago: [kam] PF adp. kam–agree: [m·l

"."t·E] PF vin. mllte

ahead of time, before, already: [sRE."kr"] PF

adv. srekrr (c.w. from sre before and krr ti-me)

aim, goal, purpose, target: [tI."kan] PF n. tìkan(derived from kan aim)

aim, to intend; aim, to direct a weapon or ot-her object at a target: [k·an] PF vtrm., vtr.kan

aiming for the opposite side of, across: [fEw]PF adp. few–

air: [ja] PF n. ya

alarm cry, call to defense: ["Raw.kE] PF intj.rawke

alien: ["kE.tu.woN] PF n. ketuwongalien: ["kE.woN] PF adj. kewongalight, land (process of): [kl

"."w·o] PF vin. kllwo

(c.w. from kllte ground and wo reach for)alive, living, living thing: [Ru."sEj] PF adj., n.

rusey (c.w. from rey live and «us» active par-ticiple infix)

all (of), in toto, completely: [nI."wot'] PF adv.nìwotx (derived from wotx totality, whole)

all is well, everything is fine or OK: [fRaw."zo]PF intj. frawzo (derived from fra’u everyt-hing and zo be well)

all the time, always: ["fRa.kr"] PF adv. frakrr

(derived from krr time)allergen: [fnE."t'um] PF n. fnetxum (derived

from txum poison)allow: [t·uN] PF vtr. tungalmost: [stum] PF adv. stumalone (as one person): [nI."Paw.tu] PF adv.

nì’awtu (c.w. from ’aw one and tute person)alone, on one’s own, by one’s self; lonely:

[lE."Paw.tu] PF adj. le’awtu (c.w. from ’awone and tute person)

alongside, beside: ["Ro.fa] PF adp. rofa–alphabet: [sna.pam."REl.vi] PF n. snapamrelvi

(derived from pamrelvi letter (phonetic sym-bol))

already: [li] PF adv. lialready, before, ahead of time: [sRE."kr

"] PF


also, too, additionally: [kop^] PF adv. kopalso, too, as well, likewise: [nI."tEN] PF adv.

nìteng (derived from teng same, equal)although: [hu."fwa] PF conj. hufwaalways, all the time: ["fRa.kr

"] PF adv. frakrr

(derived from krr time)am, be, is, are: [l·u] PF vin., svin. lu (predica-

tive copula, existential verb) (signifies pos-session with dative of possessor)

among: [kip^] PF adp. kip–amount: [hIm."t'an] PF n. hìmtxan (c.w. from

hìm small and txan much)amulet, totem: ["lo.Pa] PF n. lo’aamusing, humorous, funny: ["Pi.pu] PF adj.

’ipu

3

an acquisition, something acquired, a pos-session: [sæ."ka.nom] PF n. säkanom (deri-ved from kanom acquire)

an exhibition, a showing: [sæ.wIn."t'u] PF n.säwìntxu (derived from wìntxu show)

an exploration or investigation: [sæ."laN] PF

n. sälang (derived from lang investigate, ex-plore)

an individual tall, thin waterfall that poursdown a sheer high cliff, or off of a floa-ting mountain (countable): [sE."Pajl] PF n.se’ayl

an instance of defeat, defeat: [sæ.læ."t'ajn] PF

n. sälätxayn (derived from lätxayn defeat)an instance of glowing; light source, glow,

lamp: [sæ."nr"] PF n. sänrr (derived from nrr

glow)ancestor: ["pi.za.ju] PF n. pizayuancient, very old: ["t'an.lal] PF adj. txanlal

(c.w. from txan much and lal old)and: [sI] PF conj. sì (connects two things, can

be attached as –sì: for clauses use ulte and)and (clausal conjunction): ["ul.tE] PF conj. ulteand also: [kop^] PF conj. kopanger: [tI."sti] PF n. tìsti (derived from sti be

angry)anger (intransitive), be angry: [st·i] PF vin. stianger, make someone angry: [stEj."k·i] PF vtr.

steyki (derived from sti be angry and «eyk»causative infix)

angrily: [nI."sti] PF adv. nìsti (derived from stibe angry)

angry snarl, ’watch it!’: [o."Isss] LA intj. oìsssanimal call: [zawr] PF n. zawranimal, beast: [i."o.aN] PF n. ioangannoy, bother: [sR·æt'] PF vtr. srätxannoyance: [sæ."sRæt'] PF n. säsrätx (derived

from srätx annoy)answer, respond: [P·EjN] PF v. ’eynganswer, response: [tI."PEjN] PF n. tì’eyng (deri-

ved from ’eyng answer)apologise (apologize): [>tsap."Pa.lu.tE "s·i] PF

vin. tsap’alute si (derived from tsap’aluteapology)

apology: [>tsap."Pa.lu.tE] PF n. tsap’aluteapparently: [tat."lam] PF adv. tatlam (derived

from lam seem)apparently: [nI."lam] PF adv. nìlam (derived

from lam seem)

appealing as food, fresh: ["p'a.sul] PF adj. px-asul

appear, materialize, come into view: [sR·ER]PF vin. srer

appear, seem: [l·am] PF vin. lamappearance: [tI."lam] PF n. tìlam (derived from

lam seem)appearance, sight, look: [PuR] PF n. ’urapprentice teacher: [kaR.ju."naj] PF n. karyu-

nay (derived from karyu teacher)approach: [l·ok^] PF vtr. lokapproach, system, process, procedure:

["vE.fja] PF n. vefya (c.w. from ve’o order,organization and fya’o way, manner)

approximately, roughly: [wum] PF adv. wumare, be, am, is: [l·u] PF vin., svin. lu (predica-


argue, dispute: [wæ."t·E] PF vtr. wäteargument, dispute: [tI.wæ."tE] PF n. tìwäte (de-

rived from wäte argue)argumentative (of an agent), disagreeable:

[lE.wæ."tE] PF adj. lewäte (derived from wä-te argue)

arm: [p'un] PF n. pxunarmband: ["p'aw.p'un] PF n. pxawpxun (c.w.

from pxaw around and pxun arm)around: [p'aw] PF adp. pxaw–arrival: [tI."pæ.hEm] PF n. tìpähem (derived

from pähem arrive)arrive: ["p·æ.h·Em] PF vin. pähemarrive, get to a place: ["p·a.t·E] ZS v. patearrow: [swi."zaw] PF n. swizawart: [">tsE.o] PF n. tseoartist (generic term) : [">tsE.o.tu] PF n. tseotu

(derived from tseo art)artist (visual) : ["REl.>tsE.o.tu] PF n. reltseotu

(derived from reltseo visual art)as a matter of fact, actually: [nI.fkEj.to."Naj] PF

adv. nìfkeytongay (c.w. from tìfkeytok situa-tion and ngay true)

as always: [nI."fRa.kr"] PF adv. nìfrakrr (derived

from frakrr always)as an example, for example: [nat."kE.noN] PF

conj. natkenong (c.w. from na like, as and tì-kenong example)

as an obligation, dutifully: [nI.">tson] PF adv.nìtson (derived from tson duty, obligation)

as before, yet, still: [mi] PF adv. mi

4

as found around a watering hole, smell ofliving animals: [a."t'aR] PF adj. atxar

as is known (casual speech [naw."no.mum]),as you know: [nI.aw."no.mum] PF adv.nìawnomum (derived from «awn» passiveparticiple infix and omum know)

as we do (casual speech [naj."wEN]), like us:[nI.aj."wEN] PF adv. nìayoeng (derived fromayoeng us (inclusive))

as well, too, also, likewise: [nI."tEN] PF adv.nìteng (derived from teng same, equal)

as you know, as is known (casual speech[naw."no.mum]): [nI.aw."no.mum] PF adv.nìawnomum (derived from «awn» passiveparticiple infix and omum know)

as, like: [na] PF adp. na–as, like: [p'El] PF adp. pxel–as, same way as (similar action): [nI."tEN.fja]

PF adv. nìtengfya (derived from tengfya as,same way as (conj.))

as, same way as (situational similarity):["tEN.fja] PF conj. tengfya (c.w. from teng sa-me, equal and fya’o path)

ascend, come up: [fæ."z·a.P·u] PF vin. fäza’u(c.w. from fäpa top and za’u come)

ascend, go up: [fæ."k·æ] PF vin. fäkä (c.w. fromfäpa top and kä go)

ash, cinder: ["t'E.pI.va] PF n. txepìva (derivedfrom txep fire and ìlva flake)

ask: [p·awm] PF v. pawmask for, request: [v·in] PF vtr. vinaspect, feature, trait, attribute, characteristic,

point, facet, property: [sjon] PF n. syonass, butt, rear end: [t'Im] PF n. txìmasshole, butthole, dickhead (vulgar):

[von."væP] PF n. vonvä’ (c.w. from vitra souland onvä’ bad-smelling) (lit. stinksoul)

assign a task, command, order: [k'·Im] PF vtr.kxìm

assigning tasks, commanding, ordering:[tI."k'Im] PF n. tìkxìm (derived from kxìmcommand, order, assign tasks)

assistance, help: [sRuN] PF n. srungassistant, helper: ["sRuN.si.ju] PF n. srungsiyu

(derived from srung help)assume: [sRE."fp·Il] PF vtr. srefpìl (derived from

sre+ before and fpìl think)

at (locative): [Ro] PF adp. ro+at a distance, far away: [a."lIm] PF adv. alìm

(derived from lìm far, be far)at close range, nearby: [a."sim] PF adv. asim

(derived from sim near, be near)at first, originally: [nI."sNæ.Pi] PF adv. nìsngä’i

(derived from sngä’i begin)at long last, finally: [nI."PiP.a] PF adv. nì’i’a

(derived from ’i’a end)at night: ["t'on.kr

"] PF adv. txonkrr (c.w. from

txon night and krr time)at that time, then, that time: [>tsa."kr

"] PF adv.

tsakrr (derived from tsa- that and krr time)at the time that, when: ["kr

".a] PF conj. krra (de-

rived from krr time)attack: ["P·E.k·o] PF vtr. ’ekoattempt: [tI."fmi] PF n. tìfmi (derived from fmi

attempt)attempt: [sæ."fmi] PF n. säfmi (derived from

fmi try, attempt)attempt, try: [fm·i] PF vtrm. fmi (with the

subjunctive)attention to detail, thoroughness: [tI."no] PF

n. tìnoattribute, feature, trait, characteristic, point,

aspect, facet, property: [sjon] PF n. syonaurora: [taw.sju."Ra.tan] PF,LN n. tawsyura-

tan (c.w. from taw sky and syuratan(bio)luminescence)

auspicious, favorable: ["Et.RIp^] PF adj. etrìpauxiliary verb, postpositional non-bound

verb do, make: [s·i] PF si deriving affixavatar, dreamwalker body: [u.nil.tI."Ran.tok']

JC,PF n. uniltìrantokx (c.w. from uniltìra-nyu dreamwalker and tokx body)

avoid: ["P·aw.nIm] PF vtr. ’awnìm (c.w. from’ì’awn remain and alìm distance)

awake: [t'En] PF adj. txenawakeness, the state of waking: [tI."t'En] PF

n. tìtxen (derived from txen awake)awareness, notice: [tI.">tsE.Ri] PF n. tìtseri (de-

rived from tseri note, notice)away (direction): [nE."to] PF adv. neto (derived

from ne to)away (position): [mI."so] PF adv. mìso (derived

from mì in)

5

B

a bit, a small amount (abstract): [nI."Pit^]PF adv. nì’it (derived from ’it bit, a smallamount)

baby carrier: ["pr".smuN] PF n. prrsmung (c.w.

from prrnen baby and smung transportationdevice)

baby, infant: ["pr".nEn] PF n. prrnen

back (direction): [nE."PIm] PF adv. ne’ìmback (of the body): [t'al] PF n. txalback down, give ground: ["t·IN "

>tsEN] PF vin.

tìng tseng (derived from tìng give and tsengground)

back, in response, in answer: [nI."PEjN] PF

adv. nì’eyng (derived from ’eyng answer)bad: [fEP] PF adj. fe’ nfp.bad hearted, malicious: ["kawN.lan] PF adj.

kawnglan (c.w. from kawng bad, evil andtxe’lan heart)

bad tasting: [ft'I."væP] PF adj. ftxìvä’ (c.w. fromftxì tongue and vä’ noisome)

bad, evil: [kawN] PF adj. kawngbad-smelling: [on."væP] PF adj. onvä’ (c.w.

from ontu nose and vä’ unpleasant to the sen-ses)

bad-sounding: [mIk."væP] PF adj. mikvä’ (deri-ved from mikyun ear and vä’ unpleasant tothe senses)

badly: [nI."fEP] PF adv. nìfe’ (derived from fe’bad)

ball: [Rum] PF n. rumbanana fruit: ["u.tu.ma.u.ti] PF n. utumauti

(c.w. from utu canopy and mauti fruit) (lit.canopy fruit)

banshee rider visor: ["i.o.naR] PF n. ionarbar, exclude, keep out: [E."k'an s·i] PF vin. ekx-

an si (derived from ekxan barricade, obstruc-tion)

bar, rod, pole: [swEk^] PF n. swekbark (of a tree): ["tan.lEN] PF n. tanleng (deri-

ved from tangek trunk (of a tree) and ta’lengskin)

barricade, obstruction: [E."k'an] PF n. ekxanbase of operations: ["t'in.>tseN] PF n. txintseng

(c.w. from txin main, primary and tseng pla-ce)

based on the cause, because: [ta."wEjk(a)] PF

conj. taweyk(a)

basically, fundamentally, in essence: [nI."Ran]PF adv. nìran (derived from ran intrinsiccharacter or nature)

battle party, squad, military clan:["wEm.po.Nu] PF n. wempongu (c.w. fromwem fight and pongu group)

be able, can: [>ts·un] PF vim. tsunbe above someone in a heirarchy, be someo-

ne’s superior: [tI."k'Im s·i] PF vin. tìkxìm si(derived from tìkxìm commanding, ordering,assigning tasks)

be afraid: ["t'o.pu "s·i] PF vin. txopu si (derivedfrom txopu fear)

be angry, anger (intransitive): [st·i] PF vin. stibe as it should be, be well, be intact, work

correctly or as nature intended: [z·o] PF

svin. zobe at, occupy a space: [t·ok^] PF vtr. tokbe bad at: [w·æt'] PF vtr. wätxbe born: ["P·o.N·ok'] PF vin. ’ongokx (c.w. from

’ong unfold and nokx give birth to)be busy (negative sense): be tired out and

overwhelmed by an activity that’s kee-ping one busy: ["v·r

".·In] PF svin. vrrìn (de-

rived from ’ìn be busy)be busy (positive sense), be engrossed in so-

mething one finds especially pleasant andenergizing: ["s·u.l·In] PF svin. sulìn (deri-ved from ’ìn be busy)

be busy, be occupied: [P·In] PF svin. ’ìnbe careful, watch out: ["na.Ri s·i] PF vin. nari si

(derived from nari eye)be content, calm, there there: ["tam "tam] M

intj. tam tambe curious, odd, strange, unexpected: [h·Ek^]

PF vin. hekbe curious, want to know: [n·Ew."o.mum] PF

svin. newomum (c.w. from new want andomum know)

be engrossed in something one finds especi-ally pleasant and energizing, be busy (po-sitive sense): ["s·u.l·In] PF svin. sulìn (deri-ved from ’ìn be busy)

be enjoyable: [z·aw."pr".tEP] PF vin. zawprrte’

(derived from za’u come and prrte’ pleasu-rable)

6

be enthusiastic about, show enthusiasm for,be excited about: ["s·oP.h·a] PF vtr. so’ha(Note: Being enthusiastic is always transi-tive in Na’vi -PF)

be excited about, be enthusiastic about,show enthusiasm for: ["s·oP.h·a] PF vtr.so’ha (Note: Being enthusiastic is alwaystransitive in Na’vi -PF)

be familiar, be known (with dative): [sm·on]PF vin. smon

be famous: [t'an."R·o.P·a] PF vin. txanro’a (c.w.from txan much and ro’a inspire awe or re-spect)

be far: [l·Im] PF svin. lìmbe good at: [fn·an] PF vtr. fnanbe horizontal, lie flat: [t'·aj] PF vin. txaybe impressive, inspire awe or respect:

["R·o.P·a] PF vin. ro’abe in order, be organized: [vE."z·o] PF vin. ve-

zo (c.w. from ve’o order and zo be as it shouldbe)

be intact, be well, be as it should be, workcorrectly or as nature intended: [z·o] PF

svin. zobe interesting, intriguing: ["El.tuR tI."t'En s·i]

PF vin. eltur tìtxen si (derived from eltu-rbrain (dative) and tìtxen awakeness)

be known (with dative), be familiar: [sm·on]PF vin. smon

be luminous, glow: [n·r"] PF vin. nrr

be miserable, suffer mentally or emotional-ly: [N·æ."P·æn] PF vin. ngä’än

be naughty, do mischief: ["sti.wi s·i] PF vin.stiwi si (derived from stiwi mischief )

be near: [s·im] PF svin. simbe occupied, be busy: [P·In] PF svin. ’ìnbe of importance, matter: [">tsR·an.t·En] PF vin.

tsrantenbe of value, have some positive value, be

worth something: [l·Ej] PF vin. leybe organized, be in order: [vE."z·o] PF vin. ve-

zo (c.w. from ve’o order and zo be as it shouldbe)

be painful, hurt: [tI."sRaw "s·i] PF vin. tìsraw si(derived from tìsraw pain)

be particularly interested in, focus on, speci-alize in: ["k·an.P·In] PF vtr. kan’ìn (c.w. fromkan aim and ’in be busy)

be patient (ii): [ma."wEj.p·Ej] PF svin. mawey-pey (c.w. from mawey calm and pey wait)

be perfect, flawless: [j·oP^] PF svin. yo’be pleasing or likeable, bring enjoyment:

["s·u.n·u] PF vin. sunube possible, may: [">ts·un.sl·u] PF vin. tsunslu

(c.w. from tsun be able and slu become)be quiet, quiet: [fn·u] PF vin. fnube responsible: [kl

"."fR·oP] PF svin. kllfro’

be responsible for, look after, take care of:[v·EwN] PF vtr. vewng

be someone’s superior, be above someone ina heirarchy: [tI."k'Im s·i] PF vin. tìkxìm si(derived from tìkxìm commanding, ordering,assigning tasks)

be vertical: [k'·Em] PF vin. kxembe well, be intact, be as it should be, work

correctly or as nature intended: [z·o] PF

svin. zobe worth something, be of value, have some

positive value: [l·Ej] PF vin. leybe, am, is, are: [l·u] PF vin., svin. lu (predica-


be, or get drunk: ["R·o.·u] PF vin. rou (exampleuse: rou fa pxir)

bead (decorative): [sRok^] PF n. srokbeast, animal: [i."o.aN] PF n. ioangbeat (rhythmic): ["PE.koN] PF n. ’ekongbeat, strike, slap: ["t·a.k·uk^] PF vtr. takukbeautiful (inner beauty): ["ju.Ej] PF adj. yuey

ofp.beautiful sounding, pleasant sounding:

[mIk."loR] PF adj. miklor (derived from mi-kyun ear and lor beautiful)

beautiful visually: [naR."loR] PF adj. narlor (de-rived from nari eye and lor beautiful, plea-sant to the senses)

beautiful, pleasant to the senses: [loR] PF adj.lor

beauty: [tI."loR] PF n. tìlor (derived from lorbeautiful)

because of that, therefore: [ta."fRal] PF adv.tafral

because of, due to: [ta."lun] PF adp. talun–because, based on the cause: [ta."wEjk(a)] PF

conj. taweyk(a)because, from the reason: [ta."lun(a)] PF conj.

talun(a) (c.w. from ta from and lun reason)

7

because, from the reason: [a."lun.ta] PF conj.alunta

become stuck, get caught in something:[n·ip^] PF vin. nip

become well, heal, get fixed (ii): ["zo.sl·u] PF

vin. zoslu (c.w. from zo be well and slu be-come)

before: ["sRE.fwa] PF conj. srefwa (derived fromsre+ before and fwa that)

before (time): [sRE] PF adp. sre+before dawn: [sRE.sr

"."PoN] PF n. sresrr’ong (c.w.

from sre before and trr’ong dawn)before midnight: [sRE."kam.t'on] PF n. srekam-

txon (c.w. from sre before and kxamtxonmidnight)

before, already, ahead of time: [sRE."kr"] PF


before, by, up to but not after: ["li.sRE] PF adp.lisre+ (c.w. from li already and sre+ before)

before, in front of (place): ["E.o] PF adp. eo–begin, start: ["sN·æ.P·i] PF vim. sngä’ibeginner: ["sNæ.Pi.ju] PF n. sngä’iyu (derived

from sngä’i begin)beginning, starting position, initial location:

["sNæ.PI.>tsEN] PF n. sngä’itseng (c.w. from

sngä’i start and tseng place)beginning, starting time: ["sNæ.Pi.kr

"] PF n.

sngä’ikrr (c.w. from sngä’i begin and krr ti-me)

begrudgingly, disagreeably: [nI.wæ."tE] PF

adv. nìwäte (derived from wäte argue)behind: ["u.o] PF adp. uo–believe: [sp·aw] PF vtr. spawbeloved: ["jaw.nE] PF adj. yawnebelow, under: ["æ.o] PF adp. äo–bench; any tool or device to facilitate sitting,

chair, stool: [sEjn] PF n. seyn (derived fromsä’o tool and heyn sit)

bend: [i·l] PF vin. ilbenefit, advantage, upside, gain: [">tsan.kum]

PF n. tsankum (c.w. from tsan’ul improve, getbetter and kum result)

berry: ["pa.suk^] PF n. pasukbeside, alongside: ["Ro.fa] PF adp. rofa–besides, additionally, furthermore: [nI."suN]

PF adv. nìsung (derived from sung add)best: [swEj] PF adj. swey

best, optimally: [nI."swEj] PF adv. nìswey (de-rived from swey best)

betray: [ka."vuk^ "s·i] PF vin. kavuk si (derivedfrom kavuk treachery)

between: [mI."kam] PF adp. mìkam–beyond: ["nu.æ] PF adp. nuä+beyond perfection, sublime: ["fjo.lE] PF adj.

fyolebib necklace: ["fk'i.lE] PF n. fkxilebig (in size), tall: [>tsawl] PF adj. tsawl ofp.bind: [j·Im] PF vtr. yìmbind / bring two or more things together (ii):

[Paw.stEN."j·Em] PF vtr. ’awstengyem (c.w.from ’awsiteng together and yem put)

bioluminescence: [sju."Ra.tan] JC,PF n. syura-tan (c.w. from syura energy and atan light)

bioluminescent freckle, star: [tan."hI] PF n.tanhì

bird: ["ja.jo] PF n. yayo (c.w. from ya air andioang animal)

bird’s nest: ["ja.jo.>tsRul] PF n. yayotsrul (c.w.from yayo bird and tsrul nest)

bird, young of an animal, fish, insect: ["li.ni]PF n. lini

birth: [tI."Po.Nok'^] PF n. tì’ongokx (derivedfrom ’ongokx be born)

bit of language, expression: ["lIP.fja.vi] PF n.lì’fyavi (derived from lì’fya language)

bit or piece of advice, advice: [mo."waR] PF n.mowar

bit, a small amount: [Pit^] PF n. ’itbite: [fR·Ip^] PF vtr. frìpbitter: ["sjæ.Pæ] PF adj. syä’äblack: [la."jon] PF adj. layonblack: [la."jom.pin] PF n. layompin (derived

from layon black)bladder lantern, nectar lantern: [">tsmi.snr

"] PF

n. tsmisnrr (c.w. from tsmi nectar and nrrglow)

blade of grass: ["zE.swa.vi] PF n. zeswavi (deri-ved from zeswa grass)

blemish, deformity, stain, flawed feature:["fEP.Ran.vi] PF n. fe’ranvi (derived fromfe’ran flawed nature, inherently defective)

bless: [t·IN sjawn] PF vin. tìng syawn (derivedfrom syawn blessing)

blessing: [sjawn] PF n. syawnblind: [kak."REl] PF adj. kakrel (derived from rel

image, picture)

8

blindness: [tI.kak."REl] PF n. tìkakrel (derivedfrom kakrel blind)

blizzard: [t'an."fwER.wI] PF n. txanfwerwì (de-rived from txan much and hufwe+herwìwind+snow)

blood: ["REj.paj] PF n. reypay (c.w. from rey liveand pay water)

blooming, unfolding: [tI."PoN] PF n. tì’ong(derived from ’ong bloom)

blossom, unfold: [P·oN] PF v. ’ongblue, green: ["E.an] PF adj. eanblue, green: ["E.am.pin] PF n. eampin (derived

from ean blue, green)blunt (as a point), dull: [fwEm] PF adj. fwemboat: ["u.Ran] PF n. uranbodily, physical: [lE."tok'] PF adj. letokx (deri-

ved from tokx body)body: [tok'] PF n. tokxbond (neural connection): [>tsa."hEj.lu] JC,PF

n. tsaheylubond with, establish a neural connection:

[>tsa."hEjl "s·i] PF vin. tsaheyl si (derivedfrom tsaheylu bond)

bone: ["t'æ.REm] PF n. txäremboom (onomatopoeic): ["k'aN.aN.aN] PF intj.

kxangangangborder, edge, brink, limit, end: [t'Ew] PF n.

txewborder, perimeter, circumference: ["p'aw.pa]

PF n. pxawpa (c.w. from pxaw around andpa’o side)

borrow: [za."sR·In] PF vtr. zasrìn (derived fromsrìn temporarily transfer from one to another)

bother, annoy: [sR·æt'] PF vtr. srätxbottom: ["kl

".pa] PF n. kllpa

boundless, endless, without limit:["t'Ew.lu.kE] PF adj. txewluke (c.w. from tx-ew limit, border and luke without)

bout of suffering; episode of depression:[sæ.Næ."Pæn] PF n. sängä’än (derived fromngä’än suffer mentally or emotionally)

bow (weapon): [>tsko] PF n. tskobow and arrow: [">tsko swi."zaw] PF n. tsko swi-

zaw (c.w. from tsko bow and swizaw arrow)boy: ["PE.vE.Nan] PF n. ’evengan (derived from

’eveng child)boy (colloquial): ["PE.van] PF n. ’evan (derived

from ’evengan boy)braid, queue: [>tswin] PF n. tswin

brain: ["El.tu] PF n. eltubranch (of a tree): [vul] PF n. vulbranch, fork, point of divergence: [jak^] PF n.

yakbrave: [>tstEw] PF adj. tstew ofp.brave, courageous: [tI.">tstEw.NaP] PF adj. tìt-

stewnga’ (derived from tìtstew courage, bra-very) nfp. (e.g. a brave deed)

bravery, courage: [tI.">tstEw] PF n. tìtstewbrawny person, strongman/woman: ["t'uR.tu]

PF n. txurtu (derived from txur strong (phy-sically))

breach, gap: ["mEk.>tsEN] PF n. mektseng (c.w.

from mek empty and tseng place)break, small rest or relaxation: [tI."sjoR.>tsjIp^]

PF n. tìsyortsyìp (derived from syor relax,chill out)

break, snap in two: [k'·ak'] PF vin. kxakxbreastplate (armor): ["ma.sat] PF n. masatbreath: ["sjE.ha] PF n. syehabreathe: ["sjE.ha s·i] PF vin. syeha si (derived

from syeha breath)breeze, light wind: [hu."fwE.

>tsjIp^] PF n.

hufwetsyìp (derived from hufwe wind)briefly, shortly (of time): [nI."jol] PF adv. nìyol

(derived from yol short (of time))bright, vivid: ["t'a.na.tan] PF adj. txanatan

(c.w. from txan much and atan light)bring: [za."m·u.N·E] PF vtr. zamunge (derived

from munge bring)bring enjoyment, be pleasing or likeable:

["s·u.n·u] PF vin. sunubring forth, reveal, uncover (literally and

metaphorically): ["k·u.l·at^] PF vtr. kulatbring to a conclusion, accomplish: [ha."sEj

"s·i] PF vin. hasey si (derived from hasey do-ne, finished)

bring, take: ["m·u.N·E] PF vtr. mungebringing fun, exciting: [PoP] PF adj. ’o’brink, edge, limit, border, end: [t'Ew] PF n.

txewbroad, vast, expansive: ["ho.Et^] PF adj. hoetbroken: [fwEl] PF adj. fwelbroken heart, broken heartedness:

[jawn."jEw.la] PF n. yawnyewla (c.w. fromyawne beloved and yewla disappointment)

broken heartedness, broken heart:[jawn."jEw.la] PF n. yawnyewla (c.w. fromyawne beloved and yewla disappointment)

9

brother: [">tsmu.kan] PF n. tsmukan (derivedfrom tsmuk sibling)

brow, forehead: [za."REP] PF n. zare’ (c.w. fromzapxì front and re’o head)

brown: ["kl".vawm] PF adj. kllvawm (c.w. from

kllte ground and vawm dark)bruise, cut, minor wound: ["sk'iR.>tsjIp^] PF n.

skxirtsyìp (derived from skxir wound)brush, comb: [sl·aJk^] PF vtr. slaykbubble: [t'at'] PF n. txatxbud: ["pr

".nE.sjul] PF n. prrnesyul (c.w. from

prrnen baby and syulang flower)build, construct: ["t'·u.l·a] PF vtr. txulaburn: ["p·a.l·on] PF vin. palonburn, consume: [n·Ek'] PF vtr. nekxbury: [kl

"."j·Em] PF vtr. kllyem (c.w. from kllte

ground and yem put)bush: ["ut.Ral.>tsjIp^] PF n. utraltsyìp (derived

from utral tree)but: [slæ] PF conj. släbut also: ["slæ.kop^] PF adv. släkop (c.w. from

slä but and kop also)but instead, but rather: [ki] PF conj. kibut only rarely), a wall or bank of powerful

waterfalls noted for its deafening roar anddeadly force (countable: [k'oR] PF n. kxor

but only rarely), whitewater rapids (countab-le: [">tsEl.>tsul] PF n. tseltsul

but rather, but instead: [ki] PF conj. kibutcher (in the sense of separating or proces-

sing the carcass of a dead animal): [s·Ej."to]PF vtr. seyto

butchering tool: [sæ.sEj."to] PF n. säseyto (de-rived from seyto ‘butcher (in the sense of se-parating or processing the carcass of a dead ani-mal))

butt, rear end, ass: [t'Im] PF n. txìmbutthole, asshole, dickhead (vulgar):


by chance or coincidence: [nI."sjaj.vi] PF adv.nìsyayvi (derived from syayvi luck)

by climbing: [nI.">tsjIl] PF adv. nìtsyìl (derivedfrom tsyìl climb)

by drinking, in a liquid way: [nI."næk^] PF

adv. nìnäk (derived from näk drink)by hiding, secretly, in hiding: [nI."wan] PF

adv. nìwan (derived from wan hide)by imagination, in imagination: [nI."Ron.sREl]

PF adv. nìronsrel (derived from rons-relngop imagine)

by means of, with: [fa] PF adp. fa–by one’s self; lonely, alone, on one’s own:

[lE."Paw.tu] PF adj. le’awtu (c.w. from ’awone and tute person)

by reading: ["ni.nan] PF adv. ninan (derivedfrom inan read)

by swimming: [nI."slE.lE] PF adv. nìslele (deri-ved from slele swim)

by the way, incidentally: [nI."viN.kap^] PF adv.nìvingkap (derived from vingkap occur toone, pop into one’s mind)

by whispering, in a whisper: [nI.">tsI.syI] PF

adv. nìtsìsyì (derived from tsìsyì whisper, v.)by whistling, in a whistling manner:

[nI."fwE.fwi] PF adv. nìfwefwi (derived fromfwefwi whistle)

by, before, up to but not after: ["li.sRE] PF adp.lisre+ (c.w. from li already and sre+ before)

by, via, following, according to: ["I.læ] or[I."læ] PF adp. ìlä+

C

’crap!’, expression of warning or frustration,’ah, hell!’: [">tsa."hEj] ZS intj. tsa-hey

a climb, climbing event: [sæ.">tsjIl] PF n. sätsyìl

(derived from tsyìl climb)

a competition: [sæ."wæ.sul] PF n. säwäsul (de-rived from wäsul compete)

a contest: [sæ."wæ.sul.>tsjIp^] PF n. säwäsultsyìp

(derived from säwäsul a competition)

call: [sj·aw] PF vin. syaw

call: [tI."lEjm] PF n. tìleym (derived from leymcall, cry out, exclaim)

call to defense, alarm cry: ["Raw.kE] PF intj.rawke

call, cry out, exclaim: [l·Ejm] PF vim. leymcalm: [ma."wEj] CM adj. maweycalm, be content, there there: ["tam "tam] M

intj. tam tamcalmly, peacefully: [nIm."wEj] PF adv. nìmwey

(derived from mawey calm)

10

camera: [sjEp."REl] PF n. syeprel (c.w. from syeptrap and rel image)

camp: [tI."Pawm "s·i] PF vin. tì’awm si (derivedfrom ’awm camp)

camp: [Pawm] PF n. ’awmcamping: [tI."Pawm] PF n. tì’awm (derived

from ’awm camp)can, be able: [>ts·un] PF vim. tsuncannot be pluralised), food (collective noun:

["sju.vE] PF n. syuvecanoe: [ja."nEj] PF n. yaneycanoe paddle: [spul.ja."nEj] PF n. spulyaney

(c.w. from spule propel and yaney canoe)cape, poncho, shawl: ["Pa.RE] PF n. ’arecaptive: [spE."PE.tu] PF n. spe’etu (derived

from spe’e capture)capture: [sp·E."P·E] PF vtr. spe’ecapture: [tI.spE."PE] PF n. tìspe’e (derived from

spe’e capture)carefully, firmly: [nIk.tuN."zup^] PF adv. nìk-

tungzup (derived from ke tungzup not drop)lit.: ’without letting it fall’

carrier, container, vessel: [sæ."hE.na] PF n. sä-hena (derived from hena carry)

carry: ["h·E.n·a] PF vtr. henacarved from wood, goggles, (made from in-

sect wings, etc): ["REn.tEn] PF n. rentencatch: ["st·æP.n·I] PF vtr. stä’nìcause: [o."Ejk^] PF n. oeykcave: [slæR] PF n. slärcavity, hole, excavation with a bottom (visib-

le or presumed): [">tsoN.Rop'] PF n. tsongropx(c.w. from tsong valley and ropx hole)

celebrate: [ft'o."zæ s·i] PF vin. ftxozä si (deri-ved from ftxozä celebration)

celebration, happy occasion: [ft'o."zæ] PF n.ftxozä

center, place in the middle: ["k'am.>tsEN] PF

n. kxamtseng (c.w. from kxam middle andtseng place)

ceremonial), song (ancient: [waj] PF n. wayceremonious: ["PE.o.i.o] PF adj. ’eoioceremoniously: [nI."PE.o.i.o] PF adv. nì’eoio

(derived from ’eoio ceremonious)ceremony, ritual, rite: [sæ."PE.o.i.o] PF n.

sä’eoio (derived from ’eoio ceremonious)certain, clear: [law] PF adj. lawchair, stool, bench; any tool or device to fa-

cilitate sitting: [sEjn] PF n. seyn (derived

from sä’o tool and heyn sit)challenge (ceremonial): [fpE."i.o] PF n. fpeiochance, luck: ["sjaj.vi] PF n. syayvi (derived

from syay fate)chance, opportunity: [sk'om] PF n. skxomchange: ["l·a.t·Em] PF vin. latem (l«eyk»atem

vtr. change)change (abstract concept): [tI."la.tEm] PF n.

tìlatem (derived from latem change)change (instance of), edit, modification:

[sæ."la.tEm] PF n. sälatem (derived from la-tem change)

change direction, diverge, go astray: [j·ak^ s·i]PF vin. yak si (derived from yak point of di-vergence)

chaotic, messy, disorganized, in shambles:["vEl.ke] PF adj. velke (c.w. from ve’o order,organization and luke without)

characteristic, feature, trait, attribute, point,aspect, facet, property: [sjon] PF n. syon

charge: ["k'l""s·i] PF vin. kxll si (derived from

kxll charge)charge, running attack: [k'l

"] PF n. kxll

chase: ["f·E.w·i] PF vtr. fewichat, converse, have a conversation:

[p·æN."k'·o] PF vin. pängkxochatter, converser: [pæN."k'o.ju] PF n. pängkx-

oyu (derived from pängkxo chat)check out, taste, try, sample, evaluate, test-

drive: [m·ajP] PF vtrm. may’check, examine: [st·E."ft'·aw] PF vtr. steftxawcheek: [flawm] PF n. flawmchest: [hEJR] PF n. heyrchild: ["PE.vEN] PF n. ’evengchill out, relax: [sj·oR] PF vin. syorchilly, cool: [wuR] PF adj. wurchin: [">tsuk.sIm] PF n. tsuksìmchip, flake, drop: ["Il.va] PF n. ìlvachoice: [tI."ft'Ej] PF n. tìftxey (derived from ftx-

ey choose)choose: [ft'·Ej] PF vtr. ftxeycinder, ash: ["t'E.pI.va] PF n. txepìva (derived

from txep fire and ìlva flake)circle: ["joP.ko] PF n. yo’ko (derived from yo’

perfect and ko’on ring)circumference, perimeter, border: ["p'aw.pa]


clan: [o."loP] PF n. olo’

11

clan leader: [o.lo."PEjk.tan] JC n. olo’eyktan(c.w. from olo’ clan and eyktan leader)

clan or tribal domain, country: [t'an.lo."k'E]PF n. txanlokxe (c.w. from txan; olo’ great;tribe, clan and atxkxe land)

clan, or group of avatars: [u.nil.tI."Ran.tok'.o.loP]PF n. uniltìrantokxolo’ (c.w. from uniltìran-tokx avatar, dreamwalker body and olo’ clan)

clap hands: [t·ak."syok'] PF vin. taksyokx (deri-ved from takuk strike and tsyokx hand)

class (for instruction): [nu.mul."t'a] PF n. nu-multxa (c.w. from nume learn and ultxa me-eting)

classmate, member of a class: [nu.mul."t'a.tu]PF n. numultxatu (derived from numultxaclass (for instruction))

classroom, division of a school: ["num.>tsEN.vi]

PF n. numtsengvi (derived from numtsengschool)

clause - level attributive marker: [a] PF,LN

part. aclaw, nail: [>tsin] PF n. tsinclean: ["la.Ro] PF adj. laroclean, make free of dirt: ["la.ro s·i] PF vin. laro

si (derived from laro clean)clear (for cloudless skies), open: [pi."ak^] PF

adj. piakclear, certain: [law] PF adj. lawclear, free, unblocked, unobstructed:

[kaw."k'an] PF adj. kawkxan (c.w. from ke’aw not one and ekxan barricade, obstruction)

clearly: [nI."law] PF adv. nìlaw (derived fromlaw clear)

clever, smart (thing): [sIl."Ron.sEm] PF adj. sìl-ronsem (c.w. from sìltsan good and ronsemmind)

clever/special methodology, trick, sleight ofhand: ["iN.jEn.>tsjIp^] PF n. ingyentsyìp (deri-ved from ingyen feeling of mystery)

cliff: [Pawk'] PF n. ’awkxclimb, scale (pulling entire body up): [>tsj·Il]

PF vtr. tsyìlclimbing event, a climb: [sæ."

>tsjIl] PF n. sätsyìl

(derived from tsyìl climb)close: [">tstu "s·i] PF vin. tstu si (derived from

tstu closed)close to: [l·ok^] PF adp. lok–closed shape roughly circular, ring, oval:

["ko.Pon] PF n. ko’on (derived from koum

rounded, curved and ’on shape)closed, shut, overcast (for cloudy skies):

[>tstu] PF adj. tstucloth; a piece of cloth woven on a loom: [sRæ]

PF n. sräcloud: [pI."wop'] PF n. pìwopxcloudy: [lEp."wop'] PF adj. lepwopx (derived

from pìwopx cloud)club (weapon): [t'Ewk^] PF n. txewkclump, set, group, pile, stand: ["sna.Po] PF n.

sna’o nfp.clumsiness: [tIp."saw] PF n. tìpsaw (derived

from pìsaw clumsy, accident-prone)clumsy, accident-prone: [pI."saw] PF adj. pìsawcoarse, vulgar, socially unacceptable:

[ræp."tum] PF adj. räptumcold: [wEw] PF adj. wewcold, coldness: [tI."wEw] PF n. tìwew (derived

from wew cold)coldness, cold: [tI."wEw] PF n. tìwew (derived

from wew cold)collar / choker: [Pa."liP.æ] PF n. ’ali’äcolleague: ["lER.tu] PF n. lertucollect, gather: ["st·aR.s·Im] PF vtr. starsìmcollection (put together intentionally by a

person): [sæ."staR.sIm] PF n. sästarsìm (de-rived from starsìm gather, collect)

colloquial form of txanso’hayu (fan, enthusi-ast): ["so.ju] PF n. so’yu

colloquial form of zìsìtsaltrr (yearly anniver-sary): [zI.">tsal.tr

"] PF n. zìtsaltrr

color: ["Po.pin] PF n. ’opincolor in, color: ["Po.pin.s·uN] PF vtr. ’opinsung

(c.w. from ’opin color and sung add)color, color in: ["Po.pin.s·uN] PF vtr. ’opinsung

(c.w. from ’opin color and sung add)colorful, multicolored, variegated: ["p'aj.o.pin]

PF adj. pxayopin (c.w. from pxay many and’opin color)

comb, brush: [sl·aJk^] PF vtr. slaykcome: ["z·a.P·u] PF vin. za’ucome down, descend: [kl

"."z·a.P·u] PF vin. kll-

za’u (c.w. from kllte ground and za’u come)come into view, appear, materialize: [sR·ER]

PF vin. srercome out, emerge: [wr

"."z·a.Pu] PF vin. wrrza’u

(derived from wrrpa outside and za’u come)come to the senses as, resemble in a sensory

modality: [fk·an] PF vin. fkan

12

come up, ascend: [fæ."z·a.P·u] PF vin. fäza’u(c.w. from fäpa top and za’u come)

comfort: ["ho.an] PF n. hoancomfortable: [lE."ho.an] PF adj. lehoan (derived

from hoan comfort)comfortable, mild, moderate: [">tsja.fE] PF adj.

tsyafecomfortably: [nI."ho.an] PF adv. nìhoan (deri-

ved from hoan comfort)command, order, assign a task: [k'·Im] PF vtr.

kxìmcommander, one with authority over anot-

her: ["k'Im.ju] PF n. kxìmyu (derived fromkxìm command, order, assign tasks)

commanding, ordering, assigning tasks:[tI."k'Im] PF n. tìkxìm (derived from kxìmcommand, order, assign tasks)

commands only), do not (for negative impe-ratives: [Ræ."Pæ] PF part. rä’ä

comment: [sæ.pl"."t'E.vi] PF n. säplltxevi (deri-

ved from säplltxe statement)communal: [jl

"] PF adj. yll

communal fire or fire pit: ["jl".t'Ep^] PF n. yll-

txep (c.w. from yll communal and txep fire)communally, in a communal manner: [nI."jl

"]

PF adv. nìyll (derived from yll communal)commune: [ti."RE.a.p·æN.�k'·o] PF v. tireapäng-

kxo (c.w. from tirea spirit and pängkxo chat)compete: ["wæ.s·ul] PF vin. wäsulcompetition: [tI."wæ.sul] PF n. tìwäsul (deri-

ved from wäsul compete)complain: [l·Ejm."fEP] PF vin. leymfe’ (c.w.

from leym call, cry out, exclaim and fe’ bad)complaining: [tI.lEjm."fEP] PF n. tìleymfe’ (de-

rived from leymfe’ complain)complaint: [sæ.lEjm."fEP] PF n. säleymfe’ (deri-

ved from leymfe’ complain)complement, fit, suit, inherently enhance:

[h·aP] PF vin. ha’complete: [Pæn."sjEm] PF adj. ’änsyemcompletely, all (of), in toto: [nI."wot'] PF adv.

nìwotx (derived from wotx totality, whole)complex: [Ep."PaN] PF adj. ep’angcomposer, music creator: [pam.

>tsE.o."Nop.ju]

PF n. pamtseongopyu (c.w. from pamtseomusic and ngopyu creator) eg. James Hor-ner

computer: ["El.tu lE."fNap^] Prr n. eltu lefngap(c.w. from eltu brain and lefngap metallic)

concede defeat, give up, surrender: ["v·E.l·Ek^]PF vin. velek

concentrate, focus one’s attention: ["k·an.fp·Il]PF vin. kanfpìl (c.w. from kan aim and fpìlthink)

concerning language, regarding language:[lE."lIP.fja] PF adj. lelì’fya (derived fromlì’fya language)

concerning, about: [tE."Ri] PF adp. teri–conclude, end: ["P·iP.·a] PF vin. ’i’aconclusion, ending: [tI."PiP.a] PF n. tì’i’a (de-

rived from ’i’a end)condition, state, situation: [tI."fkEj.tok^] PF n.

tìfkeytok (derived from fkeytok exist)conference, large gathering: [>tsawl.ul."t'a] PF

n. tsawlultxa (c.w. from tsawl big and ultxameeting)

confident, strong (emotionally, spiritually,not physical): [sEj."k'El] PF adj. seykxel

confident, sure: [am."Pa.kE] PF adj. am’ake(c.w. from am’a doubt and ke not)

confidently: [nam."Pa.kE] PF adv. nam’ake (de-rived from am’ake confident)

confirm, validate: [ka."Naj s·i] PF vin. kangay si(derived from kangay valid)

confusing: [ja."jajR.NaP] PF adj. yayayrnga’(derived from yayayr confusion)

confusion: [ja."jajR] PF n. yayayrconjunction: ["ti.lI.Pu] PF n. tilì’u (c.w. from til

joint, hinge and lì’u word)connect, relate to, have a relationship with:

["t·a.R·E] PF vtr. tareconnection, relationship: [sæ."ta.RE] PF n. sä-

tare (derived from tare connect, relate to)conquer, defeat in battle: [l·æ."t'·ajn] PF vtr.

lätxaynconsiderate, kind, thoughtful: [">tstun.wi] PF

adj. tstunwiconstellation: [sna.tan."hI] PF n. snatanhì (c.w.

from sna’o clump and tanhì star) lit.: ’aclump of stars’

constititution; basic nature of something re-sulting from the totality of its properti-es; often best translated as personality, in-trinsic character or nature, essence: [Ran]PF n. ran

constrict, tighten: [sn·Ew] PF vtr. snewconstruct, build: ["t'·u.l·a] PF vtr. txula

13

constructed device for keeping somethingoff the ground and clean: [fjan] PF n. fyan

constructed thing, construction: [tI."t'u.la] PF

n. tìtxula (derived from txula build)construction, constructed thing: [tI."t'u.la] PF

n. tìtxula (derived from txula build)consume, burn: [n·Ek'] PF vtr. nekxcontain: [NaP] PF vtr. nga’container, vessel, carrier: [sæ."hE.na] PF n. sä-

hena (derived from hena carry)content, satisfied, satiated, full: [jE] PF adj. yecontinually: [nI."tut^] PF adv. nìtut (derived

from tut continuation marker)continuation marker: [tut^] PF part. tutcontinuously, incessantly, without stopping:

[nIl.kE."ftaN] PF adv. nìlkeftang (c.w. fromluke without and ftang stop)

control: [hip'] PF vtr. hipxcontrol: [tI."hip'] PF n. tìhipx (derived from

hipx control)conundrum, mystery, riddle, enigma:

["iN.jEn.>tsim] PF n. ingyentsim (c.w. fromingyen feeling of mystery and tsim source)

convenient, usable without much expenditu-re of effort: [nik^] PF adj. nik

conversation, discussion: [tI.pæN."k'o] PF n.tìpängkxo (derived from pängkxo chat)

converse, chat, have a conversation:[p·æN."k'·o] PF vin. pängkxo

conversely, on the contrary: [nI."wæ] PF adv.nìwä

converser, chatter: [pæN."k'o.ju] PF n. pängkx-oyu (derived from pängkxo chat)

cook: [P·Em] PF vtr. ’emcook, cooker: ["PEm.ju] PF n. ’emyu (derived

from ’em cook)cooker, cook: ["PEm.ju] PF n. ’emyu (derived

from ’em cook)cooking pot: ["hu.Ru] PF n. hurucool, chilly: [wuR] PF adj. wurcord: [tE."lEm] PF n. telemcorrect path, right way (of doing something):

[e."jawR.fya] PF n. eyawrfya (derived fromeyawr correct, right and fya’o path, way,manner)

correct, right: [E."jawR] PF adj. eyawrcorrectly, rightly: [nI."jawR] PF adv. nìyawr (de-

rived from eyawr correct, right)

correctness: [tI."jawR] PF n. tìyawr (derivedfrom eyawr correct)

count: ["t·i.·am] PF vtr. tiamcountry, clan or tribal domain: [t'an.lo."k'E]

PF n. txanlokxe (c.w. from txan; olo’ great;tribe, clan and atxkxe land)

courage, bravery: [tI.">tstEw] PF n. tìtstewcourageous, brave: [tI.">tstEw.NaP] PF adj. tìt-

stewnga’ (derived from tìtstew courage, bra-very) nfp. (e.g. a brave deed)

course (as a collection of classes):[sna.nu.mul."t'a] PF n. snanumultxa (deri-ved from numultxa class (for instruction))

course, direction: [sa."lEw.fja] PF n. salewfya(derived from salew proceed and fya’o path)

cover: ["lEw "s·i] PF vin. lew si (derived fromlew cover)

cover up, obfuscation: [tI."wan] PF n. tìwan(derived from wan hide)

cover, lid: [lEw] PF n. lewcovering thoroughly, across: [ka] PF adp. ka–coward: [fna."wEP.tu] PF n. fnawe’tu (derived

from fnawe’ cowardly)cowardly: [fna."wEP] PF adj. fnawe’craft, master of an art, or skill, expert:

[>tsul."fæ.tu] PF n. tsulfätu (derived fromtsulfä mastery)

crayon: ["Po.pin.vul.>tsjIp^] PF n. ’opinvultsyìp(c.w. from ’opin color and vultsyìp stick)

crayon: ["pin.vul] PF n. pinvul (c.w. from ’opincolor and vul branch (of a tree)) short for’opinvultsyìp

crazy, insane: [lEk."jE.PuN] PF adj. lekye’ung(derived from keye’ung insanity)

create: [N·op^] PF vtr. ngopcreation: [sæ."Nop^] PF n. sängop (derived from

ngop create)creator: ["Nop.ju] PF n. ngopyu (derived from

ngop create)creature: [swi."Ræ] PF n. swiräcross: [Em."k·æ] PF vtr. emkä (derived from

emza’u pass, overcome and kä go)crossbow: [">tska.lEp^] PF n. tskalepcrush, trample: [sR·uP] PF vtr. sru’cry out, call, exclaim: [l·Ejm] PF vim. leymcry, weep: [">tsN·aw.v·Ik^] PF vin. tsngawvìkcultural: [lE."REj.fja] PF adj. lereyfya (derived

from reyfya way of living)

14

culture, way of living: ["REj.fja] PF n. reyfya(c.w. from rey live and fya’o path, way)

cup: [>tsNal] PF n. tsngalcup or bowl minimally modified from natu-

rally occuring resources: [sEj] PF n. seycuriosity: [tI."no.mum] PF n. tìnomum (derived

from newomum be curious)curious: [lE."no.mum] PF adj. lenomum (deri-

ved from newomum be curious)current: [lE."fkr

"] PF adj. lefkrr (derived from

fìkrr this time)current: [">tswE.sja] PF n. tswesyacurrently, lately: [nI."fkr

"] PF adv. nìfkrr (deri-

ved from fìkrr this time)

curved, rounded: ["ko.um] PF adj. koum

cut: [m·un."P·i] PF v. mun’i

cut into parts, divide: [p'I.m·un.P"·i] PF vtr. px-ìmun’i (c.w. from hapxì part and mun’i cut)

cut, bruise, minor wound: ["sk'iR.>tsjIp^] PF n.skxirtsyìp (derived from skxir wound)

cute, endearing, adorable: ["ho.na] PF adj. ho-na

cuteness, adorableness: [tI."ho.na] PF n. tìhona(derived from hona endearing)

cycle: ["joP.ko.fja] PF n. yo’kofya (c.w. fromyo’ko circle and fya’o path, way)

CANNOT FIND OSLETTER

utterance), what (word: ["lI.Pu.pE] PF inter.lì’upe variant of pelì’u

utterance), what (word: [pE."lI.Pu] PF inter.pelì’u variant of lì’upe

D

’damn!’, expression of warning or frustra-tion: ["wi.ja] ZS intj. wiya

daddy: ["sEm.pu] PF n. sempu (affectionateform of sempul father)

daily: [lE."tr"] RL adj. letrr (derived from trr day)

daily, every day: [fRa."tr"] PF adv. fratrr (deri-

ved from trr day)damp, moist, humid: ["paj.NaP] PF adj.

paynga’ (derived from pay water and nga’contain)

dance: [sR·Ew] PF vin. srewdanger: ["hr

".ap^] PF n. hrrap

dangerous: [lE."hr".ap^] PF adj. lehrrap (derived

from hrrap danger)dank (non-animal decay), smell of decaying

wood and leaves: [NEt^] PF adj. ngetdark: [vawm] PF adj. vawmdark color: ["vawm.pin] PF n. vawmpin (deri-

ved from vawm dark)darkness: [tI."vawm] PF n. tìvawm (derived

from vawm dark)darling, little loved one: ["yawn.tu.

>tsjIp] PF

n. yawntutsyìp (derived from yawntu lovedone)

daughter: ["Pi.tE] JC,PF n. ’itedawn after sunrise: [tr

"."PoN.maw] PF n.

trr’ongmaw (c.w. from trr’ong dawn and

maw after)dawn, sunrise: [tr

"."PoN] PF n. trr’ong (c.w.

from trr day and ’ong unfold)day: [tr

"] PF n. trr

day of commemoration: ["Pok.tr"] PF n. ’oktrr

(c.w. from ’ok remembrance and trr day)day time smoking pleasure, vibrating tongue

(Na’vi idiom): [pr".k'En.tr

".kr

"] Skxawng n. prr-

kxentrrkrr (c.w. from prrte’ pleasurable, kxe-ner smoke, trr day and krr time)

dead: ["kE.Ru.sEj] PF adj. kerusey (c.w. from kenot and r«us»ey alive (participle infix))

deaf: [kak."pam] PF adj. kakpam (derived frompam sound)

deafness: [tI.kak."pam] PF n. tìkakpam (derivedfrom kakpam deaf )

dear or cute little fire: ["t'Ep.>tsjIp^] PF n. txept-syìp (derived from txep fire)

death: [k'it'] PF n. kxitxdeath (in abstract sense): [tI."tER.kup^] PF n.

tìterkup (derived from terkup die)“Death isinevitable."

decay, rot, degrade over time: [sn·æm] PF vin.snäm

decide: ["p·E.P·un] PF vtr. pe’undecision: [tI."pE.Pun] PF n. tìpe’un (derived

from pe’un decide)

15

decrease: [n·æn] PF vin. nändecreasingly, less and less: [nI."næn.æn] PF

adv. nìnänän (derived from nän decrease)deed, thing (action): [kEm] PF n. kemdeep (physically): [t'uk'] PF adj. txukxdefeat in battle, conquer: [l·æ."t'·ajn] PF vtr.

lätxayndefeat, an instance of defeat: [sæ.læ."t'ajn] PF

n. sälätxayn (derived from lätxayn defeat)defend, save: [z·oN] PF vtr. zongdeformity, blemish, stain, flawed feature:

["fEP.Ran.vi] PF n. fe’ranvi (derived fromfe’ran flawed nature, inherently defective)

degrade over time, rot, decay: [sn·æm] PF vin.snäm

degree of complexity: [fjin.Ep."PaN] PF n. fy-inep’ang (c.w. from fyin simple and ep’angcomplex)

degree of tightness, looseness: [PE."k'i.num]PF n. ’ekxinum (c.w. from ’ekxin tight andum loose)

deliberately, purposefully: [nIt."kan] PF adv.nìtkan (derived from tìkan aim, goal, purpo-se)

delicate, fragile: [su."sjaN] PF adj. susyangdelicious, good tasting: [ft'I."loR] PF adj. ftxìlor

(c.w. from ftxì tongue and lor beautiful)demand, require: [fN·oP] PF vtr. fngo’demand, requirement: [sæ."fNoP] PF n. säfngo’

(derived from fngo’ require)demon: ["vr

".tEp^] PF n. vrrtep

depart, leave: [h·um] PF vin. humdepend on, rely on, trust for protection:

[m·oN] PF vtr. mongdeputy, general, one step down from leader:

[Ejk.ta."naj] JC,PF n. eyktanay (derived fromeyktan leader)

descend, come down: [kl"."z·a.P·u] PF vin. kll-

za’u (c.w. from kllte ground and za’u come)descend, go down: [kl

"."k·æ] PF vin. kllkä (c.w.

from kllpa bottom and kä go)describe: ["sl·aP.>ts·u] PF vtr. sla’tsudescription: [tI."slaP.>tsu] PF n. tìsla’tsu (deri-

ved from sla’tsu describe)design: ["Po.N·op^] PF vtr. ’ongop (c.w. from ’on

shape, form and ngop create)design (a particular instance of designing):

[sæ."rE.Nop^] PF n. särengop (derived fromrengop design)

design (finer detail): ["rE.N·op^] PF vtr. rengop(c.w. from renu pattern and ngop create)

design (the act or art of designing: [tI."rE.Nop^]PF n. tìrengop (derived from rengop design)

designer: ["Po.Nop.ju] PF n. ’ongopyu (derivedfrom ’ongop design)

desire: [tI."nEw] PF n. tìnew (derived from newwant)

destroy: [sk·a."P·a] PF vtr. ska’adestruction: [tI.ska."Pa] PF n. tìska’a (derived

from ska’a destroy)detail-orientated (of a person), thorough:

[lE."no] PF adj. lenodetailed, fine, precise, intricate (of things):

[hI."no] PF adj. hìnodickhead (vulgar), butthole, asshole:


dictionary: ["lI.Pu.puk^] PF n. lì’upuk (c.w. fromlì’u word and puk book (English loan word))

die: ["t·ER.k·up^] PF vin. terkupdifference: [tI."kE.tEN] PF n. tìketeng (c.w. from

ke not and teng same)different: ["kE.tEN] PF adj. keteng (c.w. from ke

not and teng same, equal)difficult, hard: ["Næ.zIk^] PF adj. ngäzìkdifficulty, problem: [tI."Næ.zIk^] PF n. tìngäzìk

(derived from ngäzìk difficult)dig up: [kl

"."k·u.l·at^] PF vtr. kllkulat

diligently, hard: [kawl] PF adv. kawldim: ["snu.mI.na] CP adj. snumìna ofp. (refers

to a ’dim’ person)dimple: [">tsoN.>tsjIp] PF n. tsongtsyìp (derived

from tsong valley)dinner, served meal: ["wu.

>tso] PF n. wutso

dip into liquid: [jEm."fpaj "s·i] PF vin. yemfpaysi (derived from yemfpay dipping)

dipping, immersion (into liquid): [jEm."fpaj]PF n. yemfpay (c.w. from yem put and paywater)

direction, course: [sa."lEw.fja] PF n. salewfya(derived from salew proceed and fya’o path)

directly, straight to the point: [nI."jEj] PF adv.nìyey (derived from yey straight)

dirty: [>tsEwt'] PF adj. tsewtxdisadvantage, drawback, downside:

["fE.kum] PF n. fekum (c.w. from fe’ bad andkum result)

16

disadvantageous: ["fE.kum.NaP] PF adj. fe-kumnga’ (derived from fekum disadvantage,drawback, downside)

disagreeable, argumentative (of an agent):[lE.wæ."tE] PF adj. lewäte (derived from wä-te argue)

disagreeably, begrudgingly: [nI.wæ."tE] PF

adv. nìwäte (derived from wäte argue)disappear, vanish, recede from view: [P·Ip]

PF vin. ’ìpdisappointing: [lE."jEw.la] PF adj. leyewla (de-

rived from yewla disappointment)disappointment, emotional let-down, failed

expectation: ["jEw.la] PF n. yewladiscourse on, talk about, say something con-

cerning: [l·awk^] PF vtr. lawkdiscover, find: [R·un] PF vtr. rundiscussion, conversation: [tI.pæN."k'o] PF n.

tìpängkxo (derived from pängkxo chat)disease, sickness, illness: [sæ."sp'in] PF n.

säspxin (derived from spxin sick)disorganized, chaotic, messy, in shambles:

["vEl.ke] PF adj. velke (c.w. from ve’o order,organization and luke without)

disparagement: [pak^] PF part. pakdisplay an attitude towards, treat (emotio-

nally): [z·Et^] PF vtr. zetdispute, argue: [wæ."t·E] PF vtr. wätedispute, argument: [tI.wæ."tE] PF n. tìwäte (de-

rived from wäte argue)distinct, special: [zEj] PF adj. zeydive, duck: [t·awN] PF vin. tawngdiverge, change direction, go astray: [j·ak^ s·i]

PF vin. yak si (derived from yak point of di-vergence)

divide, cut into parts: [p'I.m·un.P"·i] PF vtr. px-ìmun’i (c.w. from hapxì part and mun’i cut)

divided, torn apart, strife-ridden: [kE."Paw]PF adj. ke’aw (c.w. from ke not and ’aw one)

division of a school, classroom: ["num.>tsEN.vi]

PF n. numtsengvi (derived from numtsengschool)

do: ["kEm "s·i] PF vin. kem si (derived from kemaction, deed)

do again, repeat: [l·Ejn] PF vtr. leyndo great deeds: [sæ."Ro.Pa s·i] PF vin. säro’a si

(derived from säro’a great deed)do mischief, be naughty: ["sti.wi s·i] PF vin.

stiwi si (derived from stiwi mischief )

do not (for negative imperatives, commandsonly): [Ræ."Pæ] PF part. rä’ä

do wrong, mess up, foul: [tI."k'Ej "s·i] PF vin.tìkxey si (derived from tìkxey incorrectness)

dodgy, sneaky (of a person): [lEt."wan] PF adj.letwan (derived from tute person and wanhide)

don, put on (clothing): ["j·Em.stok'] PF vtr.yemstokx (c.w. from yem sìn put on and tokxbody)

done, finished: [ha."sEj] PF adj. haseydoorway, entrance: [rawN] PF n. rawngdoubt: [am."Pa] PF n. am’adown (direction): [nE."kl

"] PF adv. nekll

downside, disadvantage, drawback:["fE.kum] PF n. fekum (c.w. from fe’ bad andkum result)

drab, grey: [Nul] PF adj. nguldraw, illustrate: [w·Ejn] PF vtr. weyndrawback, disadvantage, downside:

["fE.kum] PF n. fekum (c.w. from fe’ bad andkum result)

dream: ["u.nil] JC n. unildream: ["u.nil s·i] PF vin. unil si (derived from

unil dream)dream about, dream of: ["u.nIl.>ts·a] PF vtr.

uniltsa (derived from unil dream and tse’asee)

dream of, dream about: ["u.nIl.>ts·a] PF vtr.uniltsa (derived from unil dream and tse’asee)

dreamwalker: [u.nil.tI."Ran.ju] PF n. uniltìra-nyu (c.w. from unil dream and tìranyu wal-ker)

dreamwalker body, avatar: [u.nil.tI."Ran.tok']JC,PF n. uniltìrantokx (c.w. from uniltìra-nyu dreamwalker and tokx body)

drink: [n·æk^] PF vtr. näkdrink, something able to be drunk: [na."ER]

PF n. naerdrinking gourd: [PE."Pin.SEj] PF n. ’e’insey (c.w.

from ’e’in gourd and sey cup or bowl mi-nimally modified from naturally occurring re-sources)

drinking vessel made of shell: ["sum.sEj] PF

n. sumsey (c.w. from sum shell and sey cupor bowl minimally modified from naturally oc-curring resources)

drive out: [k·u."R·ak'] PF vtr. kurakx

17

drizzle: [tom.pa."mEjp^] PF n. tompameyp (de-rived from tompa rain and meyp weak)

drop: [t·uN."z·up^] PF vtr. tungzup (c.w. fromtung allow and zup fall)

drop of water: ["paj.I.va] PF n. payìva (derivedfrom pay water and ìlva drop)

drop, flake, chip: ["Il.va] PF n. ìlvadrought: ["tom.pa,kel] PF n. tompakel (derived

from tompa rain)drum (made of skin): ["a.u] JC n. audry: [u."k'o] PF adj. ukxodry land: [REjm] PF n. reymduck, dive: [t·awN] PF vin. tawngdue to, because of: [ta."lun] PF adp. talun–dull (as a blade): ["tE.tE] PF adj. tetedull, blunt (as a point): [fwEm] PF adj. fwem

during: ["kr".ka] PF adp. krrka– (derived from

krr time)dusk, evening before sunset: [sRE.ton."PoN] PF

n. sreton’ong (c.w. from sre before and txon-’ong night-fall)

dusk, night-fall, sunset, gloaming: [t'on."PoN]PF,Prr n. txon’ong (c.w. from txon night and’ong unfold)

dust (in the air): [fwop'] PF n. fwopx (derivedfrom fwep dust and pìwopx cloud)

dust (on a surface): [fwEp^] PF n. fwepdutifully, as an obligation: [nI.">tson] PF adv.

nìtson (derived from tson duty, obligation)duty, obligation, imposed requirement:

[>tson] PF n. tsondwell, live: ["kEl.ku "s·i] PF vin. kelku si (deri-

ved from kelku home)

E

’et cetera’: [saj."la.hE] PF adv. saylahe (derivedfrom sì alahe and others) (contraction)

each other: [fI.">tsap^] PF adv. fìtsap (c.w. fromfìpo this one and tsapo that one)

each time, every time, every instance: ["fRa.lo]PF adv. fralo (derived from alo time)

ear: ["mik.jun] JC n. mikyunearly: [lE."jEP.kr

"] PF adj. leye’krr (derived from

ye’krr early)early: ["jEP.kr

"] PF adv. ye’krr (derived from

ye’rìn soon and krr time)early afternoon, the time immediately af-

ter noon: ["k'am.tr".maw] PF n. kxamtrrmaw

(c.w. from kxamtrr noon and maw after)earring: ["mik.

>tsaN] PF n. miktsang (c.w. from

mikyun ear and tsang piercing)earthquake: [kl

"."rik'] PF n. kllrikx (c.w. from

kllte ground and rikx move)easily: [nI."ftu.E] PF adv. nìftue (derived from

ftue easy)easy, simple: ["ftu.E] PF adj. ftueeat: [j·om] PF vtr. yomeating (the act): [tI.ju."som] PF n. tìyusom (de-

rived from yom eat)echo: [Nam] PF n. ngamedge, brink, limit, border, end: [t'Ew] PF n.

txewedible: [>tsuk."jom] PF adj. tsukyom (derived

from yom eat)

edit, change (instance of), modification:[sæ."la.tEm] PF n. sälatem (derived from la-tem change)

egg: ["lo.i] PF n. loieight: [vol] PF num. voleighth (ordinal): ["vol.vE] PF adj. volve (deri-

ved from vol eight)ejective consonant: ["p'oR.pam] PF n. pxorpam

(c.w. from pxor explode and pam sound)elbow: ["p'un.til] PF n. pxuntil (c.w. from pxun

arm and til joint)elegance, grace: ["lo.Ran] PF n. loran (c.w. from

lor beautiful and ran intrinsic character or na-ture)

elevated utilitarian surface, table: ["fjan.jo]PF n. fyanyo (c.w. from fyan constructed de-vice for keeping something off the ground andclean and yo surface) Note: colloquially, yocan be used in place of fyanyo.

else, other: ["la.hE] PF adj. laheembarrassment, humiliation, loss of face:

[fwIN] PF n. fwìngembrace, hug: [sæm."yam] PF n. sämyam (deri-

ved from meyam hug)embrace, hug, hold in one’s arms: [m·E."y·am]

PF vtr. meyamemerge, come out: [wr

"."z·a.Pu] PF vin. wrrza’u

(derived from wrrpa outside and za’u come)

18

emotional let-down, disappointment, failedexpectation: ["jEw.la] PF n. yewla

empty, or metaphorically: having no value:[mEk^] PF adj. mek

enclosed open area, space, hollow: [mo] PF n.mo

encounter, meet by chance (ii): [ul."t'a.R·un]PF vtr. ultxarun (c.w. from ultxa meetingand run find)

end, conclude: ["P·iP.·a] PF vin. ’i’aend, edge, brink, limit, border: [t'Ew] PF n.

txewendearing, adorable, cute: ["ho.na] PF adj. ho-

naendearingly, sweetly: [nI."ho.na] PF adv. nìho-

na (derived from hona endearing)ending, conclusion: [tI."PiP.a] PF n. tì’i’a (de-

rived from ’i’a end)endless, boundless, without limit:

["t'Ew.lu.kE] PF adj. txewluke (c.w. from tx-ew limit, border and luke without)

endless, never-ending (in a temporal sense):[tIP."i.lu.kE] PF adj. tì’iluke (c.w. from tì’i’aending, conclusion and luke without)

enemy: ["k'u.tu] PF n. kxutu (derived from kxuharm)

energetic, active: ["wa.lak^] PF adj. walakenergy (physical or spiritual): [sju."Ra] PF n.

syuraenigma, mystery, riddle, conundrum:


enigmatic, mysterious, puzzling: ["iN.jE.NaP]PF adj. ingyenga’ (derived from ingyen fe-eling of mystery)

enjoyable (physically, pleasing, sexually):[mo."wan] PF adj. mowan

enjoyably, in a manner which is enjoyable:[nI."PoP] PF adv. nì’o’ (derived from ’o’ exci-ting)

enough: [nI."tam] PF adv. nìtam (derived fromtam suffice)

enter: ["fp'·æ.k·Im] PF vin. fpxäkìmenthusiasm, having a good attitude:

[tI."soP.ha] PF n. tìso’ha (derived from so’habe enthusiastic about)

enthusiast), colloquial form of txanso’hayu(fan: ["so.ju] PF n. so’yu

enthusiast, fan: [t'an."soP.ha.ju] PF n. txan-so’hayu (c.w. from txan much and so’ha beenthusiastic about)

enthusiastic, keen: [lE."soP.ha] PF adj. leso’ha(derived from so’ha be enthusiastic about)ofp.

enthusiastically: [nI."soP.ha] PF adv. nìso’ha(derived from so’ha be enthusiastic about)

entrance, doorway: [rawN] PF n. rawngenviously, jealously: [nI."fmok'] PF adv. nìfmo-

kx (derived from fmokx jealousy)environment: ["p'aw.Nip^] PF n. pxawngip (c.w.

from pxaw around and ngip space)envy, jealousy: [fmok'] PF n. fmokxequal, same: [tEN] PF adj. tengequally, on the same level: [nI."PEN] PF adv.

nì’eng (derived from ’engeng level)er, um: [I:] PF intj. ììerect, upright: [p'im] PF adj. pximerectly, rightly: [nI."p'im] PF adv. nìpxim (deri-

ved from pxim erect, upright)errand, task, step (in an instruction): ["tIn.vi]

PF n. tìnvierror, mistake: ["k'E.jEj] PF n. kxeyeyescape, flee: ["h·i.fw·o] PF vin. hifwoespecially, pointedly, unambiguously:

[nI."p'i] PF adv. nìpxi (derived from pxisharp)

essence, intrinsic character or nature, consti-titution; basic nature of something resul-ting from the totality of its properties; of-ten best translated as personality: [Ran] PF

n. ranestablish a neural connection, bond with:

[>tsa."hEjl "s·i] PF vin. tsaheyl si (derivedfrom tsaheylu bond)

etc), goggles, (made from insect wings, car-ved from wood: ["REn.tEn] PF n. renten

Eureka! I found it! I understand!: [to."lEl] PF

intj. tolel (synonym: tslolam)Eureka! I’ve found it!: [Ro."lun] PF intj. rolunevaluate, taste, try, sample, check out, test-

drive: [m·ajP] PF vtrm. may’even so, nevertheless: [>tsal.su."Naj] PF adv.

tsalsungayeven, so much as: [kEN] PF adv. kengevening (before twilight), late afternoon:

[kajm] PF n. kaym

19

evening before sunset, dusk: [sRE.ton."PoN] PF

n. sreton’ong (c.w. from sre before and txon-’ong night-fall)

event, happening: [tI."lEn] Prr n. tìlen (derivedfrom len happen)

every day, daily: [fRa."tr"] PF adv. fratrr (deri-

ved from trr day)every instance, every time, each time: ["fRa.lo]

PF adv. fralo (derived from alo time)every night: [fRa."t'on] PF adv. fratxon (derived

from txon night)every time, every instance, each time: ["fRa.lo]

PF adv. fralo (derived from alo time)everyone: ["fRa.po] PF pn. frapo (derived from

po he/she)everything: ["fRa.Pu] PF pn. fra’u (derived

from ’u thing)everything is fine or OK, all is well: [fRaw."zo]

PF intj. frawzo (derived from fra’u everyt-hing and zo be well)

everywhere: ["fRa.>tsEN] PF adv. fratseng (deri-ved from tseng place)

evil: [tI."kawN] PF n. tìkawng (derived fromkawng bad)

evil, bad: [kawN] PF adj. kawngexamination: [tI.stE."ft'aw] PF n. tìsteftxaw

(derived from steftxaw examine)examine, check: [st·E."ft'·aw] PF vtr. steftxawexample: [tI."kE.noN] PF n. tìkenong (derived

from kenong model)excavation with a bottom (visible or presu-

med), hole, cavity: [">tsoN.Rop'] PF n. tson-gropx (c.w. from tsong valley and ropx hole)

exceedingly great, greatest of all: [tu."vom] PF

adj. tuvomexcellent: ["t'an.>tsan] PF adj. txantsanexcept: [muN."wr

"] PF adp. mungwrr–

exception: [tI.muN."wr"] PF n. tìmungwrr (deri-

ved from mungwrr except)excessive: [lE."hawN] PF adj. lehawng (derived

from hawng overabundance)excessively, too: [nI."hawN] PF adv. nìhawng

(derived from hawng overabundance)excitement, fun: [tI."PoP] PF n. tì’o’ (derived

from ’o’ exciting)exciting, bringing fun: [PoP] PF adj. ’o’exclaim, call, cry out: [l·Ejm] PF vim. leymexclamation of consternation: [a."u] LA intj. au

exclamation upon exertion, urgh: [sa."u] LA

intj. sauexclude, keep out, bar: [E."k'an s·i] PF vin. ekx-

an si (derived from ekxan barricade, obstruc-tion)

excuse me: [hI."t'o.a] PF intj. hìtxoa (derivedfrom hì’i small and txoa forgiveness)

exemplify (ii), model, represent: ["k·E.n·oN] or["kE.n·oN] PF vin. kenong (c.w. from ke notand nong follow)

exercise, train: [">tsk'E.kEN "s·i] PF vin. tskxe-keng si (derived from tskxekeng training)

exercise, training: [">tsk'E.kEN] PF n. tskxekengexist: ["fkEj.t·ok^] PF vin. fkeytok (derived from

kifkeyti tok be in the world)existing at or from the start, original, first in

a series: [lE."sNæ.Pi] PF adj. lesngä’i (derivedfrom sngä’i begin)

expansive, vast, broad: ["ho.Et^] PF adj. hoetexpansively, in detail, thoroughly: [nI."no] PF

adv. nìnoexpect: [sRE."f·Ej] PF vtr., vin. srefey (c.w. from

sre+ before and pey wait)experience: ["li.E] PF n. lieexperience: ["li.E s·i] PF vin. lie si (derived

from lie experience)expert, master of an art, craft, or skill:


explain (why) (ii): [o."Ejk.t·IN] PF vtr. oeyktìng(c.w. from oeyk cause and tìng give)

explanation: [tI."o.Ejk.tIN] PF n. tìoeyktìng (de-rived from «eyk» cause (root)) (Pronounced[tI."wEjk.tIN] in casual speech)

explode: [p'·oR] PF vin. pxorexploit: ["kawN.s·aR] PF vtr. kawngsarexploration: [tI."laN] PF n. tìlang (derived from

lang investigate, explore)explore, investigate: [l·aN] PF vtr. langexpression of surprise and pleasure, wow:

["tEw.ti] PF intj. tewtiexpression of warning or frustration, ’crap!’,

’ah, hell!’: [">tsa."hEj] ZS intj. tsa-heyexpression of warning or frustration,

’damn!’: ["wi.ja] ZS intj. wiyaexpression, bit of language: ["lIP.fja.vi] PF n.

lì’fyavi (derived from lì’fya language)exquisite, sublime in style: ["fJo.lup^] PF adj.

fyolup (c.w. from fyole sublime and lupra

20

style)extraordinarily: [nI."t'an.kEl.tr

".tr"] PF adv.

nìtxankeltrrtrr (derived from txankeltrrtrrextraordinary)

extraordinary: ["t'an.kEl.tr".tr"] PF adj. txankel-

trrtrr (derived from txan much and keltrrtrr

unusual)eye: ["na.Ri] PF n. narieyes (two): [mE."na.Ri] PF n. menari (derived

from me+ dual and nari eye)

F

(for food), plate: ["jom.jo] PF n. yomyo (c.w.from yom eat and yo table, elevated utilita-rian surface (colloquial form of fyanyo))

a few, several: ["Pa.Paw] PF adj. ’a’aw (Usedwith countable nouns in the singular form)

face: [kEj] PF n. keyface lead, rein: [sæ."zæ.RIp^] RL,PF n. säzärìp

(derived from za’ärìp pull)facet, feature, trait, attribute, characteristic,

point, aspect, property: [sjon] PF n. syonfacial expression: ["kEy.REl] PF n. keyrel (c.w.

from key face and rel image)facial stripe: [pil] PF n. pilfact, thing (object, abstraction): [Pu] PF n. ’ufail, falter, go astray, not obtain expected or

desired result: ["n·u.·i] PF vin. nuifailed expectation, disappointment, emotio-

nal let-down: ["jEw.la] PF n. yewlafailingly, falteringly, in vain, fruitlessly, not

achieving the desired or expected end:[nI."nu] PF adv. nìnu (derived from nui fail,falter)

failure (abstract concept): [tI."nu.i] PF n. tìnui(derived from nui fail, falter)

failure (particular instance of failure):[sæ."nu.i] PF n. sänui (derived from nui fail,falter)

fair, proper, right, justified: [mu."i.æ] PF adj.muiä

fairness, justice: [tIm."wi.æ] PF n. tìmwiä (de-rived from muiä proper, fair, right, justified)

faithfully, firmly, steadfastly: [nIk.lo."nu] PF

adv. nìklonu (derived from ke lonu not letgo) lit.: ’without releasing it’

fall: [z·up^] PF vin. zupfalse: [>tslEN] PF adj. tslengfalsely: [nI.">tslEN] PF adv. nìtsleng (derived

from tsleng false)falter, fail, go astray, not obtain expected or

desired result: ["n·u.·i] PF vin. nui

falteringly, failingly, in vain, fruitlessly, notachieving the desired or expected end:[nI."nu] PF adv. nìnu (derived from nui fail,falter)

family hammock: ["swaj,ni,vi] PF n. swayni-vi (c.w. from soaia family and nivi sleepinghammock) Note: soaia contracts to sway

famine: ["sju.vE.kEl] PF n. syuvekel (derivedfrom syuve food)

fan, enthusiast: [t'an."soP.ha.ju] PF n. txan-so’hayu (c.w. from txan much and so’ha beenthusiastic about)

fantastic, wonderful, terrific: [ko."sman] PF

adj. kosmanfar away, at a distance: [a."lIm] PF adv. alìm

(derived from lìm far, be far)fast: [win] PF adj. winfast, quickly: [nI."win] PF adv. nìwin (derived

from win fast)fasten, tie down: [j·æn] PF vtr. yänfat (substance in meat): ["sJE.wE] PF n. syewefate: [sjaj] PF n. syayfather: ["sEm.pul] PF n. sempulfatty: ["sJE.wE.NaP] PF adj. syewenga’ (c.w. from

syewe fat (substance in meat) and nga’ con-tain)

favorable, auspicious: ["Et.RIp^] PF adj. etrìpfear: ["t'o.pu] PF n. txopufeat, accomplishment, great deed: [sæ."Ro.Pa]

PF n. säro’afeature, trait, attribute, characteristic, point,

aspect, facet, property: [sjon] PF n. syonfeed (with dative object) (ii): ["jom.t·IN] PF

vin. yomtìng (c.w. from yom eat and tìng gi-ve)

feel (not intentionally): [z·Im] PF vtr. zìmfeel, sense, perceive: ["P·E.f·u] PF vtr. ’efufeel, touch, texture: [ziR] PF n. zirfeeling: [tI."PE.fu] PF n. tì’efu (derived from

’efu feel)

21

feeling of mystery or incomprehension:["iN.jEn] PF n. ingyen

feeling of pride, pride: ["nr".a] PF n. nrra

feeling quenched, satisfied from thirst bydrink, slaked: ["jE.væN] PF adj. yeväng (de-rived from ye satisfied and väng thirsty)

female: ["fnE.lE] PF n. fnele (derived from fnelkind, type)

female: [lE."fnE.lE] PF adj. lefnele (derived fromfnele female)

female (person): [tu."tE] PF n. tuté (derivedfrom tute person)

female spouse, wife: [mun."t'a.tE] PF n. mun-txate (derived from muntxatu spouse)

fern: [I."p'a] RL,PF n. ìpxafew: [hol] PF adj. holfew, not many: [nI."hol] PF adv. nìhol (derived

from hol few)field, open terrain, plain: ["t'a.jo] PF n. txayofifth (ordinal): ["mr

".vE] PF adj. mrrve (derived

from mrr five)fight: [w·Em] PF vin. wemfighting: [tI.wu."sEm] PF n. tìwusem (derived

from wem fight)fill (with dative of thing filled): [tE."ja "s·i] PF

vin. teya si (derived from teya full)film, movie, video: ["rEl a.ru."sikx] PF n. rel

arusikx (c.w. from rel picture and rikx move)final, last: [sjEn] PF adj. syenfinally, at long last: [nI."PiP.a] PF adv. nì’i’a

(derived from ’i’a end)find, discover: [R·un] PF vtr. runfine, detailed, precise, intricate (of things):

[hI."no] PF adj. hìnofinger: ["zEk.wæ] PF n. zekwäfinished, done: [ha."sEj] PF adj. haseyfinite, having a limit, not without bounds:

["t'Ew.NaP] PF adj. txewnga’ (c.w. from txewlimit and nga’ contain)

fire: [t'Ep^] PF n. txepfirmly, carefully: [nIk.tuN."zup^] PF adv. nìk-

tungzup (derived from ke tungzup not drop)lit.: ’without letting it fall’

firmly, steadfastly, faithfully: [nIk.lo."nu] PF


first: [nI."Paw.vE] PF adv. nì’awve (derivedfrom ’awve first)

first (ordinal): ["Paw.vE] PF adj. ’awve (derivedfrom ’aw one)

first in a series, original, existing at or fromthe start: [lE."sNæ.Pi] PF adj. lesngä’i (deri-ved from sngä’i begin)

fish: [paj."o.aN] PF n. payoang (c.w. from paywater and ioang animal)

fish, young of an animal, bird, insect: ["li.ni]PF n. lini

fit, suit, complement, inherently enhance:[h·aP] PF vin. ha’

five: [mr"] PF num. mrr

five day work week: ["mr".tr"] PF n. mrrtrr (de-

rived from mrr five and trr day)fix, heal: [zEj."k·o] PF vtr. zeyko (derived from

zo be well and «eyk» causative infix)flake, drop, chip: ["Il.va] PF n. ìlvaflavor, taste: [suR] PF n. surflawed feature, blemish, deformity, stain:


flawed nature, something ill-conceived or in-herently defective: ["fEP.Ran] PF n. fe’ran(c.w. from fe’ bad and ran intrinsic characteror nature)

flawless, be perfect: [j·oP^] PF svin. yo’flawlessly, perfectly: [nI."joP^] PF adv. nìyo’

(derived from yo’ be perfect)flee, escape: ["h·i.fw·o] PF vin. hifwoflesh, food made from animal origin: [vEj] PF

n. veyflight (an instance of flying): [sæ."

>tswaj.on] PF

n. sätswayon (derived from tswayon fly)float in the air, hover: [l·IN] PF vin. lìngflour: [>tsjo] PF n. tsyoflow: [">tswE.sja s·i] PF vin. tswesya si (derived

from tswesya current)flower: ["sju.laN] PF n. syulangfluent (for speech): [naw."fwE] PF adj. nawfwe

Contraction of na hufwefly: [">tsw·aj.·on] PF vin. tswayonfocus on, specialize in, be particularly in-

terested in: ["k·an.P·In] PF vtr. kan’ìn (c.w.from kan aim and ’in be busy)

focus one’s attention, concentrate: ["k·an.fp·Il]PF vin. kanfpìl (c.w. from kan aim and fpìlthink)

fog, mist, steam: ["ja.paj] PF n. yapay (c.w.from ya air and pay water)

22

foggy, misty: [lE."ja.paj] PF adj. leyapay (deri-ved from yapay fog)

follow, proceed after: [n·oN] PF vtr. nongfollow, track: [s·ut'] PF vtr. sutxfollowing common sense, of course, logical-

ly: [nI."lun] PF adv. nìlunfollowing, by, via, according to: ["I.læ] or

[I."læ] PF adp. ìlä+food (collective noun, cannot be pluralised):

["sju.vE] PF n. syuvefood made from animal origin, flesh: [vEj] PF

n. veyfood made from flour: [">tsjo.sju] PF n. tsyosyu

(c.w. from tsyo flour and syuve food)food tray: ["sju.smuN] PF n. syusmung (c.w.

from syuve food and smung transportationdevice)

food wrap (food items wrapped in edibleleaves or vines): ["nik.>tsjEj] PF n. niktsyey(c.w. from nik convenient and tsyey snack,light meal)

foolish, ignorant: ["jaj.mak^] PF adj. yaymakfoot: ["vE.nu] PF n. venufor a long time: [t'aN."kr

"] PF adv. txankrr (c.w.

from txan much and krr time)for example, as an example: [nat."kE.noN] PF

conj. natkenong (c.w. from na like, as and tì-kenong example)

for the benefit of, for the sake of: [fpi] PF adp.fpi+

for the sake of, for the benefit of: [fpi] PF adp.fpi+

forbidden: ["k'a.nI] PF adj. kxanìforehead, brow: [za."REP] PF n. zare’ (c.w. from

zapxì front and re’o head)forest: ["naP.RIN] PF n. na’rìngforest canopy: ["u.tu] PF n. utuforever, never-endingly: [nIt."Pi.lu.kE] PF adv.

nìt’iluke (c.w. from tì’i’a ending, conclusionand luke without)

forget: [>tsw·aP] PF vtr. tswa’forgettable: [>tsuk.">tswaP] PF adj. tsuktswa’ (de-

rived from tswa’ forget)forgiveness: ["t'o.a] PF n. txoafork, branch, point of divergence: [jak^] PF n.

yakforked lightning: [a."tan.zaw] PF n. atanzaw

(derived from atan light and swizaw arrow)form, shape: [Pon] PF n. ’on

formal: ["skE.pEk^] PF adj. skepekformer, old: ["spu.win] PF adj. spuwin nfp.foul, mess up, do wrong: [tI."k'Ej "s·i] PF vin.

tìkxey si (derived from tìkxey incorrectness)four: [>tsIN] PF num. tsìngfourth (ordinal): [">tsI.vE] PF adj. tsìve (derived

from tsìng four)fragile, delicate: [su."sjaN] PF adj. susyangfree time, the absence of business: [tIk."PIn]

PF n. tìk’ìn (derived from ’ìn be busy)free, unblocked, unobstructed, clear:

[kaw."k'an] PF adj. kawkxan (c.w. from ke’aw not one and ekxan barricade, obstruction)

frenzied, hurried: [lE."t'i] PF adj. letxi (derivedfrom txi hurry)

frenzy, hurry, hurriedness: [t'i] PF n. txifresh, appealing as food: ["p'a.sul] PF adj. px-

asulfretfully, worryingly: [nI."sNum] PF adv.

nìsngum (derived from sngum worry)Friday: [tr

"."pu.vE] PF n. trrpuve (c.w. from trr

day and puve sixth)friend: ["PEj.lan] PF n. ’eylanfriendship: [tI."PEj.lan] PF n. tì’eylan (derived

from ’eylan friend)frighten: ["t'o.pu slEj."k·u] PF vtr. txopu sleyku

(derived from txopu fear and sleykuproduce)

frightening, scary: [t'Ewm] PF adj. txewmfrom (direction): [ftu] PF adp. ftu–from (locative), from (temporal sense with

other time words): [ta] PF adp. ta–from (temporal sense with other time

words), from (locative): [ta] PF adp. ta–from above: [ta."PEm] PF adv. ta’emfrom among: [ta."kip^] PF adp. takip– (c.w.

from ta from and kip– among)from inside, out of: ["ftum.fa] PF adp. ftumfa–

(derived from mìfa inside)from now (in the future): [kaj] PF adp. kay–from the reason, because: [ta."lun(a)] PF conj.

talun(a) (c.w. from ta from and lun reason)from the reason, because: [a."lun.ta] PF conj.

aluntafrom up among: [ta."fkip^] PF adp. tafkip– (c.w.

from ta from and fkip– up among)front (part or section): [za."p'I] PF n. zapxì (de-

rived from hapxì part)fruit: ["ma.u.ti] PF n. mauti

23

fruitlessly, failingly, falteringly, in vain, notachieving the desired or expected end:[nI."nu] PF adv. nìnu (derived from nui fail,falter)

fuel: [rEm] PF n. remfull: [tE."ja] PF adj. teyafull fruition, ripeness, maturity: [tI."fjEjn] PF

n. tìfyeyn (derived from fyeyn ripe, mature)full of self-pride: [lE.sno."nr

".a] PF adj. lesnonr-

ra (derived from snonrra self-pride)full, satisfied from hunger: ["jE.hak'] PF adj.

yehakx (derived from ye full and ohakxhungry)

full, satisfied, content, satiated: [jE] PF adj. yefun, excitement: [tI."PoP] PF n. tì’o’ (derived

from ’o’ exciting)

functional clothing (item of): [p'En] PF n. px-en

fundamentally, basically, in essence: [nI."Ran]PF adv. nìran (derived from ran intrinsiccharacter or nature)

fungus, mushroom: [sp'am] PF n. spxamfunny story, joke: ["haN.vuR] PF n. hangvur

(c.w. from hangham laugh and vur story)funny, humorous, amusing: ["Pi.pu] PF adj.

’ipufunny, strange: ["hi.jIk^] PF adj. hiyìkfurthermore, besides, additionally: [nI."suN]

PF adv. nìsung (derived from sung add)future: [zu."saw.kr

"] PF n. zusawkrr (c.w. from

z«us»a’u coming and krr time)

G

a group or party of people: ["po.Nu] PF n. pon-gu (derived from po he/she) ofp.

gain knowledge from sensory input, read(e.g. the forest): [·i."n·an] PF vtr. inan (stressmoves to first syllable with infixation)

gain, advantage, benefit, upside: [">tsan.kum]PF n. tsankum (c.w. from tsan’ul improve, getbetter and kum result)

game: [u."van] PF n. uvangap, breach: ["mEk.

>tsEN] PF n. mektseng (c.w.

from mek empty and tseng place)garbage dump, rubbish place: ["sNEl.>tsEN] PF

n. sngeltseng (c.w. from sngel garbage andtseng place)

garbage, trash, rubbish: [sNEl] PF n. sngelgather, collect: ["st·aR.s·Im] PF vtr. starsìmgathering place: [mo."Pa.Ra] PF n. mo’aragel, viscous liquid: ["k'um.paJ] PF n. kxum-

pay (derived from kxum viscous, gelatinous,thick)

gelatinous, viscous, thick: [k'um] PF adj. kx-um

general, deputy, one step down from leader:[Ejk.ta."naj] JC,PF n. eyktanay (derived fromeyktan leader)

gentle, mild, tender (people or things): [flr"]

PF adj. flrrgentleness, tenderness: [tI."flr

"] PF n. tìflrr (de-

rived from flrr gentle)

gently, tenderly: [nI."flr"] PF adv. nìflrr (derived

from flrr gentle)get better, improve: [">tsan.P·ul] PF vin. tsan’ul

(c.w. from sìltsan good and ’ul increase)get caught in something, become stuck:

[n·ip^] PF vin. nipget fixed (ii), heal, become well: ["zo.sl·u] PF


get it, I understand: [>tslo."lam] PF intj. tslolam(derived from tslam understand and «ol»perfective aspect infix)

get to a place, arrive: ["p·a.t·E] ZS v. pateget worse, worsen: ["fE.P·ul] PF vin. fe’ul (c.w.

from fe’ bad and ’ul increase)get, acquire: ["k·a.n·om] PF vtr. kanomgiant loom, mother loom: [sa."PEw.RaN] PF n.

sa’ewrang (derived from sa’nok mother and’ewrang loom)

gift: ["st'E.li] PF n. stxeligirl: ["PE.vE.NE] PF n. ’evenge (derived from

’eveng child)girl (colloquial): ["PE.vE] PF n. ’eve (derived

from ’evenge girl)give: [t·IN] PF vtr. tìnggive birth to: [n·ok'] PF vtr. nokxgive ground, back down: ["t·IN "

>tsEN] PF vin.

tìng tseng (derived from tìng give and tsengground)

24

give out a tune or melody, sing wordlessly:[t·IN lawR] PF vin. tìng lawr (derived fromtìng give and lawr melody)

give speech, orate: [ft'·u."lI.Pu] PF vin. ftxulì’u(c.w. from täftxu weave and lì’u word)

give thanks, thank: [i."Ra.jo "s·i] PF vin. irayosi (derived from irayo thanks)

give up, surrender, concede defeat: ["v·E.l·Ek^]PF vin. velek

gladly, pleasurably, with pleasure: [nI."pr".tEP]

PF adv. nìprrte’ (derived from prrte’ pleasu-rable)

gloaming, night-fall, sunset, dusk: [t'on."PoN]PF,Prr n. txon’ong (c.w. from txon night and’ong unfold)

glove: [hawn.">tsjok'] PF n. hawntsyokx (c.w.

from hawnu protect and tsyokx hand)glow, an instance of glowing; light source,

lamp: [sæ."nr"] PF n. sänrr (derived from nrr

glow)glow, be luminous: [n·r

"] PF vin. nrr

go: [k·æ] PF vin. kägo astray, diverge, change direction: [j·ak^ s·i]

PF vin. yak si (derived from yak point of di-vergence)

go astray, fail, falter, not obtain expected ordesired result: ["n·u.·i] PF vin. nui

go down, descend: [kl"."k·æ] PF vin. kllkä (c.w.

from kllpa bottom and kä go)go to the bathroom, relieve oneself; (on

Earth) use the restroom: [fN·æP] PF vin.fngä’

go up, ascend: [fæ."k·æ] PF vin. fäkä (c.w. fromfäpa top and kä go)

go, proceed: [s·a."l·Ew] PF v. salewgoal, aim, purpose, target: [tI."kan] PF n. tìkan

(derived from kan aim)goggles, (made from insect wings, carved

from wood, etc): ["REn.tEn] PF n. rentengood (abstract concept), goodness: [>tsIl.">tsan]

PF n. tsìltsan (derived from sìltsan good)good (of its kind), well done: [sIl.">tsan] PF

adj. sìltsangood looking, handsome: ["saj.RIp^] PF adj.

sayrìp ofp. (male)good tasting, delicious: [ft'I."loR] PF adj. ftxìlor

(c.w. from ftxì tongue and lor beautiful)good-smelling: [on."loR] PF adj. onlor (c.w.

from ontu nose and lor pleasant to the senses)

goodness, good (abstract concept): [>tsIl.">tsan]PF n. tsìltsan (derived from sìltsan good)

gourd, pod: [PE."Pin] PF n. ’e’ingrab: [n·i.·"æ] PF vtr. niägrace, elegance: ["lo.Ran] PF n. loran (c.w. from

lor beautiful and ran intrinsic character or na-ture)

grant (ii): [tE."swo.t·IN] PF vtr. teswotìng (c.w.from tìng give)

grasp, hold in the hand, grip: [fj·Ep^] PF vtr.fyep

grass: ["zE.swa] PF n. zeswagrassroots movement: [Nr

".po.Nu] PF n. ngrr-

pongu (c.w. from ngrr root and pongu party)grassy: [lE."zE.swa] PF adj. lezeswa (derived

from zeswa grass)gravel: [nIk'] PF n. nìkxgreat deed, feat, accomplishment: [sæ."Ro.Pa]

PF n. säro’agreat joy: ["law.nol] PF n. lawnolgreat person: ["nawm.tu] PF n. nawmtu (deri-

ved from nawm great)great, noble: [nawm] PF adj. nawmgreatest of all, exceedingly great: [tu."vom] PF

adj. tuvomgreed: [tI."t'a.nEw] PF n. tìtxanew (derived

from txanew greedy)greedy: ["t'a.nEw] PF adj. txanew (c.w. from tx-

an much and new want)green, blue: ["E.an] PF adj. eangreen, blue: ["E.am.pin] PF n. eampin (derived

from ean blue, green)greet, say hello: [kal."t'I "s·i] PF vin. kaltxì si

(derived from kaltxì hello)grey: ["Nul.pin] PF n. ngulpin (derived from

ngul grey, drab)grey, drab: [Nul] PF adj. ngulgrief: [a."fpawN] PF n. afpawnggrieve: [a."fpawN s·i] PF vin. afpawng si (deri-

ved from afpawng grief )grievingly, with grief: [na."fpawN] PF adv. naf-

pawng (derived from afpawng grief )grip, hold in the hand, grasp: [fj·Ep^] PF vtr.

fyepground: ["kl

".tE] PF n. kllte

ground rack (for smoking meats): ["mER.ki]PF n. merki

group, set, pile, clump, stand: ["sna.Po] PF n.sna’o nfp.

25

grow: [">tsawl "sl·u] PF vin. tsawl slu (c.w. fromtsawl big and slu become)

guess, informed guess, hunch, intuition:[PEn] PF n. ’en

guest, visitor: ["fr".tu] PF n. frrtu

guidance: [tI.fja.wIn."t'u] PF n. tìfyawìntxu(derived from fyawìntxu guide)

guide: [fja.wIn."t'u.ju] PF n. fyawìntxuyu (deri-ved from fyawìntxu guide)

guide (with dative of thing guided):[fja.w·In."t'·u] PF vin. fyawìntxu (c.w. fromfya’o path and wìntxu show)

guideline, rule: [ko."REn] PF n. koren

H

’How sad!’, unhappy, upset: [kE."ft'o] PF adj.,intj. keftxo

hail: [">tsk'aj.>tsjIp^] PF n. tskxaytsyìp (derivedfrom tskxepay ice)

hair: ["nik.RE] PF n. nikrehair adornment: [nik."Ro.i] PF n. nikroi (c.w.

from nikre hair and ioi adornment)half: [mawl] PF n. mawlhalt: [t'·Ej] PF v. txeyhamper or suspended rack: ["kuR.fjan] PF n.

kurfyan (c.w. from kur hang and fyan con-structed device for keeping something off theground and clean)

hand: [>tsjok'] PF n. tsyokxhand-sized, kava bowl (constructed from

seed pods, used for drinking intoxicatingbeverages): ["swo.a.sEj] PF n. swoasey (c.w.from swoa intoxicating beverage or “sprits"and sey cup or bowl minimally modified fromnaturally occurring resources)

handle: [sæ."fjEp^] PF n. säfyep (derived fromfyep hold in the hand)

handsome, good looking: ["saj.RIp^] PF adj.sayrìp ofp. (male)

hang: [k·uR] PF vin. kurhang out with, spend time with: ["k·æ.tEN] PF

vin. kätenghanging vine: ["Pa.na] PF n. ’anahappen, occur: [l·En] PF vin. lenhappening, event: [tI."lEn] Prr n. tìlen (derived

from len happen)happily, luckily: ["nEt.RIp^] PF adv. netrìphappiness, well-being, peace: [fpom] PF n.

fpomhappy (of people): [nit."Ram] PF adj. nitramhappy occasion, celebration: [ft'o."zæ] PF n.

ftxozähappy, peaceful, joyous, pleasant: [lE."fpom]

PF adj. lefpom (derived from fpom happi-

ness, peace) nfp.hard: [t'aP] PF adj. txa’hard, difficult: ["Næ.zIk^] PF adj. ngäzìkhard, diligently: [kawl] PF adv. kawlharm: [k'u] PF n. kxuharm: [k'u s·i] PF vin. kxu si (derived from kxu

harm)harmonious: [mE."PEm] PF adj. me’emharmony (general sense): [tI."mE.PEm] PF n.

tìme’em (derived from me’em harmonious)harmony, living at one with nature:

[�mE.o.a.u.ni.a."E.a] PF n. meoauniaeahat: [haw."REP] PF n. hawre’ (c.w. from hawnu

protect and re’o head)hate: [v·EP."k·I] PF vtr. ve’kìhateful: [fkaj] PF adj. fkayhatred: [tI.vEP."kI] PF n. tìve’kì (derived from

ve’kì hate)have a relationship with, connect, relate to:

["t·a.R·E] PF vtr. tarehave some positive value, be of value, be

worth something: [l·Ej] PF vin. leyhaving a good attitude, enthusiasm:

[tI."soP.ha] PF n. tìso’ha (derived from so’habe enthusiastic about)

having a limit, not without bounds, finite:["t'Ew.NaP] PF adj. txewnga’ (c.w. from txewlimit and nga’ contain)

having to do with the Na’vi, the People:[lE."naP.vi] PF adj. leNa’vi (derived fromNa’vi the People)

he (no plural form: use (ay)fo): [po."an] PF pn.poan (derived from po he, she)

he, she: [po] PF pn. poheavy rain, rainstorm: [t'an."tom.pa] PF n. tx-

antompa (c.w. from txan much and tomparain)

head: ["RE.Po] PF n. re’o

26

heal, become well, get fixed (ii): ["zo.sl·u] PF


heal, fix: [zEj."k·o] PF vtr. zeyko (derived fromzo be well and «eyk» causative infix)

health (physical): [fpom."tok'] PF n. fpomtokx(c.w. from fpom well-being and tokx body)ofp.

health or well-being (mental): [fpom."Ron] PF

n. fpomron (derived from fpom well-beingand ronsem mind) ofp.

healthful (mentally): [fpom."Ro.NaP] PF adj. fp-omronga’ (c.w. from fpom well-being, peace,happiness and ronsem mind) nfp.

healthful (physically): [fpom."tok'.NaP] PF

adj. fpomtokxnga’ (c.w. from fpom well-being, peace, happiness and tokx body) nfp.

healthy (mentally): [lE.fpom."Ron] PF adj. lefp-omron (derived from fpomron health or well-being (mentally)) ofp.

healthy (physically) : [lE.fpom."tok'] PF adj.lefpomtokx (derived from fpomtokx health(physical) ) ofp.

hear: [st·awm] PF vtr. stawmheart: [t'EP."lan] PF n. txe’lanheartbeat: [t'EP."lan.koN] PF n. txe’lankong

(c.w. from txe’lan heart and ’ekong beat)heat: [tI."som] PF n. tìsom (derived from som

hot)heavy (physical weight): ["ku.Pup^] PF adj.

ku’upheed, obey: [l·Ek^] PF vtr. lekheimat (ger.), personally significant or belo-

ved place: [t'an."wE.>tsEN] PF n. txanwetseng

(derived from txanwawe(a) personally mea-ningful, significant and tseng place)

hell!’, expression of warning or frustration,’crap!’, ’ah: [">tsa."hEj] ZS intj. tsa-hey

hello: [kal."t'I] PF intj. kaltxìhello (casual): [k'I] PF intj. kxì (derived from

kaltxi hello) colloquial, shortened form ofkaltxì

help: ["sRuN "s·i] PF vin. srung si (derived fromsrung help)

help, assistance: [sRuN] PF n. srunghelper, assistant: ["sRuN.si.ju] PF n. srungsiyu

(derived from srung help)helpful: ["sRu.NaP] PF adj. srunga’ (derived

from srung help) nfp.

helpful hint, tip: ["sRuN.>tsjIp^] PF n. srungtsyìp(derived from srung help)

her own, his own, its own: [snE."jæ] PF pn.sneyä (derived from sno his self, her self, itsself )

here, this place: [fI.">tsEN(E)] PF adv., n. fìt-seng(e) (derived from tseng place)

heritage: [sa."tuP.li] PF n. satu’li (Note: Alsoname of canteen at Disney’s Pandora)

hero: ["t'an.>tstEw] PF n. txantstew (c.w. fromtxan much and tstew brave)

hesitant, in a state of hesitation: [lE."hI.pEj] PF

adj. lehìpey (derived from hìpey hesitate)hesitantly: [nI."hI.pEj] PF adv. nìhìpey (derived

from hìpey hesitate)hesitate, hold back for a short time: ["hI.p·Ej]

PF vin. hìpey (derived from hì’i small andpey wait)

hesitation: [ti."hI.pEj] PF n. tìhìpey (derivedfrom hìpey hesitate)

hide: [w·an] PF vtr. wanhigh: [k'ajl] PF adj. kxaylhigh level: ["k'ajl.jI] PF n. kxaylyì (c.w. from

kxayl high and yì level)hill: ["Ram.

>tsjIp^] PF n. ramtsyìp (derived from

ram mountain)hinder: [h·ul.">tst'·Em] PF vtr. hultstxemhinge, joint: [til] PF n. tilhip: ["Pl

".No] PF n. ’llngo

his own, her own, its own: [snE."jæ] PF pn.sneyä (derived from sno his self, her self, itsself )

hiss: [o."Isss s·i] PF vin. oìsss si (derived fromoìsss angry snarl)

history (ancient): [Pok."Rol] PF n. ’okrol (deri-ved from ’ok remembrance and rol sing)

history (non-ancient): [Pok."vuR] PF n. ’okvur(c.w. from ’ok remembrance and vur story)

hobby, pleasure-yielding activity: [sæ."su.lIn]PF n. säsulìn (derived from sulìn be busy(positive sense))

hold back for a short time, hesitate: ["hI.p·Ej]PF vin. hìpey (derived from hì’i small andpey wait)

hold in one’s arms, hug, embrace: [m·E."y·am]PF vtr. meyam

hold in the hand, grasp, grip: [fj·Ep^] PF vtr.fyep

hold off, suspend action: [fp·ak^] PF v. fpak

27

hole (going clear through an object): [Rop'] PF

n. ropxhole, cavity, excavation with a bottom (visib-

le or presumed): [">tsoN.Rop'] PF n. tsongropx(c.w. from tsong valley and ropx hole)

hollow, not solid: ["mo.mEk^] PF adj. momekhollow, space, enclosed open area: [mo] PF n.

mohome, house: ["kEl.ku] PF n. kelkuhonor: [mE."u.i.a] PF n. meuiahonor: [mE."u.i.a s·i] PF vin. meuia si (derived

from meuia honor)honorable, honorably: [mE."u.i.a.NaP] PF adj.

meuianga’ (derived from meuia honor andnga’ contain)

honorably, honorable: [mE."u.i.a.NaP] PF adj.meuianga’ (derived from meuia honor andnga’ contain)

hook (for hanging or suspending an item):["kuR.fja.vi] PF n. kurfyavi (derived fromkurfyan hamper or suspended rack)

hope (abstract concept): [>tsIl."pEj] PF n. tsìlpey(derived from sìlpey hope)

hope (particular instance): [sæ.sIl."pEj] PF n.säsìlpey (derived from sìlpey hope)

hope (with tsnì for thing hoped, unless in in-dependent clause) (ii): [sIl."p·Ej] PF vin. sìl-pey (c.w. from sìltsan good and pey wait)

hopefully: [nI.sIl."pej] PF adv. nìsìlpey (deri-ved from sìlpey hope)

horizontally: [nI."t'aj] PF adv. nìtxay (derivedfrom txay be horizontal)

horn of an animal: [sluk'] PF n. slukxhorn, wind instrument: [pawk^] PF n. pawkhot: [som] PF adj. somhouse, home: ["kEl.ku] PF n. kelkuhover, float in the air: [l·IN] PF vin. lìnghow: ["fja.pE] PF inter. fyape variant of pefyahow: [pE."fja] PF inter. pefya variant of fyapehow complex?: [pE.fjin.Ep."PaN] PF inter. pefy-

inep’ang (derived from fyinep’ang degree ofcomplexity) variant of fyinep’angpe

how complex?: [fjin.Ep."PaN.pE] PF inter. fyi-nep’angpe (derived from fyinep’ang degreeof complexity) variant of pefyinep’ang

how many: [pol."p'aj] PF inter. polpxay (c.w.from holpxay number and pe how)

how many: [hol."p'aj.pE] PF inter. holpxaype(c.w. from holpxay number and pe how)

how much: [hIm."t'am.pE] PF inter. hìmtxampevariant of pìmtxan

how much: [pIm."t'an] PF inter. pìmtxan vari-ant of hìmtxampe

how tight, loose?: [pE."k'in.um] PF inter. pekx-inum (derived from ’ekxinum tightness, loo-seness)

how tight, loose?: [PE."k'i.num.pE] PF inter.’ekxinumpe (derived from ’ekxinum tight-ness, looseness)

how wide?, what width: [pE.slo."snEp^] PF in-ter. peslosnep (derived from snep narrow)variant of slosneppe

how wide?, what width: [slo."snE.pE] PF inter.slosneppe (derived from snep narrow) vari-ant of peslosnep

however: [Ni."an] PF,SW adv. ngianhowl: [R·o."Nu.waj] PF vin. ronguway (derived

from rol sing and nguway howl)howl, viperwolf cry: ["Nu.waj] PF n. nguway

(derived from way song)howler: [Ro."Nu.waj.ju] PF n. ronguwayyu (de-

rived from ronguway howl)hug, embrace: [sæm."yam] PF n. sämyam (deri-

ved from meyam hug)hug, embrace, hold in one’s arms: [m·E."y·am]

PF vtr. meyamhumid, moist, damp: ["paj.NaP] PF adj.

paynga’ (derived from pay water and nga’contain)

humiliate: [fwIN s·i] PF vin. fwìng si (derivedfrom fwìng humiliation)

humiliation, embarrassment, loss of face:[fwIN] PF n. fwìng

humor: [tI."Pi.pu] PF n. tì’ipu (derived from’ipu humorous)

humorous, funny, amusing: ["Pi.pu] PF adj.’ipu

hunch, guess, informed guess, intuition:[PEn] PF n. ’en

hunger: [tI.o."hak'] PF n. tìohakx (derived fromohakx hungry)

hungry: [o."hak'] PF adj. ohakxhunt: ["t·a.R·on] JC,PF vtr. taronhunt: [sæ."ta.Ron] PF n. sätaron (derived from

taron hunt)hunted thing, prey: [smaR] PF n. smarhunter: ["ta.Ron.ju] JC,PF n. taronyu (c.w. from

taron hunt and –yu agent suffix)

28

hunting: [tI.tu."sa.Ron] PF n. tìtusaron (derivedfrom taron hunt)

hunting: [tI."ta.Ron] PF n. tìtaron (derivedfrom taron hunt)

hurried, frenzied: [lE."t'i] PF adj. letxi (derivedfrom txi hurry)

hurriedly, in a frenzied way: [nI."t'i] PF adv.nìtxi (derived from txi hurry)

hurriedness, hurry, frenzy: [t'i] PF n. txi

hurry: ["win sæ."p·i] PF vin. win säpi (c.w. fromwin fast and s«äp»i do (reflexive))

hurry, hurriedness, frenzy: [t'i] PF n. txihurt (someone or something): [tI."sRaw

sEj."k·i] PF vtr. tìsraw seyki (c.w. from tìs-raw pain and s«eyk»i make (causative))

hurt, be painful: [tI."sRaw "s·i] PF vin. tìsraw si(derived from tìsraw pain)

husband, male spouse: [mun."t'a.tan] PF n.muntxatan (derived from muntxatu spouse)

I

in vain, useless: [kEl."saR] PF adj. kelsar (c.w.from ke not and lesar useful)

I (deferential or ceremonial form): ["o.hE] PF

pn. oheI mean, rather (self-correcting): [ko."lan] PF

intj. kolan (derived from kan aim, intend)I understand, get it: [>tslo."lam] PF intj. tslolam

(derived from tslam understand and «ol»perfective aspect infix)

I, me: ["o.E] PF pn. oeice: [">tsk'E.paj] PF n. tskxepay (derived from

tskxe stone and pay water)idea: [sæ."fpIl] PF n. säfpìl (derived from fpìl

think)idiot, moron: [sk'awN] PF n. skxawngif: [t'o] PF conj. txoif (counterfactual use): [zun] PF conj. zunif not, or else, otherwise: ["t'o.kE.fjaw] PF

conj. txokefyaw (c.w. from txo-ke-fya’o-’awif not one path)

ignorant, foolish: ["jaj.mak^] PF adj. yaymakignore, not notice, snub: [J·æk'] PF vtr. yäkxillness, disease, sickness: [sæ."sp'in] PF n.

säspxin (derived from spxin sick)illustrate, draw: [w·Ejn] PF vtr. weynimage, picture: [REl] PF n. relimaginary: [lE."Ron.sREl] PF adj. leronsrel (deri-

ved from ronsrelngop imagine)imagination: [tI."Ron.sREl] PF n. tìronsrel (deri-

ved from ronsrelngop imagine)imitate, reflect: ["RIP.IR s·i] PF vin. rì’ìr si (deri-

ved from rì’ìr reflection)immaturely, like a child: [nI."PE.vEN] PF adv.

nì’eveng (derived from ’eveng child)immediately (not as soon as pxiswaway):

[p'i."jEP.RIn] PF adv. pxiye’rìn (c.w. from

ye’rìn soon and pxi sharp)immersion (into liquid), dipping: [jEm."fpaj]

PF n. yemfpay (c.w. from yem put and paywater)

impatient: [kE.lEm."wEj.pEj] PF adj. kelemwey-pey (derived from ke not and lemweypeypatient)

impatiently: [nI.kEm."wEj.pEj] PF adv. nìke-mweypey (derived from ke not and lemwey-pey patient)

importance, meaning, significance: [wa."wE]PF n. wawe

important: [lE.">tsRan.tEn] PF adj. letsranten(derived from tsranten matter)

imposed requirement, obligation, duty:[>tson] PF n. tson

impossible: [kEl.">tsun] PF adj. keltsun (c.w.from ke not and tsun be able)

improper, unfair, wrong, unjustified:[kEm."wi.æ] PF adj. kemwiä (c.w. from kenot and muiä proper, fair, right, justified)

improve, get better: [">tsan.P·ul] PF vin. tsan’ul(c.w. from sìltsan good and ’ul increase)

improvement (in the general or abstract sen-se): [tI.">tsan.Pul] PF n. tìtsan’ul (derivedfrom tsan’ul improve)

improvement (specific instance): [sæ.">tsan.Pul]

PF n. sätsan’ul (derived from tsan’ul impro-ve)

in a communal manner, communally: [nI."jl"]

PF adv. nìyll (derived from yll communal)in a disappointing fashion, in a way failing

to meet expectations: [nI."jEw.la] PF adv.nìyewla (derived from yewla disappoint-ment)

29

in a fashion as if one’s life were at sta-ke: [nEm."REj] PF adv., intj. nemrey (derivedfrom emrey survive)

in a frenzied way, hurriedly: [nI."t'i] PF adv.nìtxi (derived from txi hurry)

in a liquid way, by drinking: [nI."næk^] PF

adv. nìnäk (derived from näk drink)in a manner: [nI."fja.Po] PF adv. nìfya’o (deri-

ved from fya’o way)in a manner which is enjoyable, enjoyably:

[nI."PoP] PF adv. nì’o’ (derived from ’o’ exci-ting)

in a mediocre manner: [nIk."sRan] PF adv. nìks-ran (derived from kesran mediocre)

in a puzzling fashion, mysteriously: ["niN,jEn]PF adv. ningyen (derived from ingyen fee-ling of mystery)

in a smart way, intelligently: [nI."ka.nu] PF

adv. nìkanu (derived from kanu smart)in a state of hesitation, hesitant: [lE."hI.pEj] PF

adj. lehìpey (derived from hìpey hesitate)in a straight line, straight ahead: [nI."jEj.fja]

PF adv. nìyeyfya (derived from yeyfyastraight line)

in a way failing to meet expectations, in adisappointing fashion: [nI."jEw.la] PF adv.nìyewla (derived from yewla disappoint-ment)

in a whisper, by whispering: [nI.">tsI.syI] PF

adv. nìtsìsyì (derived from tsìsyì whisper, v.)in a whistling manner, by whistling:

[nI."fwE.fwi] PF adv. nìfwefwi (derived fromfwefwi whistle)

in advance: [nI."li] PF adv. nìli (derived from lialready)

in an iron grip, tightly: [nI."sjEp^] PF adv.nìsyep (derived from syep trap) lit.: ’like atrap’

in an original way, originally, with origina-lity: [nI.">tsim] PF adv. nìtsim (derived fromtsim source)

in answer, back, in response: [nI."PEjN] PF

adv. nì’eyng (derived from ’eyng answer)in detail, expansively, thoroughly: [nI."no] PF

adv. nìnoin essence, basically, fundamentally: [nI."Ran]

PF adv. nìran (derived from ran intrinsiccharacter or nature)

in every way: ["fra.fja] PF adv. frafya (c.w. fromfra’u everything and fya’o way)

in exchange for: ["jo.a] PF adp. yoa–in front of (place), before: ["E.o] PF adp. eo–in hiding, secretly, by hiding: [nI."wan] PF

adv. nìwan (derived from wan hide)in imagination, by imagination: [nI."Ron.sREl]

PF adv. nìronsrel (derived from rons-relngop imagine)

in just a second from now: [p'i.swaw."aj] PF

adv. pxiswaway (c.w. from swaw momentand ay future marker)

in order to, so that: [ftE] PF conj. fte (withsubjunctive verb in dependant clause)

in other words, that is: ["a.lu] PF conj. alu (de-rived from a subordinator and lu be) (Usedfor appositions)

in poor taste, tacky: ["fE.lup^] PF adj. fe’lup(c.w. from fe’ bad and lupra style)

in response, back, in answer: [nI."PEjN] PF

adv. nì’eyng (derived from ’eyng answer)in season (of foods, vegetable or animal):

[kI."maR] PF adj. kìmarin shambles, chaotic, messy, disorganized:


in that case, so: [ha] PF adv. hain the capacity of, something as, or in the role

of, something else: [sko] PF adp. sko+in the meantime, until then: [>tsa."kr

".vaj] PF

adv. tsakrrvay (c.w. from tsakrr then and vayup to)

in the right season, opportunely: [nIk."maR]PF adv. nìkmar (derived from kìmar in se-ason)

in this regard, related to this matter:[mI."ft'E.lE] PF adv. mìftxele

in toto, all (of), completely: [nI."wot'] PF adv.nìwotx (derived from wotx totality, whole)

in vain, failingly, falteringly, fruitlessly, notachieving the desired or expected end:[nI."nu] PF adv. nìnu (derived from nui fail,falter)

in, on: [mI] PF adp. mì+inappropriate, noise. sound that is excessi-

ve, unnecessary, unexpected or startling:["hawm.pam] PF n. hawmpam (derived fromhawng overabundance and pam sound)

30

incessantly, continuously, without stopping:[nIl.kE."ftaN] PF adv. nìlkeftang (c.w. fromluke without and ftang stop)

incidentally, by the way: [nI."viN.kap^] PF adv.nìvingkap (derived from vingkap occur toone, pop into one’s mind)

incorrect, wrong, not right: [kE."jawR] PF adj.keyawr (c.w. from ke not and eyawr correct)

incorrectness, mistakeness: [tI."k'Ej] PF n.tìkxey (derived from kxeyey mistake)

increase: [P·ul] PF vin. ’ulincrease: [tI."Pul] PF n. tì’ulincreasingly, more and more: [nI."Pul.Pul] PF

adv. nì’ul’ul (derived from ’ul increase)indicate, point at: [v·l

"] PF vin., vtr. vll

indication, sign, signal: [sæ."vl"] PF n. sävll

(derived from vll indicate, point at)individuality (negative connotation), selfish-

ness: [tI."Paw.po] PF n. tì’awpo (derivedfrom ’awpo one individual)

infant, baby: ["pr".nEn] PF n. prrnen

infinite, uncountable: [kE.>tsuk."ti.am] PF adj.ketsuktiam (derived from ketsuk– not able todo and tiam count)

infix: ["kEm.lI.Pu.vi] PF n. kemlì’uvi (derivedfrom kemlì’u verb)

informed guess, guess, hunch, intuition:[PEn] PF n. ’en

inherently enhance, fit, suit, complement:[h·aP] PF vin. ha’

initial location, beginning, starting position:["sNæ.PI.

>tsEN] PF n. sngä’itseng (c.w. from

sngä’i start and tseng place)injustice, unfairness: [tI.kEm."wi.æ] PF n. tìke-

mwiä (derived from kemwiä improper, un-fair, wrong, unjustified)

insane, crazy: [lEk."jE.PuN] PF adj. lekye’ung(derived from keye’ung insanity)

insanity: [kE."jE.PuN] PF n. keye’unginsect: ["hI.PaN] PF n. hì’ang (c.w. from hì’i

small and ioang animal)insect, young of an animal, bird, fish: ["li.ni]

PF n. liniinside: ["mI.fa] or [mI."fa] PF n., adv. mìfainside, into: ["nEm.fa] PF adp. nemfa– (c.w.

from ne towards and mìfa inside)inspiration: [slan.ti."RE] PF n. slantire (c.w.

from slan support and tirea spirit)

inspire: [slan.ti."RE s·i] PF vin. slantire si (deri-ved from slantire inspiration)

inspire awe or respect, be impressive:["R·o.P·a] PF vin. ro’a

instance of protesting, protest: [sæ.lEjm."kEm]PF n. säleymkem (derived from leymkemprotest)

instance, time, turn, one of a number of repe-ated or recurring actions: ["a.lo] PF n. alo

instead of, rather than: [tup^] PF conj. tupinstruction, teaching: [sæ."nu.mE] PF n. sänu-

me (derived from nume learn)instructive, meaningful, something from

which a lesson can be learned: ["Ral.NaP]PF adj. ralnga’ (c.w. from ral meaning andnga’ contain)

insult, offence: [zop."lo] PF n. zoplointelligence: [tI."ka.nu] PF n. tìkanu (derived

from kanu smart)intelligence, understanding: [tI.">tslam] PF n.

tìtslam (derived from tslam understand)intelligent, smart: ["ka.nu] PF adj. kanu ofp.intelligently, in a smart way: [nI."ka.nu] PF

adv. nìkanu (derived from kanu smart)inter. marker for yes or no questions:

["sRak(E)] PF part. srak(e)interfered with, modified, no longer in a na-

tural state: ["zæ.fi] PF adj. zäfiintermediate level: ["k'am.jI] PF n. kxamyì

(c.w. from kxam middle and yì level)interpret (ii): [Ral."p·EN] PF vtr. ralpeng (c.w.

from ral meaning and peng tell)interpretation, translation: [tI.Ral."pEN] PF n.

tìralpeng (derived from ral meaning andpeng tell)

interrupt, throw out of harmonious balance:[m·æ."k'u] PF vtr. mäkxu (derived from kxuharm)

into, inside: ["nEm.fa] PF adp. nemfa– (c.w.from ne towards and mìfa inside)

intoxicating beverage, or “spirits”: ["swo.a]PF n. swoa

intricate (of things), fine, detailed, precise:[hI."no] PF adj. hìno

intriguing, be interesting: ["El.tuR tI."t'En s·i]PF vin. eltur tìtxen si (derived from eltu-rbrain (dative) and tìtxen awakeness)

intrinsic character or nature, essence, consti-titution; basic nature of something resul-

31

ting from the totality of its properties; of-ten best translated as personality: [Ran] PF

n. ranintroduce, present: [mu.w·In."t'·u] PF vtr.

muwìntxu (derived from wìntxu show)intuition, guess, informed guess, hunch:

[PEn] PF n. ’enintuitive, speculative: [lE."PEn] PF adj. le’en

(derived from ’en guess) nfp.investigate, explore: [l·aN] PF vtr. langirregular, random: ["RE.nul.kE] PF adj. renulke

(derived from renu pattern and luke wit-hout)

is, be, am, are: [l·u] PF vin., svin. lu (predica-tive copula, existential verb) (signifies pos-

session with dative of possessor)

island: ["spo.no] PF n. spono

isn’t it?, right?: [kE."fjak^] PF,Prr part. kefyak(c.w. from ke fya not the way and srak ques-tion marker)

it (as intransitive subject), that: [>tsaw] PF

dem., pn. tsaw

it (as object), that: [>tsat^] PF pn. tsat

it (transitive subject), that: [>tsal] PF pn. tsal

itch: ["fk'·a.k·E] PF v. fkxake

its own, his own, her own: [snE."jæ] PF pn.sneyä (derived from sno his self, her self, itsself )

J

jealously, enviously: [nI."fmok'] PF adv. nìfmo-kx (derived from fmokx jealousy)

jealousy, envy: [fmok'] PF n. fmokxjoint, hinge: [til] PF n. tiljoke, funny story: ["haN.vuR] PF n. hangvur

(c.w. from hangham laugh and vur story)journey: [tI."sop^] PF n. tìsop (derived from

sop travel)joyous, happy, peaceful, pleasant: [lE."fpom]

PF adj. lefpom (derived from fpom happi-

ness, peace) nfp.

jump: [sp·æ] PF v. späjust a moment ago: [p'i.swaw."am] PF adv. px-

iswawam (c.w. from swaw moment and –ampast)

justice, fairness: [tIm."wi.æ] PF n. tìmwiä (de-rived from muiä proper, fair, right, justified)

justified, proper, fair, right: [mu."i.æ] PF adj.muiä

K

kava bowl (constructed from seed pods,used for drinking intoxicating beverages),hand-sized: ["swo.a.sEj] PF n. swoasey (c.w.from swoa intoxicating beverage or “sprits"and sey cup or bowl minimally modified fromnaturally occurring resources)

keen, enthusiastic: [lE."soP.ha] PF adj. leso’ha(derived from so’ha be enthusiastic about)ofp.

keep out, exclude, bar: [E."k'an s·i] PF vin. ekx-an si (derived from ekxan barricade, obstruc-tion)

keep up with someone: [l·a.">ts·i] LA v. latsi

kick, shove: [p'·Ek^] PF vtr. pxek

kid: ["PE.vi] PF n. ’evi (affectionate form of’eveng child)

kill: [>tsp·aN] PF vtr. tspang

kind: [tI."stun.wi.NaP] PF adj. tìtstunwinga’(c.w. from tìtstunwi kindness and nga’ con-tain) (nfp.)

kind of, more or less, somewhat, yes andno: [sRan."kE.hE] PF part., intj. srankehe (c.w.from srane yes and kehe no)

kind, thoughtful, considerate: [">tstun.wi] PF

adj. tstunwikind, type: [fnEl] PF n. fnelkindness: [tI.">tstun.wi] PF n. tìtstunwi (deri-

ved from tstunwi kind)

kiss: [p·om] PF vtr. pomkiss: [sæ."pom] PF n. säpom (derived from pom

kiss)

knee: [ki."nam.til] PF n. kinamtil (c.w. from ki-nam leg and til joint)

knife: [>tstal] PF n. tstal

32

knife sheath: [">tstal.sE.na] PF n. tstalsena (c.w.from tstal knife and sähena carrier)

knot: [fta] PF n. ftaknot, make or tie a knot: [fta s·i] PF vin. fta si

(derived from fta knot)know: [·o."m·um] PF vtr. omum (stress moves

to first syllable with infixation)

know (spiritual sense), see, see into, un-derstand: ["k·a.m·E] PF vtr. kame

knowledge: [tI."o.mum] PF n. tìomum (derivedfrom omum know)

L

lack: [tI."kE.lu] PF n. tìkelu (derived from kenot and lu be)

lack of notice, snubbing: [tI."Jæk'] PF n. tìyäkx(derived from yäkx not notice, ignore, snub)

lack of notice, unawareness: [tIk.">tsE.Ri] PF n.tìktseri (derived from tseri note, notice)

lacking sufficient energy, lethargic, lazy:[NoN] PF adj. ngong

lake: ["Po.Ra] PF n. ’oralamp, glow, an instance of glowing; light

source: [sæ."nr"] PF n. sänrr (derived from

nrr glow)land: [at'."k'E] PF n. atxkxeland (process of), alight: [kl

"."w·o] PF vin. kllwo

(c.w. from kllte ground and wo reach for)land, reach the ground: [kl

"."p·æ] PF vin. kllpä

(c.w. from kllte ground and pähem arrive)language: ["lIP.fja] PF n. lì’fya (c.w. from lì’u

word and fya’o way)language group, language users: ["lIP.fja.o."loP]

PF n. lì’fyaolo’ (c.w. from lì’fya language andolo’ clan)

language users, language group: ["lIP.fja.o."loP]PF n. lì’fyaolo’ (c.w. from lì’fya language andolo’ clan)

large: [a."p'a] PF adj. apxa nfp.large gathering, conference: [>tsawl.ul."t'a] PF

n. tsawlultxa (c.w. from tsawl big and ultxameeting)

large part, majority, most: [t'am."p'I] PF n. tx-ampxì (derived from txan much)

large pestle (grinding tool); meal-mashingpole: ["i.kut^] PF n. ikut

large social kava bowl: ["swo.a.sEj a."jl"] PF n.

swoasey ayll (c.w. from swoasey kava bowl(constructed from seed pods, used for drinkingintoxicating beverages) and yll communal)

last month: [vo.sp'I."am] PF n. vospxìam (deri-ved from vospxì month)

last night: [t'o."nam] PF adv. txonam (derivedfrom txon night and ham previous)

last time: [ha."ma.lo] PF adv. hamalo (c.w. fromham previous and alo time)

last week: ["kin.tr"am] PF n. kintrram (derived

from kintrr week)last weekend: ["mun.tr

".am] PF n. muntrram

(derived from muntrr weekend)last, final: [sjEn] PF adj. syenlast, ultimate, terminal: [toR] PF adj. tor (deri-

ved from toruk last shadow)lastly: [nI."sjEn] PF adv. nìsyen (derived from

syen last)late: ["hawN.kr

"] PF adv. hawngkrr (c.w. from

hawng overabundance and krr time)late: [lE."hawN.kr

"] PF adj. lehawngkrr (derived

from hawngkrr late)late afternoon, evening (before twilight):

[kajm] PF n. kaymlately, currently: [nI."fkr

"] PF adv. nìfkrr (deri-

ved from fìkrr this time)later, after, afterwards: ["maw.kr

"] PF adv.

mawkrr (c.w. from maw after and krr time)laugh: ["h·aN.h·am] PF vin. hanghamlaunch, take off: [ja."w·o] PF vin. yawo (c.w.

from ya air and wo reach for)lava, magma: [t'E."k'um.paJ] PF n. txekxum-

pay (derived from txep fire and kxumpayviscous liquid)

lawlike: [lE.ko."REn] PF adj. lekoren (derivedfrom koren rule)

lawyer: [pæN."k'o.ju lE.ko."REn] PF n. pängkx-oyu lekoren (c.w. from pängkxoyu chatterand lekoren lawlike)

lay (something) on the ground: [kl".t'Ej."k·aj]

PF vtr. klltxeykay (c.w. from kllte groundand txay lie flat) transitive form of klltxay

lazily, lethargically: [nI."NoN] PF adv. nìngong(derived from ngong lazy)

33

laziness, lethargy: [tI."NoN] PF n. tìngong (de-rived from ngong lazy)

lazy, lethargic, lacking sufficient energy:[NoN] PF adj. ngong

lead: [·Ejk^] JC,PF vtr. eykleader: ["Ejk.tan] JC n. eyktan (derived from

eyk lead)leader (typically temporary, of a small group

like a hunting party): ["Ejk.ju] PF n. eykyu(derived from eyk lead)

leadership: [tI."Ejk.tan] JC,PF n. tìeyktan (deri-ved from eyktan leader)

leaf: [RIk^] PF n. rìkleaf green: ["RI.kE.an] PF adj. rìkean (c.w. from

rìk leaf and ean green)leaf plate: ["jom.yo lE."rIk^] PF n. yomyo lerìk

(c.w. from yomyo plate (for food) and lerìkleafy)

leafy: [lE."RIk^] PF adj. lerìk (derived from rìkleaf )

lean: ["t·u.v·on] PF v. tuvonlearn: ["n·u.m·E] PF vin. numeleast, minority, small part: [hIm."p'I] PF n.

hìmpxìleather: [flawk'] PF n. flawkxleave, abandon: [t'·IN] PF vtr. txìngleave, depart: [h·um] PF vin. humledge, shelf, level, step, rung : [jI] PF n. yì

(Can also be used metaphorically to referto the level of anything scalable - anyt-hing that can have levels or degrees, highsand lows, water level, temperature, talent,anger, etc.)

left (not right): [ftæR] PF adj. ftärleft side: ["ftæR.pa] PF n. ftärpa (c.w. from ftär

left and pa’o side)leg: [ki."nam] PF n. kinamleggings (used in war): [Ra."spuP] PF n. raspu’leisurely, unhurriedly: [nI."t'i.lu.kE] PF adv.

nìtxiluke (c.w. from txi hurry and luke wit-hout)

lend: [kæ."sR·In] PF vtr. käsrìn (derived fromsrìn temporarily transfer from one to another)

length: [Nim."pup^] PF n. ngimpup (derivedfrom ngim long and pup short)

lent or borrowed thing: [sæ."sRIn] PF n. säsrìn(derived from srìn temporarily transfer fromone to another)

less: [nI."næn] PF adv. nìnän (derived from nändecrease)

less and less, decreasingly: [nI."næn.æn] PF

adv. nìnänän (derived from nän decrease)lesson: [sæ."num.vi] PF n. sänumvi (derived

from sänume teaching)lest, so that not: ["ftE.kE] PF conj. fteke (c.w.

from fte so that and ke not) (with subjun-ctive verb in dependant clause)

let go, release: [l·o."n·u] PF vtr. lonulethargic, lacking sufficient energy, lazy:

[NoN] PF adj. ngonglethargically, lazily: [nI."NoN] PF adv. nìngong

(derived from ngong lazy)lethargy, laziness: [tI."NoN] PF n. tìngong (deri-

ved from ngong lazy)letter (phonetic symbol): [pam."REl.vi] PF n.

pamrelvi (derived from pamrel writing)level: ["PEN.EN] PF adj. ’engenglevel, shelf, ledge, step, rung : [jI] PF n. yì


lid, cover: [lEw] PF n. lewlie flat, be horizontal: [t'·aj] PF vin. txaylie on the ground: [kl

"."t'·aj] PF vin. klltxay

(c.w. from kllte ground and txay lie flat)life: [tI."REj] PF n. tìrey (derived from rey live)lift, pick up: ["k'·El.t·Ek] PF vtr. kxelteklight: [a."tan] JC n. atanlight (physical weight), lightweight: [sjo] PF

adj. syolight color: ["nEjm.pin] PF n. neympin (derived

from neyn light, shade of white)light colors, shades of white: [nEjn] PF adj.

neynlight meal, snack: [>tsjEj] PF n. tsyeylight wind, breeze: [hu."fwE.

>tsjIp^] PF n.

hufwetsyìp (derived from hufwe wind)lightning (general term): [Rawm] PF n. rawmlightweight, light (physical weight): [sjo] PF

adj. syolike a child, immaturely: [nI."PE.vEN] PF adv.

nì’eveng (derived from ’eveng child)like an adult, maturely: [nI."fjEjn.tu] PF adv.

nìfyeyntu (derived from fyeyntu adult)

34

like that, that way: [>tsa."fja] PF adv. tsafya(c.w. from tsa- that and fya’o way)

like the Na’vi, Na’vi-ly: [nI."naP.vi] PF adv. nì-Na’vi (derived from Na’vi the People)

like this, this way: [fI."fja] PF adv. fìfya (deri-ved from fya’o path)

like us, as we do (casual speech [naj."wEN]):[nI.aj."wEN] PF adv. nìayoeng (derived fromayoeng us (inclusive))

like, as: [na] PF adp. na–like, as: [p'El] PF adp. pxel–likewise, too, also, as well: [nI."tEN] PF adv.

nìteng (derived from teng same, equal)limit, edge, brink, border, end: [t'Ew] PF n.

txewlip: ["sEj.Ri] JC n. seyriliquid, water: [paj] PF n. paylisten: ["t·IN "mik.jun] PF vin. tìng mikyun (de-

rived from tìng give and mikyun ear)listen to (intentionally): ["j·u.n·E] PF vtr. yunelit. åooden writing stick.", pencil:

[pam."rel.vul le."RIn] PF n. pamrelvul lerìn(c.w. from pamrelvul pen, pencil and lerìnwooden, of wood)

lit. åriting stick."(short form of pamrelvul),pen, pencil: ["REl.vul] PF n. relvul

lit. åriting stick.", pen, pencil: [pam."rel.vul]n. pamrelvul (c.w. from pamrel writing andvul branch (of a tree))

little (in size), small: ["hI.Pi] PF adj. hì’ilittle conversation: [tI.pæN."k'o.

>tsjIp^] PF n.

tìpängkxotsyìp (derived from tìpängkxoconversation)

little daughter (term of endearment):["Pi.tE.>tsjIp^] PF n. ’itetsyìp (derived from’ite daughter)

little hunter: ["ta.Ron.ju.>tsjIp^] PF n. taronyut-syìp (derived from taronyu hunter)

little I, little me: ["wE.>tsjIp^] PF pn. oetsyìp (de-

rived from oe I)little loved one, darling: ["yawn.tu.

>tsjIp] PF

n. yawntutsyìp (derived from yawntu lovedone)

little me, little I: ["wE.>tsjIp^] PF pn. oetsyìp (de-

rived from oe I)little moment, second: ["swaw.

>tsjIp^] PF n.

swawtsyìp (derived from swaw moment)little mommy (used for young girls):

["saP.nu.>tsjIp^] PF n. sa’nutsyìp (derived

from sa’nu mommy)little queue: [">tswin.

>tsjIp^] PF n. tswintsyìp (de-

rived from tswin queue)little you, you little: ["Na.>tsjIp^] PF pn. ngatsyìp

(derived from nga you)live: [R·Ej] PF vin. reylive, dwell: ["kEl.ku "s·i] PF vin. kelku si (deri-

ved from kelku home)living at one with nature, harmony:

[�mE.o.a.u.ni.a."E.a] PF n. meoauniaealiving thing, alive, living: [Ru."sEj] PF adj., n.

rusey (c.w. from rey live and «us» active par-ticiple infix)

living, alive, living thing: [Ru."sEj] PF adj., n.rusey (c.w. from rey live and «us» active par-ticiple infix)

logically, of course, following common sen-se: [nI."lun] PF adv. nìlun

loincloth: [tEwN] PF n. tewnglong (physical length): [Nim] PF adj. ngimlonger (time): [nul."kr

"] PF adv. nulkrr (derived

from krr time)look: ["t·IN "na.Ri] PF vin. tìng nari (derived

from tìng give and nari eye)look after, take care of, be responsible for:

[v·EwN] PF vtr. vewnglook at: [n·In] PF vtr. nìnlook for, seek, search: [fw·Ew] PF vtr. fwewlook, sight, appearance: [PuR] PF n. ’urloom: ["PEw.RaN] PF n. ’ewrangloose: [um] PF adj. umloose?, how tight: [pE."k'in.um] PF inter. pekx-

inum (derived from ’ekxinum tightness, loo-seness)

loose?, how tight: [PE."k'i.num.pE] PF inter.’ekxinumpe (derived from ’ekxinum tight-ness, looseness)

loosely, weakly: [nI."mEjp^] PF adv. nìmeyp(derived from meyp weak)

looseness, degree of tightness: [PE."k'i.num]PF n. ’ekxinum (c.w. from ’ekxin tight andum loose)

lose: [sn·ajt'] PF vtr. snaytxlose: [h·an] PF vtr. hanlose awareness of something, lose track:

["t·a.t·Ep^] PF vtr. tateplose oneself (spiritual sense): ["P·i.·a] PF vin.

’ia

35

lose track, lose awareness of something:["t·a.t·Ep^] PF vtr. tatep

loser: ["snaj.tu] PF n. snaytu (derived fromsnaytx lose)

loss: [tI."snajt'] PF n. tìsnaytx (derived fromsnaytx lose)

loss: [tI."han] PF n. tìhan (derived from han lo-se)

loss of face, humiliation, embarrassment:[fwIN] PF n. fwìng

loud: [wok^] PF adj. wokloudly: [nI."wok^] PF adv. nìwok (derived from

wok loud)

love: [tI."jawn] PF n. tìyawn (derived fromyawne beloved)

loved one: ["jaw.nE.tu] PF n. yawnetu (derivedfrom yawne beloved)

loved one: ["jawn.tu] PF n. yawntu (derivedfrom yawne beloved)

low: [tIm] PF adj. tìmlow level: ["tIm.jI] PF n. tìmyì (c.w. from tìm

low and yì level)luck, chance: ["sjaj.vi] PF n. syayvi (derived

from syay fate)luckily, happily: ["nEt.RIp^] PF adv. netrìplung: [">tso.pI] PF n. tsopì

M

(made from insect wings, goggles, carvedfrom wood, etc): ["REn.tEn] PF n. renten

magenta, violet, purple: ["Pom.pin] PF n. ’om-pin (derived from ’om purple)

magenta, violet, purple: [Pom] PF adj. ’ommagma, lava: [t'E."k'um.paJ] PF n. txekxum-

pay (derived from txep fire and kxumpayviscous liquid)

main, primary: [t'in] PF adj. txinmajority, most, large part: [t'am."p'I] PF n. tx-

ampxì (derived from txan much)make an exception: [tI.muN."wr

"s·i] PF vin.

tìmungwrr si (derived from tìmungwrr ex-ception)

make an informed guess: ["PEn "s·i] PF vin. ’ensi (derived from ’en guess)

make clear: ["law "s·i] PF vin. law si (derivedfrom law clear)

make free of dirt, clean: ["la.ro s·i] PF vin. larosi (derived from laro clean)

make impervious, seal: [fy·El] PF vtr. fyelmake or tie a knot, knot: [fta s·i] PF vin. fta si

(derived from fta knot)make someone angry, anger: [stEj."k·i] PF vtr.

steyki (derived from sti be angry and «eyk»causative infix)

make something fast, rush something: ["win"s·i] PF vin. win si (derived from win fast)

make to sing (poetic), play music: [REj."kol] PF

vtr. reykol (derived from rol sing and «eyk»causitive infix)

make, auxiliary verb, postpositional non-bound verb do: [s·i] PF si deriving affix

making an informed guess, acting on intui-tion: [nI."PEn] PF adv. nì’en (derived from’en guess)

male: ["fnE.lan] PF n. fnelan (derived from fnelkind, type)

male: [lE."fnE.lan] PF adj. lefnelan (derivedfrom fnelan male)

male (person): [tu."tan] PF n. tutan (derivedfrom tute person)

male spouse, husband: [mun."t'a.tan] PF n.muntxatan (derived from muntxatu spouse)

malicious, bad hearted: ["kawN.lan] PF adj.kawnglan (c.w. from kawng bad, evil andtxe’lan heart)

manily, many: [nI."p'aj] PF adv. nìpxay (deri-ved from pxay many)

manner, path, way: ["fja.Po] PF n. fya’omany: [p'aj] PF adj. pxay (used with singular

or plural noun forms)many, manily: [nI."p'aj] PF adv. nìpxay (deri-

ved from pxay many)map: [at'."k'E.REl] PF n. atxkxerel (c.w. from atx-

kxe land and rel picture)marriage, mating: [tI.mun."t'a] PF n. tìmuntxa

(derived from muntxa mated)married, mated: [mun."t'a] PF adj. muntxamarry, mate (with someone): [mun."t'a "s·i] PF

vin. muntxa si (derived from muntxa mated)master: [>tsul."fæ "s·i] PF vin. tsulfä si (derived

from tsulfä mastery)master of an art, craft, or skill, expert:


36

mastery: [>tsul."fæ] PF n. tsulfämate (with someone), marry: [mun."t'a "s·i] PF

vin. muntxa si (derived from muntxa mated)mated, married: [mun."t'a] PF adj. muntxamaterialize, appear, come into view: [sR·ER]

PF vin. srermating, marriage: [tI.mun."t'a] PF n. tìmuntxa

(derived from muntxa mated)matter (subject): ["t'E.lE] PF n. txelematter, be of importance: [">tsR·an.t·En] PF vin.

tsrantenmature, ripe, adult: [fjEjn] PF adj. fyeynmaturely, like an adult: [nI."fjEjn.tu] PF adv.

nìfyeyntu (derived from fyeyntu adult)maturity, ripeness, full fruition: [tI."fjEjn] PF

n. tìfyeyn (derived from fyeyn ripe, mature)maximally: [t'an."t'Ew.vaj] PF adv. txantx-

ewvay (derived from txantxew maximum)maximum: [t'an."t'Ew] PF n. txantxew (c.w.

from txan much and txew limit, border, end)may, be possible: [">ts·un.sl·u] PF vin. tsunslu

(c.w. from tsun be able and slu become)maybe, perhaps: [k'awm] PF adv. kxawmme, I: ["o.E] PF pn. oemeaning: [Ral] PF n. ralmeaning, importance, significance: [wa."wE]

PF n. wawemeaningful, instructive, something from

which a lesson can be learned: ["Ral.NaP]PF adj. ralnga’ (c.w. from ral meaning andnga’ contain)

meaningfully, significantly: [nI.wa."wE] PF

adv. nìwawe (derived from wawe meaning,significance)

meat: [>tsNan] PF n. tsnganmedicine: ["Pum.

>tsa] PF n. ’umtsa

mediocre, so-so: [kE."sRan] PF adj. kesran (c.w.from ke not and sran yes) (The derivation ofthis word is not entirely clear. It may haveoriginally been kesrankekehe, literally, ‘notyes, not no,’ in reference to whether a cer-tain action was performed well or not, andover time it became shortened to just kes-ran, its use expanding to include anythingonly mediocre in quality.)

meet by chance (ii), encounter: [ul."t'a.R·un]PF vtr. ultxarun (c.w. from ultxa meetingand run find)

meet with someone intentionally (use huwith): [ul."t'a "s·i] PF vin. ultxa si (derivedfrom ultxa meeting)

meeting: [ul."t'a] PF n. ultxameeting participant: [ul."t'a.tu] PF n. ultxatu

(derived from ultxa meeting)melody: [lawR] PF n. lawrmember: [ha."p'I.tu] PF n. hapxìtu (derived

from hapxì part)member of a class, classmate: [nu.mul."t'a.tu]

PF n. numultxatu (derived from numultxaclass (for instruction))

mess up, foul, do wrong: [tI."k'Ej "s·i] PF vin.tìkxey si (derived from tìkxey incorrectness)

message: [Pu."p'a.RE] PF n. ’upxaremessy, chaotic, disorganized, in shambles:


metal: [fNap^] PF n. fngapmetallic: [lE."fNap^] PF adj. lefngap (derived

from fngap metal)mid-day, noon: ["k'am.tr

"] PF n. kxamtrr (c.w.

from kxam middle and trr day)middle, midpoint: [k'am] PF n. kxammidnight: ["k'am.t'on] PF n. kxamtxon (c.w.

from kxam middle and txon night)midpoint, middle: [k'am] PF n. kxammighty: [fkEw] PF adj. fkewmild, gentle, tender (people or things): [flr

"]

PF adj. flrrmild, moderate, comfortable: [">tsja.fE] PF adj.

tsyafemilitary clan, squad, battle party:

["wEm.po.Nu] PF n. wempongu (c.w. fromwem fight and pongu group)

milk: ["o.kup^] PF n. okupmind: ["Ron.sEm] PF n. ronsemminimally: [hIm."t'Ew.vaj] PF adv. hìmtxewvay

(derived from hìmtxew minimum)minimum: [hIm."t'Ew] PF n. hìmtxew (c.w.

from hìm small and txew limit)minor ailment: [sæ."sp'in.

>tsjIp^] PF n. säspxint-

syìp (derived from säspxin illness)minor wound, cut, bruise: ["sk'iR.>tsjIp^] PF n.

skxirtsyìp (derived from skxir wound)minority, least, small part: [hIm."p'I] PF n.

hìmpxìmiracle: [pa."Rul] PF n. parul

37

miraculous: [pa."Rul.NaP] PF adj. parulnga’ (de-rived from parul miracle) nfp.

mischief: ["sti.wi] PF n. stiwimischief-maker: ["sti.wi.si.Ju] PF n. stiwisiyu

(derived from stiwi mischief )mischievous: ["sti.wi.NaP] PF adj. stiwinga’

(c.w. from stiwi mischief and nga’ contain)missed (as an absent person who is longed

for), missing: [lom] PF adj. lommissed person: ["lom.tu] PF n. lomtu (derived

from lom missing, missed)missing, missed (as an absent person who is

longed for): [lom] PF adj. lommist, fog, steam: ["ja.paj] PF n. yapay (c.w.

from ya air and pay water)mistake, error: ["k'E.jEj] PF n. kxeyeymistakeness, incorrectness: [tI."k'Ej] PF n.

tìkxey (derived from kxeyey mistake)misty, foggy: [lE."ja.paj] PF adj. leyapay (deri-

ved from yapay fog)model, represent, exemplify (ii): ["k·E.n·oN] or

["kE.n·oN] PF vin. kenong (c.w. from ke notand nong follow)

moderate, mild, comfortable: [">tsja.fE] PF adj.tsyafe

modification, change (instance of), edit:[sæ."la.tEm] PF n. sälatem (derived from la-tem change)

modified, interfered with, no longer in a na-tural state: ["zæ.fi] PF adj. zäfi

moist vegetation, pleasant smell of nearbyrunning water, rain: [so."sul] PF adj. sosul

moist, humid, damp: ["paj.NaP] PF adj.paynga’ (derived from pay water and nga’contain)

moment: [swaw] PF n. swawmommy, mum: ["saP.nu] PF n. sa’nu (affectio-

nate form of sa’nok mother)Monday: [tr

"."mu.vE] PF n. trrmuve (c.w. from

trr day and muve second)month: [vo."sp'I] PF n. vospxì (derived from

vosìpxì twelfth and zìsìtä of a year)more: [nI."Pul] PF adv. nì’ulmore and more, increasingly: [nI."Pul.Pul] PF

adv. nì’ul’ul (derived from ’ul increase)more or less, somewhat, yes and no, kind

of: [sRan."kE.hE] PF part., intj. srankehe (c.w.from srane yes and kehe no)

morning: ["RE.won] PF n. rewon

moron, idiot: [sk'awN] PF n. skxawngmoss: ["pr

".wl

"] Prr n. prrwll (c.w. from prrnen

baby and ’ewll plant)most, majority, large part: [t'am."p'I] PF n. tx-

ampxì (derived from txan much)mother: ["saP.nok^] PF n. sa’nok (from

sa’atenuk C)mother loom, giant loom: [sa."PEw.RaN] PF n.

sa’ewrang (derived from sa’nok mother and’ewrang loom)

mountain: [Ram] PF n. rammouth: [k'a] PF n. kxamove: ["P·æ.R·Ip^] PF vtr. ’ärìpmove, shift position: [R·ik'] PF vin. rikxmovie, film, video: ["rEl a.ru."sikx] PF n. rel

arusikx (c.w. from rel picture and rikx move)much: [t'an] PF adj. txanmuch (abstract), very: [nI."t'an] PF adv. nìtxan

(derived from txan much)mud: ["No.a] PF n. ngoamulticolored, colorful, variegated: ["p'aj.o.pin]


mum, mommy: ["saP.nu] PF n. sa’nu (affectio-nate form of sa’nok mother)

muscle: [>tsNEm] PF n. tsngemmuscular: [>tsaw."sNEm] PF adj. tsawsngem (de-

rived from tsawl big and tsngem muscle)mushroom, fungus: [sp'am] PF n. spxammusic: ["pam.

>tsE.o] PF n. pamtseo (c.w. from

pam sound and tseo art)music creator, composer: [pam.

>tsE.o."Nop.ju]

PF n. pamtseongopyu (c.w. from pamtseomusic and ngopyu creator) eg. James Hor-ner

musical instrument (generic term): [Po."t'aN]PF n. ’otxang

musician: ["pam.>tsE.o.tu] PF n. pamtseotu (de-

rived from pamtseo music)must: ["z·E.n·E] PF vim. zenemust not (ii): ["z·EN.kE] PF vim. zenke (c.w.

from zene must and ke not)my apologies (acknowledgment of guilt and

regret), sorry: [Naj."t'o.a] PF intj. ngaytxoa(c.w. from ngeyä your and txoa forgiveness)

mysterious, puzzling, enigmatic: ["iN.jE.NaP]PF adj. ingyenga’ (derived from ingyen fe-eling of mystery)

38

mysteriously, in a puzzling fashion: ["niN,jEn]PF adv. ningyen (derived from ingyen fee-

ling of mystery)mystery, riddle, enigma, conundrum:


N

Na’vi-ly, like the Na’vi: [nI."naP.vi] PF adv. nì-Na’vi (derived from Na’vi the People)

nail, claw: [>tsin] PF n. tsinnaked, without clothing: [luk."pEn] PF adj.

lukpen (c.w. from luke without and pen clot-hing (plural))

name: [>tst'o] PF n. tstxonap: ["haw.

>tsjIp^] PF n. hawtsyìp (derived from

hahaw sleep)narrative poem, story poem: ["vuR.waj] PF n.

vurway (c.w. from vur story and way song)narrow: [snEp^] PF adj. snepnatural (something in its original, wild, un-

modified, untampered-with natural state):[jr"] PF adj. yrr

naturally, without tampering with or chan-ging the nature: [nI."jr

"] PF adv. nìyrr (de-

rived from yrr natural)navel: [NEp^] PF n. ngepnear-master: [>tsul.fæ.tu."naj] PF n. tsulfätunay

(derived from tsulfätu master)nearby, at close range: [a."sim] PF adv. asim

(derived from sim near, be near)nebula: [pI."wop'.

>tsjIp] PF n. pìwopxtsyìp (deri-

ved from pìwopx cloud) lit.: ’little cloud’necessarily: [nI."zEn] PF adv. nìzen (derived

from zene must)necessary: [lE."kin] PF adj. lekin (derived from

kin need)neck: [pEwn] PF n. pewnnectar: [>tsmi] PF n. tsminectar lantern, bladder lantern: [">tsmi.snr

"] PF

n. tsmisnrr (c.w. from tsmi nectar and nrrglow)

need: [k·in] PF vtr. kinneed: [tI."kin] PF n. tìkin (derived from kin

need)needless to say, of course: [kE.zEm.pl

"."t'E]

PF adv. kezemplltxe (contraction ofke+zene+pivlltxe)

nest; protected area serving as the home ofPandoran fauna: [>tsRul] PF n. tsrul

net, web: [hæn] PF n. hännever: ["kaw.kr

"] PF adv. kawkrr (c.w. from ke

’aw not one and krr time)never-ending (in a temporal sense), endless:

[tIP."i.lu.kE] PF adj. tì’iluke (c.w. from tì’i’aending, conclusion and luke without)

never-endingly, forever: [nIt."Pi.lu.kE] PF adv.nìt’iluke (c.w. from tì’i’a ending, conclusionand luke without)

nevertheless, even so: [>tsal.su."Naj] PF adv.tsalsungay

new: [mip^] PF adj. mipnewcomer, someone who has just arrived on

the scene: [zI."ma.Pu.ju] PF n. zìma’uyunews, something to report: [fmawn] PF n.

fmawnnext: [haj] PF adj. haynext: [nI."haj] Prr adv. nìhay (derived from hay

next)next month: [vo.sp'I."aj] PF n. vospxìay (deri-

ved from vospxì month)next time: [ha."ja.lo] PF adv. hayalo (c.w. from

hay next and alo time)next week: ["kin.tr

"aj] PF n. kintrray (derived

from kintrr week)next weekend: ["mun.tr

".aj] PF n. muntrray

(derived from muntrr weekend)next year: ["zI.sIt.aj] PF n. zìsìtay (derived from

zìsìt year)night: [t'on] PF n. txonnight-fall, sunset, dusk, gloaming: [t'on."PoN]

PF,Prr n. txon’ong (c.w. from txon night and’ong unfold)

no: ["kE.hE] PF part., intj. keheno (before a noun): ["kE.a] PF adj. keano action or activity: ["kE.kEm] PF pn., adv. ke-

kem (c.w. from ke not and kem activity)no longer in a natural state, modified, inter-

fered with: ["zæ.fi] PF adj. zäfino matter what, no matter, whatever:

[kE.">tsRan] PF adj., conj. ketsran (c.w. fromke not and tsranten Matter, be of importance)

39

no matter, no matter what, whatever:[kE.">tsRan] PF adj., conj. ketsran (c.w. fromke not and tsranten Matter, be of importance)

no way! (vulgar), screw that!: ["p'a.sIk^] PF in-tj. pxasìk

no-one: ["kaw.tu] PF pn. kawtu (c.w. from ke’aw not one and tute person)

noble, great: [nawm] PF adj. nawmnoise. sound that is excessive, unnecessa-

ry, inappropriate, unexpected or startling:["hawm.pam] PF n. hawmpam (derived fromhawng overabundance and pam sound)

noise. ugly or unpleasant sound, screech:["væ.pam] PF n. väpam (derived from vä un-pleasant to the senses and pam sound)

noisily: [nI."hawm.pam] PF adv. nìhawmpam(derived from hawmpam noise)

noisome, unpleasant to the senses: [væP] PF

adj. vä’noisy: [lE."hawm.pam] PF adj. lehawmpam (de-

rived from hawmpam noise)noon, mid-day: ["k'am.tr

"] PF n. kxamtrr (c.w.

from kxam middle and trr day)nose: ["on.tu] JC n. ontunose ring: ["on.>tsaN] PF n. ontsang (c.w. from

ontu nose and tsang piercing)not: [kE] PF adv. kenot a bit (used with ke; see ke kaw’it not...at

all in phrases), not at all: [kaw."Pit^] PF adv.kaw’it (c.w. from ke ’aw not one and ’it bit)

not achieving the desired or expected end,failingly, falteringly, in vain, fruitlessly:[nI."nu] PF adv. nìnu (derived from nui fail,falter)

not at all, not a bit (used with ke; see kekaw’it not...at all in phrases): [kaw."Pit^] PF

adv. kaw’it (c.w. from ke ’aw not one and ’itbit)

not derived from another source, original,unique: [lE.">tsim] PF adj. letsim (derived

from tsim source)not hollow, solid: [vawt^] PF adj. vawtnot many, few: [nI."hol] PF adv. nìhol (derived

from hol few)not necessarily: [kEn."zEn] PF adv. kenzen (c.w.

from ke not and nìzen necessarily)not notice, ignore, snub: [J·æk'] PF vtr. yäkxnot obtain expected or desired result, fail,

falter, go astray: ["n·u.·i] PF vin. nuinot only: [kEn."Paw] PF adv. ken’aw (c.w. from

ke not and nì’aw only)not physical), strong (emotionally, spiritual-

ly, confident: [sEj."k'El] PF adj. seykxelnot right, incorrect, wrong: [kE."jawR] PF adj.

keyawr (c.w. from ke not and eyawr correct)not solid, hollow: ["mo.mEk^] PF adj. momeknot without bounds, having a limit, finite:

["t'Ew.NaP] PF adj. txewnga’ (c.w. from txewlimit and nga’ contain)

note, notice: [">ts·E.R·i] PF vtr. tserinothing: ["kE.Pu] PF pn. ke’u (c.w. from ke not

and ’u thing)notice, awareness: [tI.">tsE.Ri] PF n. tìtseri (de-

rived from tseri note, notice)notice, note: [">ts·E.R·i] PF vtr. tserinoun: [">tst'o.lI.Pu] PF n. tstxolì’u (c.w. from

tstxo name and lì’u word)noun phrase (phrase whose pivotal or central

word is a noun): [>tst'o."lIP.u.k��N.vi] PF n.tstxolì’ukìngvi (c.w. from tstxolì’u noun andkìng thread)

nourish, provide nourishment: [li."swa s·i] PF

vin. liswa si (derived from liswa nourish-ment)

nourishment: [li."swa] PF n. liswanow: [sEt^] PF adv. setnowhere: ["kaw.

>tsEN] PF adv. kawtseng (c.w.

from ke ’aw not one and tseng place)number: [hol."p'aj] PF n. holpxay (c.w. from

hol few and pxay many)

O

“on top of things”, organized: ["vE.NaP] PF

adj. venga’ (c.w. from ve’o order, organizationand nga’ contain)

O (vocative marker): [ma] PF part. ma

obey, heed: [l·Ek^] PF vtr. lek

obfuscation, cover up: [tI."wan] PF n. tìwan(derived from wan hide)

object, thing (physical or tangible): [zum] PF

n. zum

obligation, duty, imposed requirement:[>tson] PF n. tson

40

obstruction, barricade: [E."k'an] PF n. ekxanoccupation, primary role in society: ["t'in.tIn]

PF n. txintìn (c.w. from txin main and tìnactivity that keeps one busy)

occupy a space, be at: [t·ok^] PF vtr. tokoccur to one, pop into one’s mind: ["v·iN.k·ap^]

PF vtr. vingkapoccur, happen: [l·En] PF vin. lenocean, sea: [t'am."paj] PF n. txampay (c.w. from

txan much and pay water)odd, be curious, strange, unexpected: [h·Ek^]

PF vin. hekoddly, strangely: [nI."hEk^] PF adv. nìhek (deri-

ved from hek be curious, odd) (sentence, notmanner, adverbial)

of a small group like a hunting party), leader(typically temporary: ["Ejk.ju] PF n. eykyu(derived from eyk lead)

of course, logically, following common sen-se: [nI."lun] PF adv. nìlun

of course, needless to say: [kE.zEm.pl"."t'E]

PF adv. kezemplltxe (contraction ofke+zene+pivlltxe)

of stone, stony: [lE.">tsk'E] PF adj. letskxe (deri-ved from tskxe rock, stone)

of wood, wooden: [lE."rIn] PF adj. lerìn (deri-ved from rìn wood)

offence, insult: [zop."lo] PF n. zoplooffer: ["st'E.nu] PF n. stxenu (c.w. from stxeli

gift and lonu release)offer: ["st'E,nu,t·IN] PF vtr. stxenutìng (derived

from stxenu offer, n.)often: [p'Im] PF adv. pxìmOK, that will suffice, that will do: [t·am] PF

vin., intj. tamold (opposite of mip): [lal] PF adj. lal nfp.old man: ["ko.ak.tan] PF n. koaktan (derived

from koak old, aged)old person: ["ko.ak.tu] PF n. koaktu (derived

from koak old, aged)old woman: ["ko.ak.tE] PF n. koakte (derived

from koak old, aged)old, aged (for living things): ["ko.ak^] PF adj.

koakold, former: ["spu.win] PF adj. spuwin nfp.omen, sign: [a."u.Ni.a] PF n. aungiaon a daily basis, regularly: [nI."tr

".tr"] PF adv.

nìtrrtrr (derived from trr day)

on one’s own, alone, by one’s self; lonely:[lE."Paw.tu] PF adj. le’awtu (c.w. from ’awone and tute person)

on the contrary, conversely: [nI."wæ] PF adv.nìwä

on the opposite side, opposite: ["fEw.tu.sok^]PF adj. fewtusok (derived from few– ac-ross)(In casual speech, fewtsok (few.�tsok)

on the same level, equally: [nI."PEN] PF adv.nì’eng (derived from ’engeng level)

on, in: [mI] PF adp. mì+on, onto: [sIn] PF adp. sìn–once: ["Paw.lo] PF adv. ’awloonce (in the past): [Paw."li.E] PF adv. ’awlieone: [Paw] PF num. ’awone individual: ["Paw.po] PF pn. ’awpoone of a number of repeated or recurring ac-

tions, time, turn, instance: ["a.lo] PF n. aloone step down from leader, deputy, general:

[Ejk.ta."naj] JC,PF n. eyktanay (derived fromeyktan leader)

one third, third: [pan] PF n. panOne who is patient: [ma."wEj.pEj.ju] PF n.

maweypeyyu (derived from maweypey bepatient)

one with authority over another, comman-der: ["k'Im.ju] PF n. kxìmyu (derived fromkxìm command, order, assign tasks)

one, they (singular usage) (unspecifiedagent): [fko] PF pn. fko

only: [nI."Paw] PF adv. nì’aw (derived from ’awone)

only: [lE."Paw] PF adj. le’awonto, on: [sIn] PF adp. sìn–oops!: [PæP] PF intj. ’ä’open: [pi."ak^ s·i] PF vin. piak si (derived from

piak open)open or borderless area, space: [Nip^] PF n.

ngipopen terrain, field, plain: ["t'a.jo] PF n. txayoopen, clear (for cloudless skies): [pi."ak^] PF

adj. piakopponent: ["wæ.tu] PF n. wätu (derived from

wä- against)opportunely, in the right season: [nIk."maR]

PF adv. nìkmar (derived from kìmar in se-ason)

opportunity, chance: [sk'om] PF n. skxom

41

opposite, on the opposite side: ["fEw.tu.sok^]PF adj. fewtusok (derived from few– ac-ross)(In casual speech, fewtsok (few.�tsok)

optimally, best: [nI."swEj] PF adv. nìswey (de-rived from swey best)

or: [fu] PF conj. fuor “spirits”, intoxicating beverage: ["swo.a]

PF n. swoaor ceremonial apparel (item of), adornment:

[i."o.i] PF n. ioior else, if not, otherwise: ["t'o.kE.fjaw] PF


or get drunk, be: ["R·o.·u] PF vin. rou (exampleuse: rou fa pxir)

or group of avatars, clan: [u.nil.tI."Ran.tok'.o.loP]PF n. uniltìrantokxolo’ (c.w. from uniltìran-tokx avatar, dreamwalker body and olo’ clan)

or in the role of, something as, in the capacityof, something else: [sko] PF adp. sko+

or metaphorically: having no value, empty:[mEk^] PF adj. mek

or not: [fu."kE] PF conj. fuke (c.w. from fu orand ke not)

or off of a floating mountain (countable), anindividual tall, thin waterfall that poursdown a sheer high cliff: [sE."Pajl] PF n.se’ayl

or skill, master of an art, craft, expert:[>tsul."fæ.tu] PF n. tsulfätu (derived fromtsulfä mastery)

or, whether: [ft'Ej] PF conj. ftxeyorange (fire tun"): ["t’Ep.tun] PF adj. txeptun

(c.w. from txep fire and tun red, orange)orange, red: ["tum.pin] PF n. tumpin (c.w. from

tun red, orange and ’opin color)orange, red: [tun] PF adj. tunorate, give speech: [ft'·u."lI.Pu] PF vin. ftxulì’u

(c.w. from täftxu weave and lì’u word)oration, speech: [sæ.ft'u."lI.Pu] PF n. säftxulì’u

(derived from ftxulì’u orate, give speech)orator, (public) speaker: [ft'u."lI.Pu.ju] PF n.

ftxulì’uyu (derived from ftxulì’u orate, givespeech)

order (as opposed to disorder or chaos), orga-nization: ["vE.Po] PF n. ve’o

order, command, assign a task: [k'·Im] PF vtr.kxìm

ordering, commanding, assigning tasks:[tI."k'Im] PF n. tìkxìm (derived from kxìmcommand, order, assign tasks)

ordinary: [lE."tr".tr"] PF adj. letrrtrr (derived

from trr day)organization, order (as opposed to disorder

or chaos): ["vE.Po] PF n. ve’oorganize, put in order: [vE.zEj."ko] PF vtr. ve-

zeyko (derived from vezo be in order)organized, “on top of things”: ["vE.NaP] PF

adj. venga’ (c.w. from ve’o order, organizationand nga’ contain)

original, existing at or from the start, first ina series: [lE."sNæ.Pi] PF adj. lesngä’i (derivedfrom sngä’i begin)

original, unique, not derived from anothersource: [lE.">tsim] PF adj. letsim (derivedfrom tsim source)

originally, at first: [nI."sNæ.Pi] PF adv. nìsngä’i(derived from sngä’i begin)

originally, in an original way, with origina-lity: [nI.">tsim] PF adv. nìtsim (derived fromtsim source)

other one person or thing: ["la.po] PF pn. lapo(c.w. from lahe other, else and po he, she)

other, else: ["la.hE] PF adj. laheotherwise, if not, or else: ["t'o.kE.fjaw] PF


out of, from inside: ["ftum.fa] PF adp. ftumfa–(derived from mìfa inside)

out there: [kæ."sa.>tsEN] PF adv. käsatseng (c.w.

from kä go and tseng place)outside: ["wr

".pa] PF n., adv. wrrpa

oval, ring, closed shape roughly circular:["ko.Pon] PF n. ko’on (derived from koumrounded, curved and ’on shape)

over, above: ["i.o] PF adp. io–overabundance: [hawN] PF n. hawngovercast (for cloudy skies), closed, shut:

[>tstu] PF adj. tstuovercome, pass (a test): [Em."z·a.P·u] PF vtr.

emza’u (c.w. from za’u come)

42

P

(piece of) information: [sæ."o.mum] PF n. säo-mum (derived from omum know)

(public) speaker, orator: [ft'u."lI.Pu.ju] PF n.ftxulì’uyu (derived from ftxulì’u orate, givespeech)

a piercing: [>tsaN] PF n. tsanga possession, something acquired, an acqui-

sition: [sæ."ka.nom] PF n. säkanom (derivedfrom kanom acquire)

pain: [tI."sRaw] PF n. tìsraw (derived from srawpainful)

painful: [sRaw] PF adj. srawpair: ["mun.sna] PF n. munsna (derived from

mune two and sna’o set, group)panic: [l·op'] PF vin. lopxparent or set of parents: ["saP.sEm] PF n. sa’sem

(derived from sa’nok mother and sempulfather)

part: [ha."p'I] PF n. hapxìpass (a test), overcome: [Em."z·a.P·u] PF vtr.

emza’u (c.w. from za’u come)pass by (something): [ft·Em] PF vtr. ftempassion: [tI."ft'a.vaN] PF n. tìftxavang (derived

from ftxavang passionate)passionate: ["ft'a.vaN] PF adj. ftxavangpassionately, with all heart: [nI."ft'a.vaN] PF

adv. nìftxavang (derived from ftxavang pas-sionate)

past: [ftaw."nEm.kr"] PF n. ftawnemkrr (c.w.

from ft«awn»em pass by (passive participleform) and krr time)

path, way, manner: ["fja.Po] PF n. fya’opatience: [tIm."wEj.pEj] PF n. tìmweypey (deri-

ved from maweypey be patient)patient: [lEm."wEj.pEj] PF adj. lemweypey (deri-

ved from maweypey be patient)patiently: [nIm."wEj.pEj] PF adv. nìmweypey

(derived from maweypey be patient)pattern: ["RE.nu] PF n. renupay attention, quit goofing off: ["El.tu s·i] PF

vin. eltu si (derived from eltu brain)peace, well-being, happiness: [fpom] PF n.

fpompeaceful, happy, joyous, pleasant: [lE."fpom]

PF adj. lefpom (derived from fpom happi-ness, peace) nfp.

peacefully, calmly: [nIm."wEj] PF adv. nìmwey(derived from mawey calm)

pebble, small stone polished smooth by na-tural forces: [">tsk'E.vi] PF n. tskxevi (deri-ved from tskxe rock, stone)

peel: ["fk·a.R·ut^] PF v. fkarutpen, pencil, lit. åriting stick.": [pam."rel.vul]

n. pamrelvul (c.w. from pamrel writing andvul branch (of a tree))

pen, pencil, lit. åriting stick."(short form ofpamrelvul): ["REl.vul] PF n. relvul

pencil, lit. åooden writing stick.":[pam."rel.vul le."RIn] PF n. pamrelvul lerìn(c.w. from pamrelvul pen, pencil and lerìnwooden, of wood)

pencil, pen, lit. åriting stick.": [pam."rel.vul]n. pamrelvul (c.w. from pamrel writing andvul branch (of a tree))

pencil, pen, lit. åriting stick."(short form ofpamrelvul): ["REl.vul] PF n. relvul

pendulum drum: [wok."a.u] JC,PF n. wokau(c.w. from wok loud and au drum)

perceive, feel, sense: ["P·E.f·u] PF vtr. ’efuperfection: [tI."yoP^] PF n. tìyo’ (derived from

yo’ be perfect)perfectly, flawlessly: [nI."joP^] PF adv. nìyo’

(derived from yo’ be perfect)perform a ritual, take part in a ceremony:

[sæ."PE.o.i.o s·i] PF vin. sä’eoio si (derivedfrom sä’eoio ceremony)

perform a task, run an errand: ["tIn.vi s·i] PF

vin. tìnvi si (derived from tìnvi task, errand)perhaps, maybe: [k'awm] PF adv. kxawmperimeter, circumference, border: ["p'aw.pa]


person: ["tu.tE] PF n. tutepersonal belongings rack: ["snok.fjan] PF n.

snokfyan (c.w. from sno his self, her self, itsself and kurfyan hamper or suspended rack)

personal style or aesthetic, presence:["sno.lup^] PF n. snolup (c.w. from sno selfand lupra style)

personally meaningful, significant:[t'an.wa."wE] PF adj. txanwawe (c.w. fromtxan much and wawe significance)

43

personally significant or beloved place, hei-mat (ger.): [t'an."wE.

>tsEN] PF n. txanwetseng

(derived from txanwawe(a) personally mea-ningful, significant and tseng place)

pervasively, widely: [nI."ho.Et^] PF adv. nìhoet(derived from hoet vast, broad, expansive)

philosophy: [sna."fpIl.fja] PF n. snafpìlfya (c.w.from sna’o group and fpìlfya way of thin-king) lit.: ’a group of mindsets’

phrase: ["lI.Pu.kIN.vi] PF n. lì’ukìngvi (derivedfrom lì’ukìng sentence)

physical or athletic game, sport: [u."vanlE."tok'] PF n. uvan letokx (c.w. from uvangame and letokx physical)

physical, bodily: [lE."tok'] PF adj. letokx (deri-ved from tokx body)

pick up, lift: ["k'·El.t·Ek] PF vtr. kxeltekpicture, image: [REl] PF n. relpiece of work, project: [tI."kaN.kEm.vi] PF n.

tìkangkemvi (derived from tìkangkem work)pierce: [R·ip'] PF vtr. ripxpile, set, group, clump, stand: ["sna.Po] PF n.

sna’o nfp.place: [">tsEN(E)] PF n. tseng(e)place in the middle, center: ["k'am.

>tsEN] PF

n. kxamtseng (c.w. from kxam middle andtseng place)

place where a fire is burning or has burned:["t'Ep.>tsEN] PF n. txeptseng (c.w. from txepfire and tseng place)

place where, where: [">tsE.Na] PF conj. tsenga(derived from tseng place)

place, put: [j·Em] PF vtr. yemplain, field, open terrain: ["t'a.jo] PF n. txayoplan, preparations: [tI."hawl] PF n. tìhawl (de-

rived from hawl prepare)plant: ["PE.wl

"] PF n. ’ewll

plate, (for food): ["jom.jo] PF n. yomyo (c.w.from yom eat and yo table, elevated utilita-rian surface (colloquial form of fyanyo))

play (a game): [u."van "s·i] PF vin. uvan si (de-rived from uvan game)

play music (with fa for instrument played):["pam.

>tsE.o "s·i] PF vin. pamtseo si (derived

from pamtseo music)play music, make to sing (poetic): [REj."kol] PF

vtr. reykol (derived from rol sing and «eyk»causitive infix)

pleasant smell of nearby running water, rain,moist vegetation: [so."sul] PF adj. sosul

pleasant sounding, beautiful sounding:[mIk."loR] PF adj. miklor (derived from mi-kyun ear and lor beautiful)

pleasant to the senses, beautiful: [loR] PF adj.lor

pleasant, happy, peaceful, joyous: [lE."fpom]PF adj. lefpom (derived from fpom happi-ness, peace) nfp.

please: [Ru."t'E] PF intj. rutxepleasing, enjoyable (physically, sexually):

[mo."wan] PF adj. mowanpleasurable (of an activity): ["pr

".tEP] PF adj.

prrte’pleasurably, gladly, with pleasure: [nI."pr

".tEP]

PF adv. nìprrte’ (derived from prrte’ pleasu-rable)

pleasure: [tI."pr".tEP] PF n. tìprrte’ (derived

from prrte’ pleasurable)pleasure-yielding activity, hobby: [sæ."su.lIn]

PF n. säsulìn (derived from sulìn be busy(positive sense))

pod, gourd: [PE."Pin] PF n. ’e’inpoint at, indicate: [v·l

"] PF vin., vtr. vll

point of contention, source of argument,thing disputed: [sæ.wæ."tE] PF n. säwäte(derived from wäte argue)

point of divergence, fork, branch: [jak^] PF n.yak

point, feature, trait, attribute, characteristic,aspect, facet, property: [sjon] PF n. syon

pointedly, especially, unambiguously:[nI."p'i] PF adv. nìpxi (derived from pxisharp)

poison: [t'um] PF n. txumpoisonous: ["t'um.NaP] PF adj. txumnga’ (deri-

ved from txum poison and nga’ contain)pole, bar, rod: [swEk^] PF n. swekponcho, cape, shawl: ["Pa.RE] PF n. ’arepond, pool: ["Po.Ra.>tsjIp^] PF n. ’oratsyìp (deri-

ved from ’ora lake)pool, pond: ["Po.Ra.>tsjIp^] PF n. ’oratsyìp (deri-

ved from ’ora lake)pop into one’s mind, occur to one: ["v·iN.k·ap^]

PF vtr. vingkapposition: ["kl

".>tsEN] PF n. klltseng (derived from

tseng place)

44

possibility: [tI.">tsun.slu] PF n. tìtsunslu (deri-ved from tsunslu may, be possible)

possible: [lE.">tsun.slu] PF adj. letsunslu (deri-ved from tsunslu may, be possible)

post script, addition: [tI."suN] LN n. tìsung (de-rived from sung add)

postpositional non-bound verb do, auxiliaryverb, make: [s·i] PF si deriving affix

pour: [sl·o."·an] PF vtr. sloanpower: [>tswal] PF n. tswalpower, strength: [tI."t'uR] PF n. tìtxur (derived

from txur strong)powerful: ["t'an.tuR] PF adj. txantur (c.w. from

txan much and txur strong) ofp.powerful: [tI."t'uR. NaP] PF adj. tìtxurnga’ (de-

rived from tìtxur strength, power) nfp.powerful: [le.">tswal] PF adj. letswal (derived

from tswal power) ofp.powerful: [">tswal.NaP] PF adj. tswalnga’ (deri-

ved from tswal power) nfp.pray: [a."ho] PF vin. ahoprayer: [sa."ho] PF n. saho (derived from aho

pray)prayer (in general, abstract idea): [tI.a."ho] PF

n. tìaho (derived from aho pray)precise, fine, detailed, intricate (of things):

[hI."no] PF adj. hìnopredator animal: ["taR.ni.o.ang] PF n. tarnioang

(c.w. from taron hunt and ioang animal)predict, prophetize, prophesize, prophesy:

[sRE.s·E."P·a] PF vtr. srese’a (c.w. from sre+before and tse’a see)

prefer (ii): [nul."n·Ew] PF vtrm. nulnew (deri-ved from new want)

prefix: ["E.o.lI.Pu.vi] PF n. eolì’uvi (derivedfrom eo– before and lì’u word)

preparations, plan: [tI."hawl] PF n. tìhawl (de-rived from hawl prepare)

prepare: [h·awl] PF vtr. hawlpresence, personal style or aesthetic:

["sno.lup^] PF n. snolup (c.w. from sno selfand lupra style)

present: ["sE.kr"] PF n. sekrr (c.w. from set now

and krr time)present, introduce: [mu.w·In."t'·u] PF vtr.

muwìntxu (derived from wìntxu show)pretty: [sE."vin] PF adj. sevin ofp. (female)previous: [ham] PF adj. hamprey, hunted thing: [smaR] PF n. smar

pride, feeling of pride: ["nr".a] PF n. nrra

primary role in society, occupation: ["t'in.tIn]PF n. txintìn (c.w. from txin main and tìnactivity that keeps one busy)

primary, main: [t'in] PF adj. txinprivate space that one can retreat to: ["sno.mo]

PF n. snomo (c.w. from sno his or her self andmo space)

probable, probably: ["sk'a.kEp^] PF adj., adv.skxakep

probably, probable: ["sk'a.kEp^] PF adj., adv.skxakep

problem, difficulty: [tI."Næ.zIk^] PF n. tìngäzìk(derived from ngäzìk difficult)

procedure, system, process, approach:["vE.fja] PF n. vefya (c.w. from ve’o order,organization and fya’o way, manner)

proceed after, follow: [n·oN] PF vtr. nongproceed, go: [s·a."l·Ew] PF v. salewprocess, system, procedure, approach:


produce: [slEj."k·u] PF vtr. sleyku (derivedfrom slu become and «eyk» causative infix)

project, piece of work: [tI."kaN.kEm.vi] PF n.tìkangkemvi (derived from tìkangkem work)

proliferate, spread: [v·i."R·æ] PF v. viräpromise: ["pæ.nu] PF n. pänupromise (a thing to someone) (ii):

["pæ.nu.t·IN] PF vtr. pänutìng (c.w. frompänu promise and tìng give)

pronunciation, accent: ["lI.Pu.pam] PF n.lì’upam (c.w. from lì’u word and pam sound)

proof (particular instance): [sæ.wI."Naj] PF n.säwìngay (derived from wìngay proof )

proof, proving (abstract): [tI.wI."Naj] PF n.tìwìngay (derived from wìngay prove)

propel: ["sp·u.l·E] PF vtr. spuleproper, fair, right, justified: [mu."i.æ] PF adj.

muiäproperty, feature, trait, attribute, characte-

ristic, point, aspect, facet: [sjon] PF n. syonprophecy: [tI."sRE.sE.Pa] PF n. tìsrese’a (derived

from srese’a prophetize)prophesize, prophetize, prophesy, predict:


prophesy, prophetize, prophesize, predict:[sRE.s·E."P·a] PF vtr. srese’a (c.w. from sre+

45

before and tse’a see)prophetize, prophesize, prophesy, predict:


protect: [tI."haw.nu "s·i] PF vin. tìhawnu si (de-rived from tìhawnu protection)

protect, shelter: ["h·aw.n·u] PF vtr. hawnuprotection: [tI."haw.nu] PF n. tìhawnu (derived

from hawnu protect, shelter)protest: [l·Ejm."kEm] PF vin. leymkem (c.w.

from leym call, cry out, exclaim and kemwiäimproper, unfair, wrong, unjustified)

protest (abstract concept), protesting:[tI.lEjm."kEm] PF n. tìleymkem (derived fromleymkem protest)

protest, instance of protesting: [sæ.lEjm."kEm]PF n. säleymkem (derived from leymkemprotest)

protesting, protest (abstract concept):[tI.lEjm."kEm] PF n. tìleymkem (derived fromleymkem protest)

proud: [lE."nr".a] PF adj. lenrra (derived from

nrra pride)proudly, with pride: [nI."nr

".a] PF adv. nìnrra

(derived from nrra pride)prove: [w·I."Naj] PF vtr. wìngay (derived from

wìntxu show and ngay true)provide nourishment, nourish: [li."swa s·i] PF

vin. liswa si (derived from liswa nourish-ment)

proving (abstract), proof: [tI.wI."Naj] PF n.tìwìngay (derived from wìngay prove)

public speaking, speech-making: [tI.ft'u."lI.Pu]PF n. tìftxulì’u (derived from ftxulì’u orate,give speech)

pull: [za."P·æ.R·Ip^] PF vtr. za’ärìp (derivedfrom ’ärìp move)

pun, word-play: ["lI.Pu.van] PF n. lì’uvan (c.w.from lì’u word and uvan game)

purple, violet, magenta: ["Pom.pin] PF n. ’om-pin (derived from ’om purple)

purple, violet, magenta: [Pom] PF adj. ’ompurpose, aim, goal, target: [tI."kan] PF n. tìkan

(derived from kan aim)purposefully, deliberately: [nIt."kan] PF adv.

nìtkan (derived from tìkan aim, goal, purpo-se)

pursue with an intent to capture: [n·oN."sp·EP]PF vtr. nongspe’

push: [kæ."P·æ.R·Ip^] PF vtr. kä’ärìp (c.w. fromkä go and ’ärìp move)

put away, store: [n·op'] PF vtr. nopxput down: [k·Ejn] PF vtr. keynput in order, organize: [vE.zEj."ko] PF vtr. ve-

zeyko (derived from vezo be in order)put on (clothing), don: ["j·Em.stok'] PF vtr.

yemstokx (c.w. from yem sìn put on and tokxbody)

put out, quench: [t·oN] PF vtr. tongput, place: [j·Em] PF vtr. yemputrid, smell of decaying animal/flesh, rot-

ting: ["k'æ.næN] PF adj. kxänängpuzzling, mysterious, enigmatic: ["iN.jE.NaP]

PF adj. ingyenga’ (derived from ingyen fe-eling of mystery)

Q

quickly, fast: [nI."win] PF adv. nìwin (derivedfrom win fast)

quench, put out: [t·oN] PF vtr. tongquestion: [tI."pawm] PF n. tìpawm (derived

from pawm ask)queue, braid: [>tswin] PF n. tswinquiet: [tI."fnu.NaP] PF adj. tìfnunga’ (derived

from fnu quiet) nfp.quiet, be quiet: [fn·u] PF vin. fnu

quiet, silence: [tI."fnu] PF n. tìfnu (derivedfrom fnu quiet)

quit goofing off, pay attention: ["El.tu s·i] PF

vin. eltu si (derived from eltu brain)

quiver (attached to ikran’s saddle):[swi."zaw.sE.na] PF n. swizawsena (c.w. fromswizaw arrow and sähena carrier)

quote, saying: [san] PF adv. san

46

R

rain: ["tom.pa] PF n. tomparain, pleasant smell of nearby running water,

moist vegetation: [so."sul] PF adj. sosulraindrop: ["tom.pI.va] PF n. tompìva (derived

from tompa rain and ìlva drop)rainstorm, heavy rain: [t'an."tom.pa] PF n. tx-

antompa (c.w. from txan much and tomparain)

random, irregular: ["RE.nul.kE] PF adj. renulke(derived from renu pattern and luke wit-hout)

rather (self-correcting), I mean: [ko."lan] PF

intj. kolan (derived from kan aim, intend)rather than, instead of: [tup^] PF conj. tupray: [a."tan.vi] PF n. atanvi (derived from atan

light)reach for: [w·o] PF vtr. woreach the ground, land: [kl

"."p·æ] PF vin. kllpä

(c.w. from kllte ground and pähem arrive)read (e.g. the forest), gain knowledge from

sensory input: [·i."n·an] PF vtr. inan (stressmoves to first syllable with infixation)

reading: ["ti.nan] PF n. tinan (derived from in-an read)

ready: [a."lak.si] PF adj. alaksirear (part or section): [kæ."p'I] PF n. käpxì (c.w.

from kä go and hapxì part)rear end, butt, ass: [t'Im] PF n. txìmreason: [lun] PF n. lunrecede from view, disappear, vanish: [P·Ip] PF

vin. ’ìpreceive: [t·El] PF vtr. telrecent: [sok^] PF adj. sokred (blood tun"): ["REj.paj.tun] PF adj. rey-

paytun (c.w. from reypay blood and tun red,orange)

red, orange: ["tum.pin] PF n. tumpin (c.w. fromtun red, orange and ’opin color)

red, orange: [tun] PF adj. tunreflect, imitate: ["RIP.IR s·i] PF vin. rì’ìr si (deri-

ved from rì’ìr reflection)reflection: ["RI.PIR] PF n. rì’ìrrefuge, safe place: ["zoN.>tsEN] PF n. zongtseng

(c.w. from zong save and tseng place)refuse (to do something): [st·o] PF vtrm. storegarding language, concerning language:

[lE."lIP.fja] PF adj. lelì’fya (derived from

lì’fya language)regularly, on a daily basis: [nI."tr

".tr"] PF adv.

nìtrrtrr (derived from trr day)rein, face lead: [sæ."zæ.RIp^] RL,PF n. säzärìp

(derived from za’ärìp pull)reject: [>tsj·æR] PF vtr. tsyärrejection: [tI.">tsjæR] PF n. tìtsyär (derived from

tsyär reject)relate to, connect, have a relationship with:

["t·a.R·E] PF vtr. tarerelated to this matter, in this regard:

[mI."ft'E.lE] PF adv. mìftxelerelationship, connection: [sæ."ta.RE] PF n. sä-

tare (derived from tare connect, relate to)relax, chill out: [sj·oR] PF vin. syorrelaxation: [tI."sjor] PF n. tìsyor (derived from

syor relax)release, let go: [l·o."n·u] PF vtr. lonurelieve oneself; (on Earth) use the restroom,

go to the bathroom: [fN·æP] PF vin. fngä’rely on, depend on, trust for protection:

[m·oN] PF vtr. mongremain, stay: [P·I."P·awn] PF vin. ’ì’awnremember: ["z·E.R·ok^] PF vtr. zerokremembrance: [Pok^] PF n. ’okremove, take away, take off: ["P·a.k·u] PF vtr.

’akurepeat, do again: [l·Ejn] PF vtr. leynreplace, substitute: [R·awn] PF vtr. rawnreplacement, substitute, something that re-

places something else: [sæ."Rawn] PF n. sä-rawn (derived from rawn replace)

replacement, the act of replacing: [tI."Rawn]PF n. tìrawn (derived from rawn replace)

represent, model, exemplify (ii): ["k·E.n·oN] or["kE.n·oN] PF vin. kenong (c.w. from ke notand nong follow)

request: [æ."t'æ.lE] PF n. ätxälerequest (with tsnì clause for object): [æ."t'æ.lE

"s·i] PF vin. ätxäle si (derived from ätxäle re-quest)

request, ask for: [v·in] PF vtr. vinrequire, demand: [fN·oP] PF vtr. fngo’requirement, demand: [sæ."fNoP] PF n. säfngo’

(derived from fngo’ require)researcher: [tI.fti".a.tu] PF n. tìftiatu (derived

from tìftia study)

47

resemble in a sensory modality, come to thesenses as: [fk·an] PF vin. fkan

respect: [lE.i.o."a.E] PF n. leioaerespond, answer: [P·EjN] PF v. ’eyngresponse, answer: [tI."PEjN] PF n. tì’eyng (deri-

ved from ’eyng answer)rest: [>ts·u."R·ok'] PF vin. tsurokxrestore: [sp·EN] PF vtr. spengrestore oneself (metaphorically): [spæ."p·EN]

PF vin. späpeng (derived from speng resto-re)

restroom (on Earth): ["fNæP.>tsEN] PF n.

fngä’tseng (c.w. from fngä’ relieve oneselfand tseng place)

restroom (on Earth): ["mo a "fNæP] PF n. mo afngä’ (c.w. from mo space, enclosed open areaand (a) fngä’ relieve oneself )

result: [kum] PF n. kumreturn: [t·æ."t'·aw] PF vin. tätxawreveal, bring forth, uncover (literally and

metaphorically): ["k·u.l·at^] PF vtr. kulatrhyme: ["Nam.pam] PF n. ngampam (c.w. from

ngam echo and pam sound)rhyme: ["Nam.pam s·i] PF vin. ngampam si (de-

rived from ngampam rhyme)rhythm: ["ka.to] PF n. katorich, savory, umami: [fwaN] PF adj. fwangriddle, mystery, enigma, conundrum:


ride: ["m·ak.t·o] PF vtr. maktoride out: [kæ."m·ak.t·o] PF v. kämakto (c.w.

from kä go and makto ride)right (not left): ["ski.En] PF adj. skienright after: [p'i."maw] PF adp. pximaw– (c.w.

from maw after (time) and pxi sharp)right before: [p'i."sRE] PF adp. pxisre+ (c.w.

from sre before (time) and pxi sharp)right now: [p'i."sEt^] PF adv. pxiset (c.w. from

set now and pxi sharp)right side: ["ski.Em.pa] PF n. skiempa (c.w. from

skien right and pa’o side)right way (of doing something), correct path:

[e."jawR.fya] PF n. eyawrfya (derived fromeyawr correct, right and fya’o path, way,manner)

right, correct: [E."jawR] PF adj. eyawrright, proper, fair, justified: [mu."i.æ] PF adj.

muiä

right?, isn’t it?: [kE."fjak^] PF,Prr part. kefyak(c.w. from ke fya not the way and srak ques-tion marker)

rightly, correctly: [nI."jawR] PF adv. nìyawr (de-rived from eyawr correct, right)

rightly, erectly: [nI."p'im] PF adv. nìpxim (deri-ved from pxim erect, upright)

ring, oval, closed shape roughly circular:["ko.Pon] PF n. ko’on (derived from koumrounded, curved and ’on shape)

ripe, mature, adult: [fjEjn] PF adj. fyeynripeness, maturity, full fruition: [tI."fjEjn] PF

n. tìfyeyn (derived from fyeyn ripe, mature)rise to a challenge: [s·a] PF vin. sarite, ceremony, ritual: [sæ."PE.o.i.o] PF n.

sä’eoio (derived from ’eoio ceremonious)ritual, ceremony, rite: [sæ."PE.o.i.o] PF n.

sä’eoio (derived from ’eoio ceremonious)river: [kil."van] PF n. kilvanrock, stone: [>tsk'E] PF n. tskxerod, bar, pole: [swEk^] PF n. swekroll: ["P·r

".k·o] PF vin. ’rrko

root: [Nr"] PF n. ngrr

rope: ["t'uR.tel] PF n. txurtel (c.w. from txurstrong and telem cord)

rot, decay, degrade over time: [sn·æm] PF vin.snäm

rotate on an axis, turn: [m·In] PF vin. mìn Mìnne ftärpa Turn to the left

rotting, smell of decaying animal/flesh, put-rid: ["k'æ.næN] PF adj. kxänäng

rough: [Ek'."t'u] PF adj. ekxtxuroughly, approximately: [wum] PF adv. wumrounded, curved: ["ko.um] PF adj. koumrubbish place, garbage dump: ["sNEl.>tsEN] PF

n. sngeltseng (c.w. from sngel garbage andtseng place)

rubbish, garbage, trash: [sNEl] PF n. sngelrule, guideline: [ko."REn] PF n. korenrun: [t·ul] PF vin. tulrun an errand, perform a task: ["tIn.vi s·i] PF

vin. tìnvi si (derived from tìnvi task, errand)rung , shelf, ledge, level, step: [jI] PF n. yì


running attack, charge: [k'l"] PF n. kxll

rush something, make something fast: ["win"s·i] PF vin. win si (derived from win fast)

48

S

(sense of) hearing: ["stawm.>tswo] PF n.

stawmtswo (derived from stawm hear)(sense of) sight, vision: [>tsE."Pa.>tswo] PF n.

tse’atswo (derived from tse’a see)(sense of) smell: ["hE.fi.>tswo] PF n. hefitswo

(derived from hefi smell)(sense of) taste: ["Ewk.

>tswo] PF n. ewktswo (de-

rived from ewku taste)(sense of) touch: ["zIm.

>tswo] PF n. zìmtswo (de-

rived from zìm touch)a showing, an exhibition: [sæ.wIn."t'u] PF n.

säwìntxu (derived from wìntxu show)a single drop or series of smaller waterfalls

occurring sequentially along a stream orseries of pools (countable): ["sja.nan] PF n.syanan

a small amount (abstract), a bit: [nI."Pit^]PF adv. nì’it (derived from ’it bit, a smallamount)

a small amount, bit: [Pit^] PF n. ’ita suggestion: [sæ."mok^] PF n. sämok (derived

from mok suggest)sacred: [swok^] PF adj. swoksacred place: ["swo.tu] PF n. swotusad: [tI.kE."ft'o.NaP] PF adj. tìkeftxonga’ (deri-

ved from keftxo unhappy) nfp.sadly, unfortunately: [nI.kE."ft'o] PF adv. nì-

keftxo (derived from keftxo unhappy)sadness: [tI.kE."ft'o] PF n. tìkeftxo (derived

from keftxo unhappy)safe: ["k'u.kE] PF adj. kxuke (c.w. from kxu

harm and ke not)safe place, refuge: ["zoN.>tsEN] PF n. zongtseng

(c.w. from zong save and tseng place)safely: [nI."zaw.noN] PF adv. nìzawnong (deri-

ved from «awn» passive participle infix andzong save)

safety: [tI."k'u.kE] PF n. tìkxuke (derived fromkxuke safe)

salty: [wip^] PF adj. wipsame time as, while: [tEN."kr

"] PF conj. tengkrr

(c.w. from teng same, equal and krr time)same way as (similar action), as: [nI."tEN.fja]

PF adv. nìtengfya (derived from tengfya as,same way as (conj.))

same way as (situational similarity), as:["tEN.fja] PF conj. tengfya (c.w. from teng sa-

me, equal and fya’o path)same, equal: [tEN] PF adj. tengsample, taste, try, evaluate, check out, test-

drive: [m·ajP] PF vtrm. may’sand: ["nE.ni] PF n. nenisatiated, satisfied, content, full: [jE] PF adj. yesatisfied from hunger, full: ["jE.hak'] PF adj.

yehakx (derived from ye full and ohakxhungry)

satisfied from thirst by drink, feeling quen-ched, slaked: ["jE.væN] PF adj. yeväng (deri-ved from ye satisfied and väng thirsty)

satisfied, content, satiated, full: [jE] PF adj. yeSaturday: [tr

"."ki.vE] PF n. trrkive (c.w. from trr

day and kive seventh)save, defend: [z·oN] PF vtr. zongsavory, umami, rich: [fwaN] PF adj. fwangsay hello, greet: [kal."t'I "s·i] PF vin. kaltxì si

(derived from kaltxì hello)say something concerning, discourse on, talk

about: [l·awk^] PF vtr. lawksaying, quote: [san] PF adv. sanscale (pulling entire body up), climb: [>tsj·Il]

PF vtr. tsyìlscary, frightening: [t'Ewm] PF adj. txewmschool: ["num.

>tsEN] PF n. numtseng (c.w. from

nume learn and tseng place)science, the study of the physical world:

[tI.fti".a ki."fkE.jæ] PF n. tìftia kifkeyä (c.w.from tìftia study and kifkey world)

scientist: [tI.fti"a.tu k��."fkEJ.Jæ] PF n. tìftiatukifkeyä (c.w. from tìftiatu researcher and kif-key world)

scream: [z·awN] PF vin. zawngscreech, noise. ugly or unpleasant sound:

["væ.pam] PF n. väpam (derived from vä un-pleasant to the senses and pam sound)

screw that!, no way! (vulgar): ["p'a.sIk^] PF in-tj. pxasìk

sea, ocean: [t'am."paj] PF n. txampay (c.w. fromtxan much and pay water)

seal, make impervious: [fy·El] PF vtr. fyelsearch, look for, seek: [fw·Ew] PF vtr. fwewseason: ["zI.sI.kr

"] PF n. zìsìkrr (derived from

zìsìt year and krr time)second (ordinal): ["mu.vE] PF adj. muve (deri-

ved from mune two)

49

second, little moment: ["swaw.>tsjIp^] PF n.

swawtsyìp (derived from swaw moment)second, very short time: ["hI.kr

"] PF n. hìkrr

(c.w. from hì’i little, small and krr time)secretly, in hiding, by hiding: [nI."wan] PF

adv. nìwan (derived from wan hide)see (physical sense): [>ts·E."P·a] PF vtr. tse’asee into, see, understand, know (spiritual

sense): ["k·a.m·E] PF vtr. kamesee, see into, understand, know (spiritual

sense): ["k·a.m·E] PF vtr. kameseed: [Ri."naP] PF n. rina’ (derived from atoki-

rina’ seeds of the great tree)seek, look for, search: [fw·Ew] PF vtr. fwewseem, appear: [l·am] PF vin. lamself-control: [sno."tip'] PF n. snotipx (c.w. from

sno self and tìhipx control)self-pride (negative connotation): [sno."nr

".a]

PF n. snonrra (c.w. from sno his/her self andnrra pride)

selfishness, individuality (negative conno-tation): [tI."Paw.po] PF n. tì’awpo (derivedfrom ’awpo one individual)

send: [fp·EP] PF vtr. fpe’sense (means of perception): [i."nan.fja] PF n.

inanfya (c.w. from inan read, gain knowledgefrom sensory input and fya’o ‘path, way)

sense, feel, perceive: ["P·E.f·u] PF vtr. ’efusentence: ["lI.Pu.kIN] PF n. lì’ukìng (c.w. from

lì’u word and kìng thread)series of step-like levels, staircase: [sna."jI] PF

n. snayì (derived from yì level, step)serve: [kI.tE."PE "s·i] PF vin. kìte’e si (derived

from kìte’e service)served meal, dinner: ["wu.

>tso] PF n. wutso

service: [kI.tE."PE] PF n. kìte’eset, group, pile, clump, stand: ["sna.Po] PF n.

sna’o nfp.seven: ["ki.næ] PF num. kinäseventh (ordinal): ["ki.vE] PF adj. kive (derived

from kinä seven)several, a few: ["Pa.Paw] PF adj. ’a’aw (Used

with countable nouns in the singular form)sexually), pleasing, enjoyable (physically:

[mo."wan] PF adj. mowanshades of white, light colors: [nEjn] PF adj.

neynshadow: [uk^] PF n. uk (derived from toruk

last shadow)

shake, tremble, shiver: [r·I."k'·i] PF vin. rìkxishakily, tremblingly: [nI.RI."k'i] PF adv. nìrìkxi

(derived from rìkxi tremble, shake, shiver)shallow (physically): [REN] PF adj. reng nfp.shaman: [ti."RE.tu] PF n. tiretu (derived from

tirea spirit and tute person)shape, form: [Pon] PF n. ’onsharp (as a blade): [lit'] PF adj. litxsharp (as a point): [p'i] PF adj. pxishawl, poncho, cape: ["Pa.RE] PF n. ’areshe (no plural form: use (ay)fo): [po."E] PF pn.

poe (derived from po he, she)she, he: [po] PF pn. poshelf: ["fjan.jI] PF n. fyanyì (c.w. from fyan con-

structed device for keeping something off theground and clean and yì shelf, ledge, level,step, rung)

shelf, ledge, level, step, rung : [jI] PF n. yì(Can also be used metaphorically to referto the level of anything scalable - anyt-hing that can have levels or degrees, highsand lows, water level, temperature, talent,anger, etc.)

shell (from the ocean): [sum] PF n. sumshelter, protect: ["h·aw.n·u] PF vtr. hawnushift position, move: [R·ik'] PF vin. rikxshiver, tremble, shake: [r·I."k'·i] PF vin. rìkxishoe: [hawn."vEn] PF n. hawnven (c.w. from

hawnu protect and venu foot)shoot: [t·Em] PF vin. temshoot: [t·ol."t·Em] PF vtr. toltemshoreline, water’s edge: [paj."t'Ew] PF n.

paytxew (c.w. from pay water and txew ed-ge)

short (of time): [jol] PF adj. yolshort (physical length): [pup^] PF adj. pupshortly (of time), briefly: [nI."jol] PF adv. nìyol

(derived from yol short (of time))should: ["swEj.l·u] PF v. sweylu (derived from

swey best and lu is)shoulder: ["PEt.naw] PF n. ’etnawshove, kick: [p'·Ek^] PF vtr. pxekshow: [w·In."t'·u] PF vtr. wìntxushow enthusiasm for, be enthusiastic about,

be excited about: ["s·oP.h·a] PF vtr. so’ha(Note: Being enthusiastic is always transi-tive in Na’vi -PF)

shut, closed, overcast (for cloudy skies):[>tstu] PF adj. tstu

50

shy, timid: [nim] PF adj. nimsibling: [>tsmuk^] PF n. tsmuksibling: [">tsmuk.tu] PF n. tsmuktu (derived

from tsmuk sibling)sick: [sp'in] PF adj. spxinsickness, disease, illness: [sæ."sp'in] PF n.

säspxin (derived from spxin sick)sickness, the state of being ill: [tI."sp'in] PF n.

tìspxin (derived from spxin sick)side: ["pa.Po] PF n. pa’osight, look, appearance: [PuR] PF n. ’ursign, indication, signal: [sæ."vl

"] PF n. sävll

(derived from vll indicate, point at)sign, omen: [a."u.Ni.a] PF n. aungiasignal, sign, indication: [sæ."vl

"] PF n. sävll

(derived from vll indicate, point at)significance, meaning, importance: [wa."wE]

PF n. wawesignificant, personally meaningful:

[t'an.wa."wE] PF adj. txanwawe (c.w. fromtxan much and wawe significance)

significantly, meaningfully: [nI.wa."wE] PF

adv. nìwawe (derived from wawe meaning,significance)

silence, quiet: [tI."fnu] PF n. tìfnu (derivedfrom fnu quiet)

silently: [nI."fnu] PF adv. nìfnu (derived fromfnu quiet)

similar: [stEN] PF adj. stengsimilarly: [nI."stEN] PF adv. nìsteng (derived

from steng similar)simple: [fjin] PF adj. fyinsimple, easy: ["ftu.E] PF adj. ftuesince (temporal): [ta."kr

".a] PF conj. takrra vari-

ant of akrrta (c.w. from krr time and ta from)since (temporal): [a."kr

".ta] PF conj. akrrta vari-

ant of takrra (c.w. from krr time and ta from)sing: [R·ol] PF v. rolsing: ["waj "s·i] PF vin. way si (derived from

way song)sing wordlessly, give out a tune or melody:

[t·IN lawR] PF vin. tìng lawr (derived fromtìng give and lawr melody)

single-person hammock: ["sno.ni.vi] PF n.snonivi (c.w. from sno his/her self and nivisleeping hammock)

sister: [">tsmu.kE] PF n. tsmuke (derived fromtsmuk sibling)

sit: [h·Ejn] PF vin. heyn

situation, state, condition: [tI."fkEj.tok^] PF n.tìfkeytok (derived from fkeytok exist)

six: ["pu.kap^] PF num. pukapsixth (ordinal): ["pu.vE] PF adj. puve (derived

from pukap six)sixty four: [zam] PF num. zamsize: [>tsawl."hIP] PF n. tsawlhì’ (c.w. from tsawl

big (in size) and hì’i small (in size))skeleton: [sna."t'æ.REm] PF n. snatxärem (c.w.

from sna’o group and txärem bone) lit.: ’setof bones’

skin: ["taP.lEN] PF n. ta’lengskin blue: ["taP.lE.NE.an] PF adj. ta’lengean

(c.w. from ta’leng skin and ean blue)skull: ["tEk.RE] PF n. tekresky: [taw] PF n. tawslaked, satisfied from thirst by drink, feeling

quenched: ["jE.væN] PF adj. yeväng (derivedfrom ye satisfied and väng thirsty)

slap, strike, beat: ["t·a.k·uk^] PF vtr. takuksleep: ["h·a.h·aw] PF vin. hahawsleeping hammock (general term): ["ni.vi] PF

n. nivisleet: ["tom.pER.wI] PF n. tomperwì (derived

from tompa rain and herwì snow)sleight of hand, trick, clever/special metho-

dology: ["iN.jEn.>tsjIp^] PF n. ingyentsyìp (de-rived from ingyen feeling of mystery)

slide, slip: [fw·i] PF vin. fwislip, slide: [fw·i] PF vin. fwislow: [kI."PoN] PF adj. kì’ongslowly: [nIk."PoN] PF adv. nìk’ong (derived

from kì’ong slow)small (in quantity): [hIm] PF adj. hìmsmall part, minority, least: [hIm."p'I] PF n.

hìmpxìsmall rest or relaxation, break: [tI."sjoR.>tsjIp^]

PF n. tìsyortsyìp (derived from syor relax,chill out)

small stone polished smooth by natural for-ces, pebble: [">tsk'E.vi] PF n. tskxevi (derivedfrom tskxe rock, stone)

small, little (in size): ["hI.Pi] PF adj. hì’ismart (thing), clever: [sIl."Ron.sEm] PF adj. sìl-

ronsem (c.w. from sìltsan good and ronsemmind)

smart, intelligent: ["ka.nu] PF adj. kanu ofp.smell: [fa."hEw] PF n. fahew

51

smell: [t·IN "on.tu] JC,PF vin. tìng ontu (deri-ved from tìng give and ontu nose)

smell (not intentionally): ["h·E.f·i] PF vtr. hefismell of decaying animal/flesh, rotting, put-

rid: ["k'æ.næN] PF adj. kxänängsmell of decaying wood and leaves, dank

(non-animal decay): [NEt^] PF adj. ngetsmell of living animals, as found around a

watering hole: [a."t'aR] PF adj. atxarsmile: ["lr

".tok^] PF n. lrrtok

smile: ["lr".tok^ "s·i] PF vin. lrrtok si (derived

from lrrtok smile)smoke: ["k'E.nER] PF n. kxenersmoke (lit. to suck smoke): [>tsw·��k k'E.nER.��t]

PF,D vin. tswìk kxenerit (c.w. from tswìksuck and kxener smoke)

smooth: ["fa.o.i] PF adj. faoismooth (for motion), steady: [lER] PF adj. lersnack, light meal: [>tsjEj] PF n. tsyeysnap in two, break: [k'·ak'] PF vin. kxakxsneaky (of a person), dodgy: [lEt."wan] PF adj.

letwan (derived from tute person and wanhide)

snow: ["hER.wI] PF n. herwìsnow field: ["hER.t'a.jo] PF n. hertxayo (derived

from herwì snow and txayo field)snow flurry: [hER."mEjp^] PF n. hermeyp (deri-

ved from herwì snow and meyp weak)snowflake: ["hER.wI.va] PF n. herwìva (derived

from herwì snow and ìlva flake)snub: [sæ."Jæk'] PF n. säyäkx (derived from

yäkx not notice, ignore, snub)snub, not notice, ignore: [J·æk'] PF vtr. yäkxsnubbing, lack of notice: [tI."Jæk'] PF n. tìyäkx

(derived from yäkx not notice, ignore, snub)so much as, even: [kEN] PF adv. kengso that not, lest: ["ftE.kE] PF conj. fteke (c.w.

from fte so that and ke not) (with subjun-ctive verb in dependant clause)

so that, in order to: [ftE] PF conj. fte (withsubjunctive verb in dependant clause)

so, in that case: [ha] PF adv. haso, to such an extent: [fI."t'an] PF adv. fìtxan

(derived from txan great, much)so, to such an extent: [nI."ft'an] PF adv. nìftxan

(derived from fìtxan so, to such an extent)so-so, mediocre: [kE."sRan] PF adj. kesran (c.w.

from ke not and sran yes) (The derivation ofthis word is not entirely clear. It may have

originally been kesrankekehe, literally, ‘notyes, not no,’ in reference to whether a cer-tain action was performed well or not, andover time it became shortened to just kes-ran, its use expanding to include anythingonly mediocre in quality.)

social or personal support) , support (emotio-nal: [tI."slan] PF n. tìslan (derived from slansupport) ofp.

social or personal support), support (emotio-nal: [sl·an] PF vtr. slan ofp.

socially unacceptable, coarse, vulgar:[ræp."tum] PF adj. räptum

soft (of a sound): ["Pa.No] PF adj. ’angosoft (of an object): ["hEw.nE] PF adj. hewnesoil (fertile): ["Pak.Ra] PF n. ’akrasolicit agreement: [ko] PF part. kosolid), world (physical: [ki."fkEj] PF n. kifkeysolid, not hollow: [vawt^] PF adj. vawtsomebody, someone: ["tu.tE.o] PF pn. tuteo

(derived from tute person)someone who has just arrived on the scene,

newcomer: [zI."ma.Pu.ju] PF n. zìma’uyusomeone, somebody: ["tu.tE.o] PF pn. tuteo

(derived from tute person)something: ["Pu.o] PF pn. ’uosomething able to be drunk, drink: [na."ER]

PF n. naersomething acquired, an acquisition, a pos-

session: [sæ."ka.nom] PF n. säkanom (deri-ved from kanom acquire)

something as, in the capacity of, or in the roleof, something else: [sko] PF adp. sko+

something confusing, source of confusion:[ja."jajR.>tsim] PF n. yayayrtsim (c.w. fromyayayr confusion and tsim source)

something else, something as, in the capacityof, or in the role of: [sko] PF adp. sko+

something from which a lesson can be lear-ned, meaningful, instructive: ["Ral.NaP] PF

adj. ralnga’ (c.w. from ral meaning and nga’contain)

something humorous: [sæ."Pi.pu] PF n. sä’ipu(derived from ’ipu humorous)

something ill-conceived or inherently de-fective, flawed nature: ["fEP.Ran] PF n.fe’ran (c.w. from fe’ bad and ran intrinsic cha-racter or nature)

52

something imagined: ["Ron.sREl] PF n. ronsrel(derived from ronsrelngop imagine)

something that replaces something else, re-placement, substitute: [sæ."Rawn] PF n. sä-rawn (derived from rawn replace)

something to report, news: [fmawn] PF n.fmawn

somewhat, more or less, yes and no, kindof: [sRan."kE.hE] PF part., intj. srankehe (c.w.from srane yes and kehe no)

somewhere: [">tsE.No] PF pn. tsengo (derivedfrom tseng place)

son: ["Pi.tan] JC,PF n. ’itansong (ancient, ceremonial): [waj] PF n. waysong (vocal): [tI."Rol] PF n. tìrol (derived from

rol sing)song cord: ["waj.tE.lEm] PF n. waytelem (c.w.

from way song and telem cord)soon: ["jEP.RIn] PF adv. ye’rìnsorrow: [jEN."wal] PF n. yengwalsorry, my apologies (acknowledgment of

guilt and regret): [Naj."t'o.a] PF intj. ngaytx-oa (c.w. from ngeyä your and txoa forgive-ness)

soul: [vit."Ra] PF n. vitrasound: [pam] PF n. pamsound play: ["pam.u.van] PF n. pamuvan (c.w.

from pam sound and uvan game)sour: ["wE.Paj] PF adj. we’aysource: [>tsim] PF n. tsimsource of argument, point of contention,

thing disputed: [sæ.wæ."tE] PF n. säwäte(derived from wäte argue)

source of confusion, something confusing:[ja."jajR.>tsim] PF n. yayayrtsim (c.w. fromyayayr confusion and tsim source)

source of worry, worrisome matter:["sNum.

>tsim] PF n. sngumtsim (c.w. from

sngum worry and tsim source)space, hollow, enclosed open area: [mo] PF n.

mospace, open or borderless area: [Nip^] PF n.

ngipspark: ["t'Ep.vi] PF n. txepvi (derived from txep

fire)speak: [p·l

"."t'·E] PF v. plltxe

speaker: [pl"."t'E.ju] PF n. plltxeyu (derived

from plltxe speak)spear: [tuk."Ru] PF n. tukru

special, distinct: [zEj] PF adj. zeyspecialize in, focus on, be particularly in-

terested in: ["k·an.P·In] PF vtr. kan’ìn (c.w.from kan aim and ’in be busy)

speculative, intuitive: [lE."PEn] PF adj. le’en(derived from ’en guess) nfp.

speech, oration: [sæ.ft'u."lI.Pu] PF n. säftxulì’u(derived from ftxulì’u orate, give speech)

speech-making, public speaking: [tI.ft'u."lI.Pu]PF n. tìftxulì’u (derived from ftxulì’u orate,give speech)

spelling: [pam."REl.fja] PF n. pamrelfya (deri-ved from pamrel writing and fya’o way)

spend time with, hang out with: ["k·æ.tEN] PF

vin. kätengspin, to spin (something): [k·Im] PF vtr. kìm

Pol rumit kolìm He spun the ballspiral: [PI."hE.ju] PF n. ’ìheyuspirit: [ti."RE.a] PF n. tireaspirit animal: [ti."RE.a.i.�o.aN] PF n. tireaioang

(c.w. from tirea spirit and ioang animal)spirit path: [ti."RE.a.�fja.Po] PF n. tireafya’o (c.w.

from tirea spirit and fya’o path)spiritually, strong (emotionally, not physi-

cal), confident: [sEj."k'El] PF adj. seykxelspit out, spit: ["hi·up^] PF vin., vtr. hiupspit, spit out: ["hi·up^] PF vin., vtr. hiupspoken poem (as a melodic recital): [waj a

pl".t'E] PF ph. way a plltxe (derived from

way sing (ceremonial register))spooky, weird: ["snEw.sjE] PF adj. snewsye (c.w.

from snew tighten, constrict and syeha bre-ath)

sport, physical or athletic game: [u."vanlE."tok'] PF n. uvan letokx (c.w. from uvangame and letokx physical)

spouse: [mun."t'a.tu] PF n. muntxatu (derivedfrom muntxa mated)

spread, proliferate: [v·i."R·æ] PF v. viräsquad, military clan, battle party:

["wEm.po.Nu] PF n. wempongu (c.w. fromwem fight and pongu group)

squirt: [>ts·æP] PF v. tsä’stab: [>ts·uk'] PF vtr. tsukxstain, blemish, deformity, flawed feature:


staircase, series of step-like levels: [sna."jI] PF

n. snayì (derived from yì level, step)

53

stand: [kl"."k'·Em] PF vin. kllkxem

stand, set, group, pile, clump: ["sna.Po] PF n.sna’o nfp.

star cluster: [sna.tan."hI.>tsjIp] PF n. snatanhìt-syìp (c.w. from sna’o group and tanhì(tsyìp)star)

star, bioluminescent freckle: [tan."hI] PF n.tanhì

start, begin: ["sN·æ.P·i] PF vim. sngä’istarting position, beginning, initial location:

["sNæ.PI.>tsEN] PF n. sngä’itseng (c.w. from

sngä’i start and tseng place)starting time, beginning: ["sNæ.Pi.kr

"] PF n.

sngä’ikrr (c.w. from sngä’i begin and krr ti-me)

state, condition, situation: [tI."fkEj.tok^] PF n.tìfkeytok (derived from fkeytok exist)

statement: [sæ.pl"."t'E] PF n. säplltxe (derived

from plltxe speak)stay, remain: [P·I."P·awn] PF vin. ’ì’awnsteadfastly, firmly, faithfully: [nIk.lo."nu] PF


steadily: [nIk."Pæ.RIp^] PF adv. nìk’ärìp (deri-ved from ke ärìp not move) lit.: ’without let-ting it move’

steadily: [nI."lER] PF adv. nìler (derived fromler steady, smooth)

steady, smooth (for motion): [lER] PF adj. lersteam, mist, fog: ["ja.paj] PF n. yapay (c.w.

from ya air and pay water)step (in an instruction), task, errand: ["tIn.vi]

PF n. tìnvistep, shelf, ledge, level, rung : [jI] PF n. yì


stick: ["vul.>tsjIp^] PF n. vultsyìp (derived fromvul branch (of a tree))

still, yet, as before: [mi] PF adv. misting: [sN·ap^] PF vtr. sngapstomach: [NæN] PF n. ngängstone jar used to hold small toxic arachnid:

[E."p'aN] PF n. epxangstone, rock: [>tsk'E] PF n. tskxestony, of stone: [lE.">tsk'E] PF adj. letskxe (deri-

ved from tskxe rock, stone)

stool, chair, bench; any tool or device to fa-cilitate sitting: [sEjn] PF n. seyn (derivedfrom sä’o tool and heyn sit)

stop: [ft·aN] PF vim. ftangstop (someone or something) : [tI."ftaN s·i] PF

vin. tìftang si (derived from tìftang stop-ping)

stopping, the glottal stop: [tI."ftaN] PF n. tìf-tang (derived from ftang stop)

store, put away: [n·op'] PF vtr. nopxstorm: ["jr

".ap^] PF n. yrrap (derived from ya air

and hrrap danger)story: [vuR] PF n. vurstory poem, narrative poem: ["vuR.waj] PF n.

vurway (c.w. from vur story and way song)straight: [jEj] PF adj. yeystraight ahead, in a straight line: [nI."jEj.fja]

PF adv. nìyeyfya (derived from yeyfyastraight line)

straight line: ["jEj.fja] PF n. yeyfya (derivedfrom yey straight and fya’o path)

straight to the point, directly: [nI."jEj] PF adv.nìyey (derived from yey straight)

strange, be curious, odd, unexpected: [h·Ek^]PF vin. hek

strange, funny: ["hi.jIk^] PF adj. hiyìkstrange, unfamiliar, unknown: [st'oN] PF adj.

stxongstrangely, oddly: [nI."hEk^] PF adv. nìhek (deri-

ved from hek be curious, odd) (sentence, notmanner, adverbial)

stream: ["paj.fja] PF n. payfya (c.w. from paywater and fya’o way)

strength, power: [tI."t'uR] PF n. tìtxur (derivedfrom txur strong)

stress (mental or emotional feeling): ["fk’a.Ra]PF n. fkxara

stressful: ["fk’a.Ra.NaP] PF adj. fkxaranga’ (deri-ved from fkxara stress)

stretcher: ["tut.sE.na] PF n. tutsena (c.w. fromtute person and sähena carrier)

strife-ridden, divided, torn apart: [kE."Paw]PF adj. ke’aw (c.w. from ke not and ’aw one)

strike, beat, slap: ["t·a.k·uk^] PF vtr. takukstringed instrument: ["iP.En] JC n. i’enstrong (emotionally, spiritually, not physi-

cal), confident: [sEj."k'El] PF adj. seykxelstrong (physically): [t'uR] PF adj. txur

54

strongman/woman, brawny person: ["t'uR.tu]PF n. txurtu (derived from txur strong (phy-sically))

student: ["nu.mE.ju] PF n. numeyu (derivedfrom nume learn)

study: [ft·i.·"a] PF vtr. ftiastudy: [tI.fti".a] PF n. tìftia (derived from ftia

study)style: ["lup.Ra] PF n. luprasublime in style, exquisite: ["fJo.lup^] PF adj.

fyolup (c.w. from fyole sublime and luprastyle)

sublime, beyond perfection: ["fjo.lE] PF adj.fyole

substitute, replace: [R·awn] PF vtr. rawnsubstitute, replacement, something that re-

places something else: [sæ."Rawn] PF n. sä-rawn (derived from rawn replace)

succeed: [fl·æ] PF vin. fläsuccess (an instance of succeeding): [sæ."flæ]

PF n. säflä (derived from flä succeed)success (in general): [tI."flæ] PF n. tìflä (deri-

ved from flä succeed)successful: [tI."flæ.Na] PF adj. tìflänga’ (c.w.

from tìflä success and nga’ contain)such: [na.fI."Pu] PF adj. nafì’u (c.w. from na as

and fì’u this)suck: [>tsw·Ik] PF vtr. tswìksuddenly, without warning: [>tsIk] PF adv. tsìksuffer mentally or emotionally, be miserable:

[N·æ."P·æn] PF vin. ngä’änsufficient: [lE."tam] PF adj. letam (derived

from tam suffice)suggest: [m·ok^] PF vtr. moksuit, fit, complement, inherently enhance:

[h·aP] PF vin. ha’summary, synopsis: ["vuR.vi] PF n. vurvi (deri-

ved from vur story)sun: [">tsaw.kE] PF n. tsawkeSunday: [tr

"."Paw.vE] PF n. trr’awve (c.w. from

trr day and ’awve first)sung poem: [waj a Rol] PF ph. way a rol (deri-

ved from way sing (ceremonial register))

sunrise, dawn: [tr"."PoN] PF n. trr’ong (c.w.

from trr day and ’ong unfold)sunset, night-fall, dusk, gloaming: [t'on."PoN]

PF,Prr n. txon’ong (c.w. from txon night and’ong unfold)

supplies: ["mEk.RE] PF n. mekresupport (emotional, social or personal sup-

port): [sl·an] PF vtr. slan ofp.support (emotional, social or personal sup-

port) : [tI."slan] PF n. tìslan (derived fromslan support) ofp.

sure, confident: [am."Pa.kE] PF adj. am’ake(c.w. from am’a doubt and ke not)

surface: [jo] PF n. yosurrender, give up, concede defeat: ["v·E.l·Ek^]

PF vin. veleksurvival: [tEm."REj] PF n. temrey (derived from

emrey survive)survive: [Em."R·Ej] PF vin. emreysurviving (e.g. of entities from a group some

of whom have died): [lEm."REj] PF adj. lem-rey (derived from emrey survive)

suspend action, hold off: [fp·ak^] PF v. fpaksustain: [fm·al] PF vtr. fmalswallow: [k'·uk'] PF vtr. kxukxsweet berry (term of endearment):

[pa.ska."lin] PF n. paskalin (derived frompasuk berry and (a)kalin sweet)

sweet to the taste: [ka."lin] PF adj. kalinsweetly aromatic (a flowery or aromatic

woody sort of smell; may also refer to so-me spices used in Na’vi cooking): [un."joR]PF adj. unyor

sweetly, endearingly: [nI."ho.na] PF adv. nìho-na (derived from hona endearing)

swim: ["sl·E.l·E] PF vin. slelesyllable: ["lIP.koN] PF n. lì’kong (c.w. from lì’u

word and ’ekong rythmic beat)synopsis, summary: ["vuR.vi] PF n. vurvi (de-

rived from vur story)system, process, procedure, approach:


T

(together) as members of a clan: [nI.o."loP] PF

adv. nìolo’ (derived from olo’ clan)(together) as members of a family:

[nI.so."a.i.a] PF adv. nìsoaia (derived fromsoaia family)

55

table, elevated utilitarian surface: ["fjan.jo]PF n. fyanyo (c.w. from fyan constructed de-vice for keeping something off the ground andclean and yo surface) Note: colloquially, yocan be used in place of fyanyo.

tacky, in poor taste: ["fE.lup^] PF adj. fe’lup(c.w. from fe’ bad and lupra style)

tail: ["k'E.>tsE] PF n. kxetsetake: [kæ."m·u.N·E] PF vtr. kämunge (derived

from munge bring)take away, remove, take off: ["P·a.k·u] PF vtr.

’akutake care of, look after, be responsible for:

[v·EwN] PF vtr. vewngtake off, launch: [ja."w·o] PF vin. yawo (c.w.

from ya air and wo reach for)take off, remove, take away: ["P·a.k·u] PF vtr.

’akutake part in a ceremony, perform a ritual:

[sæ."PE.o.i.o s·i] PF vin. sä’eoio si (derivedfrom sä’eoio ceremony)

take, bring: ["m·u.N·E] PF vtr. mungetake/consume time (ii): [kr

"."n·Ek'] PF vin. krr-

nekx (c.w. from krr time and nekx consume)talent: [tI."naw.Ri] PF n. tìnawri (derived from

nawri talented)talented: ["naw.Ri] PF adj. nawritalk about, discourse on, say something con-

cerning: [l·awk^] PF vtr. lawktall, big (in size): [>tsawl] PF adj. tsawl ofp.target, aim, goal, purpose: [tI."kan] PF n. tìkan

(derived from kan aim)task, errand, step (in an instruction): ["tIn.vi]

PF n. tìnvitaste: [t·IN ft'I] PF vin. tìng ftxì (derived from

tìng give and ftxi tongue)taste (not intentionally): ["·Ew.k·u] PF vtr.

ewkutaste, flavor: [suR] PF n. surtaste, try, sample, evaluate, check out, test-

drive: [m·ajP] PF vtrm. may’teach: [k·aR] PF vtr. karteacher: ["kaR.ju] PF n. karyu (derived from kar

teach)teaching (the act): [tI.ku."saR] PF n. tìkusar (de-

rived from kar teach)teaching, instruction: [sæ."nu.mE] PF n. sänu-

me (derived from nume learn)

teardrop: [">tsNaw.paj.vi] PF n. tsngawpayvi(c.w. from tsngawvìk cry and pay+vi water,with partitive marker)

tears: [">tsNaw.paj] PF n. tsngawpay (c.w. fromtsngawvìk cry and pay water)

telephone: [spul."mok.Ri] PF n. spulmokri (deri-ved from spule propel and mokri voice)

tell: [p·EN] PF vtr. pengtemperature: [som."wEw] PF n. somwew (deri-

ved from som hot and wew cold)tender (people or things), gentle, mild: [flr

"]

PF adj. flrrtenderly, gently: [nI."flr

"] PF adv. nìflrr (derived

from flrr gentle)tenderness, gentleness: [tI."flr

"] PF n. tìflrr (de-

rived from flrr gentle)term of affection for children: [pa."Rul.>tsjIp^]

PF n. parultsyìp (derived from parul mirac-le)

terminal, last, ultimate: [toR] PF adj. tor (deri-ved from toruk last shadow)

terrific, wonderful, fantastic: [ko."sman] PF

adj. kosmanterritory: [kl

"."p'Il.tu] PF n. kllpxìltu

test: ["fm·E.t·ok^] PF vtr. fmetoktest: [tI."fmE.tok^] PF n. tìfmetok (derived from

fmetok test)test-drive, taste, try, sample, evaluate, check

out: [m·ajP] PF vtrm. may’texture, touch, feel: [ziR] PF n. zirthank you, thanks: [i."Ra.jo] JC n., intj. irayothank, give thanks: [i."Ra.jo "s·i] PF vin. irayo

si (derived from irayo thanks)thanks, thank you: [i."Ra.jo] JC n., intj. irayothat: ["fu.ta] PF pn., sbd. futa (c.w. from fì’u-t

this (patientive) and a subordinator)that: ["fu.Ri.a] PF pn., sbd. furia (c.w. from fì’uri

this (topical) and a subordinator)that: [">tsa.wa] PF pn., sbd. tsawa (c.w. from

tsa’u that (subjective) and a subordinator)that: [">tsa.ta] PF pn., sbd. tsata (c.w. from

tsa’u-t that (patientive) and a subordinator)that: [">tsa.Ri.a] PF pn., sbd. tsaria (c.w. from

tsa’u-ri that (topical) and a subordinator)that: [sat^] PF pn. sat (lenited form of tsat)that: ["fu.la] PF pn., sbd. fula (c.w. from fì’ul

this (agentive) and a subordinator)

56

that (action): [">tsa.kEm] or [>tsa."kEm] PF dem.

tsakem (derived from tsa- that and kem ac-tion)

that (as a result): ["kum.a] PF conj. kuma (de-rived from kum result) this form precedesthe result, I.E. ’Lu poe sevin nìftxan kumayawne slolu oer’ (She was so beautiful that Ifell in love with her.); see also ’akum’

that (as a result): [a."kum] PF conj. akum (de-rived from kum result) this form followsthe result, I.E. ’Poe yawne slolu oer akum,nìftxan lu sevin’ (She was so beautiful that Ifell in love with her.); see also ’kuma’

that (function word): [>tsnI] PF sbd. tsnì (withsubjunctive verb in dependant clause)

that (subordinate clause marker): [fwa] PF

pn., sbd. fwa (c.w. from fì’u this (subjective)and a subordinator)

that (thing): [">tsa.Pu] PF dem. tsa’u (c.w. fromtsa that and ’u thing)

that answer: ["tEjN.a] PF n. teynga (contractionof tì’eyng a)

that answer (agentive): ["tEjN.la] PF n. teyngla(contraction of tì’eyng–ìl a)

that answer (patientive): ["tEjN.ta] PF n. teyng-ta (contraction of tì’eyng–it a)

that is, in other words: ["a.lu] PF conj. alu (de-rived from a subordinator and lu be) (Usedfor appositions)

that news: [fmawnta] PF n. fmawnta (contrac-tion of fmawn–it a)

that one (for people only): [">tsa.po] PF pn. tsa-po (c.w. from tsa– that and po he/she)

that person: [">tsa.tu] PF dem. tsatu (c.w. fromtsa that and tute person)

that place, there: [>tsa.">tsEN] or [">tsa.

>tsEN] PF

dem., n. tsatseng (c.w. from tsa that andtseng place)

that time, then, at that time: [>tsa."kr"] PF adv.

tsakrr (derived from tsa- that and krr time)that way, like that: [>tsa."fja] PF adv. tsafya (c.w.

from tsa- that and fya’o way)that will do, that will suffice, OK: [t·am] PF

vin., intj. tamthat will suffice, that will do, OK: [t·am] PF

vin., intj. tamthat, it (as intransitive subject): [>tsaw] PF

dem., pn. tsawthat, it (as object): [>tsat^] PF pn. tsat

that, it (transitive subject): [>tsal] PF pn. tsalthe absence of business, free time: [tIk."PIn]

PF n. tìk’ìn (derived from ’ìn be busy)the act of replacing, replacement: [tI."Rawn]

PF n. tìrawn (derived from rawn replace)the art of cooking: [tI."PEm] PF n. tì’em (deri-

ved from ’em cook)the Balance of Life: [REj."PEN] PF n. rey’eng (de-

rived from rey live)the day after tomorrow, two days from now:

[mE.sr"."aj] PF n., adv. mesrray (derived from

trr day)the day and night cycle of Pandora: [tr

".t'on]

PF n. trrtxon (c.w. from trr day and txonnight)

the day before yesterday, two days ago:[mE.sr

"."am] PF n., adv. mesrram (derived

from trr day)the glottal stop, stopping: [tI."ftaN] PF n. tìf-

tang (derived from ftang stop)the People, having to do with the Na’vi:

[lE."naP.vi] PF adj. leNa’vi (derived fromNa’vi the People)

the state of being ill, sickness: [tI."sp'in] PF n.tìspxin (derived from spxin sick)

the state of waking, awakeness: [tI."t'En] PF

n. tìtxen (derived from txen awake)the study of the physical world, science:

[tI.fti".a ki."fkE.jæ] PF n. tìftia kifkeyä (c.w.from tìftia study and kifkey world)

the symbol 8 (not the value eight): [PEjt^] PF

n. ’eytthe symbol 9 (not the value nine): [najn] PF

n. naynthe time before dark, twilight, after sun-

set: [t'on."PoN.maw] PF n. txon’ongmaw (c.w.from txon’ong sunset and maw after)

the time before noon: [sRE."kam.tr"] PF n. sre-

kamtrr (c.w. from sre before and kxamtrrmid-day)

the time immediately after noon, early af-ternoon: ["k'am.tr

".maw] PF n. kxamtrrmaw

(c.w. from kxamtrr noon and maw after)then (counterfactual use): [zEl] PF adv. zelthen, at that time, that time: [>tsa."kr

"] PF adv.

tsakrr (derived from tsa- that and krr time)there there, calm, be content: ["tam "tam] M

intj. tam tam

57

there, that place: [>tsa.">tsEN] or [">tsa.

>tsEN] PF

dem., n. tsatseng (c.w. from tsa that andtseng place)

therefore, because of that: [ta."fRal] PF adv.tafral

these words: [faj."lu.ta] PF n. fayluta (contrac-tion of fay+lì’u–t a, patientive case)

they: [aj."fo] or ["aj.fo] PF pn. ayfo (derivedfrom po he, she)

they: [fo] PF pn. fo (derived from ay+ deletedplural leniting morpheme and po he/she)

they (singular usage) (unspecified agent),one: [fko] PF pn. fko

they, those two: ["mE.fo] PF pn. mefo (derivedfrom me+ dual marker and po he/she)

thick: [nut'] PF adj. nutxthick, viscous, gelatinous: [k'um] PF adj. kx-

umthickness: [flI."nut'] PF n. flìnutx (c.w. from flì

thin and nutx thick)thin: [flI] PF adj. flì nfp.thin waterfall that pours down a sheer high

cliff, an individual tall, or off of a floatingmountain (countable): [sE."Pajl] PF n. se’ayl

thing (action), deed: [kEm] PF n. kemthing (object, fact, abstraction): [Pu] PF n. ’uthing (physical or tangible), object: [zum] PF

n. zumthing disputed, point of contention, source

of argument: [sæ.wæ."tE] PF n. säwäte (de-rived from wäte argue)

things: [a."ju] PF n. ayu (derived from ’u thing)(never plural u)

think: [fp·Il] PF vtr. fpìlthird (ordinal): ["p'Ej.vE] PF adj. pxeyve (deri-

ved from pxey three)third, one third: [pan] PF n. panthirst: [tI."væN] PF n. tìväng (derived from

väng thirsty)thirsty: [væN] PF adj. vängthis (action): [fI."kEm] PF pn. fìkem (derived

from kem action, deed)this (thing): [fI."Pu] PF pn. fì’u (derived from

’u thing)this one person or thing: ["fI.po] PF pn. fìpo

(derived from po he, she)this place, here: [fI.">tsEN(E)] PF adv., n. fìt-

seng(e) (derived from tseng place)

this way, like this: [fI."fja] PF adv. fìfya (deri-ved from fya’o path)

thorough, detail-orientated (of a person):[lE."no] PF adj. leno

thoroughly, in detail, expansively: [nI."no] PF

adv. nìnothoroughness, attention to detail: [tI."no] PF

n. tìnothose two, they: ["mE.fo] PF pn. mefo (derived

from me+ dual marker and po he/she)thought pattern, way of thinking: ["fpIl.fja]

PF n. fpìlfya (c.w. from fpìl think and fya’opath)

thoughtful, kind, considerate: [">tstun.wi] PF

adj. tstunwithread: [kIN] PF n. kìngthreat: [k'ap^] PF n. kxapthreaten: [k'ap s·i] PF vin. kxap si (derived

from kxap threat)threatening: ["k'ap.NaP] PF adj. kxapnga’ (deri-

ved from kxap threat) nfp.threatening cry: ["sa:] LA intj. saathreateningly: [nI."k'ap^] PF adv. nìkxap (deri-

ved from kxap threat)three: [p'Ej] PF num. pxeythree days ago: [p'E.sr

"."am] PF n., adv. pxesr-

ram (derived from trr day)three days from now: [p'E.sr

"."aj] PF n., adv.

pxesrray (derived from trr day)three times, thrice: ["p'E.lo] PF adv. pxelo (de-

rived from pxe+ trial marker and alo time)thrice, three times: ["p'E.lo] PF adv. pxelo (de-

rived from pxe+ trial marker and alo time)throat: [flEw] PF n. flewthrough (via the middle of): ["k'am.læ] PF

adp. kxamlä– (derived from kxam middle)throw: [">tsR·E.P·i] PF vtr. tsre’ithrow out of harmonious balance, interrupt:

[m·æ."k'u] PF vtr. mäkxu (derived from kxuharm)

thunder: ["Pr".p'om] PF n. ’rrpxom

thunder and lightning: ["Rawm.p'om] PF n.rawmpxom (derived from rawm lightningand ’rrpxom thunder)

Thursday: [tr"."mr

".vE] PF n. trrmrrve (c.w. from

trr day and mrrve fifth)tie down, fasten: [j·æn] PF vtr. yäntight: [PE."k'in] PF adj. ’ekxintighten, constrict: [sn·Ew] PF vtr. snew

58

tightly, in an iron grip: [nI."sjEp^] PF adv.nìsyep (derived from syep trap) lit.: ’like atrap’

time: [kr"] PF n. krr

time, turn, instance, one of a number of repe-ated or recurring actions: ["a.lo] PF n. alo

timid, shy: [nim] PF adj. nimtiny bite: [">tsjEj.>tsjIp^] PF n. tsyeytsyìp (derived

from tsyey snack, light meal)tip, helpful hint: ["sRuN.>tsjIp^] PF n. srungtsyìp

(derived from srung help)tired: [NEjn] PF adj. ngeynto (with kxìm): [">tson.ta] PF conj. tsonta (deri-

ved from tson obligation, duty, imposed requi-rement) (contraction of tsonit a)

to continue to perform an action, to persist ina state: [v·aR] PF vim. var

to direct a weapon or other object at a tar-get, aim, to intend; aim: [k·an] PF vtrm.,vtr. kan

to intend; aim, aim, to direct a weapon or ot-her object at a target: [k·an] PF vtrm., vtr.kan

to persist in a state, to continue to perform anaction: [v·aR] PF vim. var

to respect: [lE.i.o."a.E s·i] PF vin. leioae si (deri-ved from leioae respect)

to smell (intentionally): [sj·am] PF vtr. syamto spin (something), spin: [k·Im] PF vtr. kìm

Pol rumit kolìm He spun the ballto such an extent, so: [fI."t'an] PF adv. fìtxan

(derived from txan great, much)to such an extent, so: [nI."ft'an] PF adv. nìftxan

(derived from fìtxan so, to such an extent)to the left: [nI."ftæR] PF adv. nìftär (derived

from ftär left)to the others: [aj."la.Ru] PF pn. aylaru (contrac-

tion of ay+lahe–ru)to the right: [nI."ski.En] PF adv. nìskien (deri-

ved from skien right)to wake, to waken, wake up: [tI."t'En s·i] PF

vin. tìtxen si (derived from tìtxen awakeness)to waken, to wake, wake up: [tI."t'En s·i] PF

vin. tìtxen si (derived from tìtxen awakeness)to, towards (direction): [nE] PF adp. ne–today: [fI."tr

"] PF adv. fìtrr (derived from trr

day)toe: ["vEn.zEk^] PF n. venzek (c.w. from venu

foot and zekwä finger)

together: [Paw.si."tEN] PF adv. ’awsiteng (c.w.from ’aw one and teng same, equal)

tomorrow: [tr"."aj] PF adv. trray (derived from

trr day and hay next)tomorrow night: [t'o."naj] PF adv. txonay (de-

rived from txon night and hay next)tongue: [ft'I] PF n. ftxìtonight: [fI."t'on] PF adv., n. fìtxon (derived

from txon night)too, also, additionally: [kop^] PF adv. koptoo, also, as well, likewise: [nI."tEN] PF adv.

nìteng (derived from teng same, equal)too, excessively: [nI."hawN] PF adv. nìhawng

(derived from hawng overabundance)tool, utensil: ["sæ.Po] PF n. sä’otooth: [sREP] PF n. sre’top: ["fæ.pa] PF n. fäpatorn apart, divided, strife-ridden: [kE."Paw]

PF adj. ke’aw (c.w. from ke not and ’aw one)toruk rider: ["to.Ruk^ "mak.to] JC n. toruk mak-

to (c.w. from toruk leonopteryx and maktoride)

totality, whole: [wot'] PF n. wotxtotem, amulet: ["lo.Pa] PF n. lo’atouch: ["P·am.p·i] PF vtr. ’ampitouch (intentionally): ["t·IN "zEk.wæ] PF vin.

tìng zekwä (derived from tìng give andzekwä finger)

touch, feel, texture: [ziR] PF n. zirtowards (direction), to: [nE] PF adp. ne–trace (of animal or person), track: [>tsmIm] PF

n. tsmìmtrack, follow: [s·ut'] PF vtr. sutxtrack, trace (of animal or person): [>tsmIm] PF

n. tsmìmtrain, exercise: [">tsk'E.kEN "s·i] PF vin. tskxe-

keng si (derived from tskxekeng training)training, exercise: [">tsk'E.kEN] PF n. tskxekengtrait, feature, attribute, characteristic, point,

aspect, facet, property: [sjon] PF n. syontrample, crush: [sR·uP] PF vtr. sru’transfer from one to another (rarely used wit-

hout prefix): [sR·In] PF vtr. srìntranslation, interpretation: [tI.Ral."pEN] PF n.

tìralpeng (derived from ral meaning andpeng tell)

transportation tool or device: [sæ."mu.NE] PF

n. sämunge (derived from munge take,

59

bring) Note: In compounds, the ä and edrop, yielding –smung

trap: [sj·Ep^] PF vtr. syeptrap: [sæ."sjEp^] PF n. säsyep (derived from

syep trap)trash, garbage, rubbish: [sNEl] PF n. sngeltravel: [s·op^] PF vin. soptraveller: ["sop.ju] PF n. sopyu (derived from

sop travel)treachery: [ka."vuk^] PF n. kavuktreasure; something rare and of great value:

[>tsjEjm] PF n. tsyeymtreat (emotionally), display an attitude to-

wards: [z·Et^] PF vtr. zettree: ["ut.Ral] PF n. utraltremble, shake, shiver: [r·I."k'·i] PF vin. rìkxitremblingly, shakily: [nI.RI."k'i] PF adv. nìrìkxi

(derived from rìkxi tremble, shake, shiver)trick, sleight of hand, clever/special metho-

dology: ["iN.jEn.>tsjIp^] PF n. ingyentsyìp (de-rived from ingyen feeling of mystery)

troubling, worrisome: ["sNu.NaP] PF adj.sngunga’ (derived from sngum worry)

true: [Naj] PF adj. ngaytruly: [nI."Naj] PF adv. nìngay (derived from

ngay true)trunk (of a tree): ["ta.NEk^] PF n. tangektrust for protection, depend on, rely on:

[m·oN] PF vtr. mongtrust-inspiring, trustworthy: [mal] PF adj. maltrustingly, without hesitation: [nI."mal] PF

adv. nìmal (derived from mal trustworthy)

trustworthiness: [tI."mal] PF n. tìmal (derivedfrom mal trustworthy)

trustworthy, trust-inspiring: [mal] PF adj. maltruth: [tI."Naj] PF n. tìngay (derived from ngay

true)try, attempt: [fm·i] PF vtrm. fmi (with the

subjunctive)try, taste, sample, evaluate, check out, test-

drive: [m·ajP] PF vtrm. may’Tuesday: [tr

"."p'Ej.vE] PF n. trrpxeyve (c.w. from

trr day and pxeyve third)tunnel: [RoN] PF n. rongturn, rotate on an axis: [m·In] PF vin. mìn Mìn

ne ftärpa Turn to the leftturn, time, instance, one of a number of repe-

ated or recurring actions: ["a.lo] PF n. aloturner: ["mIn.ju] PF n. mìnyu (derived from

mìn turn)twice: ["mE.lo] PF adv. melo (derived from me+

dual marker and alo time)twilight, the time before dark, after sun-

set: [t'on."PoN.maw] PF n. txon’ongmaw (c.w.from txon’ong sunset and maw after)

two: ["mu.nE] PF num. munetwo days ago, the day before yesterday:

[mE.sr"."am] PF n., adv. mesrram (derived

from trr day)two days from now, the day after tomorrow:

[mE.sr"."aj] PF n., adv. mesrray (derived from

trr day)type, kind: [fnEl] PF n. fnel

U

ugly, unsightly: [naR."væP] PF adj. narvä’ (de-rived from nari eye and vä’ unpleasant to thesenses)

ultimate, last, terminal: [toR] PF adj. tor (deri-ved from toruk last shadow)

um, er: [I:] PF intj. ììumami, savory, rich: [fwaN] PF adj. fwangunambiguously, especially, pointedly:

[nI."p'i] PF adv. nìpxi (derived from pxisharp)

unawareness, lack of notice: [tIk.">tsE.Ri] PF n.tìktseri (derived from tseri note, notice)

unblocked, free, unobstructed, clear:[kaw."k'an] PF adj. kawkxan (c.w. from ke

’aw not one and ekxan barricade, obstruction)uncomfortable: [kEl."ho.an] PF adj. kelhoan

(derived from hoan comfort)uncountable, infinite: [kE.>tsuk."ti.am] PF adj.

ketsuktiam (derived from ketsuk– not able todo and tiam count)

uncover (literally and metaphorically), reve-al, bring forth: ["k·u.l·at^] PF vtr. kulat

under, below: ["æ.o] PF adp. äo–understand: [>tsl·am] PF vtr. tslamunderstand, see, see into, know (spiritual

sense): ["k·a.m·E] PF vtr. kameunderstanding, intelligence: [tI.">tslam] PF n.

tìtslam (derived from tslam understand)

60

unexpected or startling, noise. sound thatis excessive, unnecessary, inappropriate:["hawm.pam] PF n. hawmpam (derived fromhawng overabundance and pam sound)

unexpected, be curious, odd, strange: [h·Ek^]PF vin. hek

unfair, improper, wrong, unjustified:[kEm."wi.æ] PF adj. kemwiä (c.w. from kenot and muiä proper, fair, right, justified)

unfairness, injustice: [tI.kEm."wi.æ] PF n. tìke-mwiä (derived from kemwiä improper, un-fair, wrong, unjustified)

unfamiliar, strange, unknown: [st'oN] PF adj.stxong

unfold, blossom: [P·oN] PF v. ’ongunfolding, blooming: [tI."PoN] PF n. tì’ong

(derived from ’ong bloom)unforgettable: [kE.>tsuk.">tswaP] PF adj. ketsukt-

swa’ (derived from ketsuk– not able to doand tswa’ forget)

unfortunately, sadly: [nI.kE."ft'o] PF adv. nì-keftxo (derived from keftxo unhappy)

unhappy, upset, ’How sad!’: [kE."ft'o] PF adj.,intj. keftxo

unhealthful (mentally): [kE.fpom."Ro.NaP] PF

adj. kefpomronga’ (c.w. from ke not and fp-omronga’ healthful (mentally)) nfp.

unhealthful (physically): [kE.fpom."tok'.NaP]PF adj. kefpomtokxnga’ (c.w. from ke not andfpomtokxnga’ healthful (physically)) nfp.

unhealthy (mentally): [kEl.fpom."Ron] PF adj.kelfpomron (c.w. from ke not and lefpomronhealthy (mentally)) ofp.

unhealthy (physically): [kEl.fpom."tok'] PF

adj. kelfpomtokx (c.w. from ke not and fpom-tokx health) ofp.

unhurried: [lE."t'i.lu.kE] PF adj. letxiluke (c.w.from txi hurry and luke without)

unhurriedly, leisurely: [nI."t'i.lu.kE] PF adv.nìtxiluke (c.w. from txi hurry and luke wit-hout)

unintentionally, accidentally: [nIt."kan.lu.ke]PF adv. nìtkanluke (c.w. from nìtkan purpo-sefully, deliberately and luke- without)

unique, original, not derived from anothersource: [lE.">tsim] PF adj. letsim (derivedfrom tsim source)

unjustified, improper, unfair, wrong:[kEm."wi.æ] PF adj. kemwiä (c.w. from ke

not and muiä proper, fair, right, justified)unknown: [kaw."no.mum] PF adj. kawnomum

(c.w. from ke not and omum know)unknown, strange, unfamiliar: [st'oN] PF adj.

stxongunless in independent clause) (ii), hope

(with tsnì for thing hoped: [sIl."p·Ej] PF

vin. sìlpey (c.w. from sìltsan good and peywait)

unmodified, wild, natural (something in itsoriginal, untampered-with natural state):[jr"] PF adj. yrr

unnecessarily: [nI.kEl."kin] PF adv. nìkelkin(derived from kelkin unnecessary)

unnecessary: [kEl."kin] PF adj. kelkinunnecessary, noise. sound that is excessi-

ve, inappropriate, unexpected or startling:["hawm.pam] PF n. hawmpam (derived fromhawng overabundance and pam sound)

unobstructed, free, unblocked, clear:[kaw."k'an] PF adj. kawkxan (c.w. from ke’aw not one and ekxan barricade, obstruction)

unpleasant to the senses, noisome: [væP] PF

adj. vä’unquote: [sIk^] PF adv. sìkunsightly, ugly: [naR."væP] PF adj. narvä’ (de-

rived from nari eye and vä’ unpleasant to thesenses)

untampered-with natural state), wild, natu-ral (something in its original, unmodified:[jr"] PF adj. yrr

until: [vaj."kr"] PF conj. vaykrr (c.w. from vay–

up to and krr time)until the end: [tI."PiP.a.vaj] PF adv. tì’i’avay

(c.w. from ’i’a end and vay until)until then, in the meantime: [>tsa."kr

".vaj] PF

adv. tsakrrvay (c.w. from tsakrr then and vayup to)

unusual: [kEl."tr".tr"] PF adj. keltrrtrr (derived

from ke not and letrrtrr ordinary)up (direction): [nE."fæ] PF adv. nefäup among: [fkip^] PF adp. fkip–up to: [vaj] PF adp. vay–up to but not after, by, before: ["li.sRE] PF adp.

lisre+ (c.w. from li already and sre+ before)upright, erect: [p'im] PF adj. pximupset, unhappy, ’How sad!’: [kE."ft'o] PF adj.,

intj. keftxo

61

upside, advantage, benefit, gain: [">tsan.kum]PF n. tsankum (c.w. from tsan’ul improve, getbetter and kum result)

urgh, exclamation upon exertion: [sa."u] LA

intj. sauus (exclusive), we: [aj."o.E] PF pn. ayoe (deri-

ved from oe I)us (inclusive), we: [aj."wEN] PF pn. ayoeng (de-

rived from oe I) (ayoenga– base for suffix-es)

us two (dual inclusive), we two, you and I:["wEN] PF pn. oeng (derived from oe I)

us two (exclusive), we two: ["mo.E] PF pn. moe(derived from me+ dual and oe I)

usable without much expenditure of effort,convenient: [nik^] PF adj. nik

use: [s·aR] PF vtr. sarused for drinking intoxicating beverages),

kava bowl (constructed from seed pods,hand-sized: ["swo.a.sEj] PF n. swoasey (c.w.from swoa intoxicating beverage or “sprits"and sey cup or bowl minimally modified fromnaturally occurring resources)

used in full names: [tE] JC part. teuseful: [lE."saR] PF adj. lesar (derived from sar

use)useless, in vain: [kEl."saR] PF adj. kelsar (c.w.

from ke not and lesar useful)utensil, tool: ["sæ.Po] PF n. sä’o

V

valid: [ka."Naj] PF adj. kangay (cognate withngay true)

validate, confirm: [ka."Naj s·i] PF vin. kangay si(derived from kangay valid)

valley: [>tsoN] PF n. tsongvanish, disappear, recede from view: [P·Ip]

PF vin. ’ìpvariegated, colorful, multicolored: ["p'aj.o.pin]


vast, broad, expansive: ["ho.Et^] PF adj. hoetvegetable (food): [fk'En] PF n. fkxenvegetable or animal), in season (of foods:

[kI."maR] PF adj. kìmarverb: ["kEm.lI.Pu] PF n. kemlì’u (c.w. from kem

action and lì’u word)version: [sREj] PF n. sreyvertical surface, wall: ["k'Em.jo] PF n. kxemyo

(c.w. from kxem be vertical and yo surface)vertically: [nI."k'Em] PF adv. nìkxem (derived

from kxem be vertical)very cold: ["t'a.wEw] PF adj. txawew (derived

from txan much and wew cold)very hot: ["t'a.som] PF adj. txasom (derived

from txan much and som hot)very old, ancient: ["t'an.lal] PF adj. txanlal

(c.w. from txan much and lal old)very short time, second: ["hI.kr

"] PF n. hìkrr

(c.w. from hì’i little, small and krr time)very, much (abstract): [nI."t'an] PF adv. nìtxan

(derived from txan much)

vessel, container, carrier: [sæ."hE.na] PF n. sä-hena (derived from hena carry)

via, by, following, according to: ["I.læ] or[I."læ] PF adp. ìlä+

vibrating tongue (Na’vi idiom), day timesmoking pleasure: [pr

".k'En.tr

".kr

"] Skxawng

n. prrkxentrrkrr (c.w. from prrte’ pleasurab-le, kxener smoke, trr day and krr time)

victory, a win: [tI.jo"RaP] PF n. tìyora’ (derivedfrom yora’ win)

video, movie, film: ["rEl a.ru."sikx] PF n. relarusikx (c.w. from rel picture and rikx move)

village: [>tsRaj] PF n. tsrayviolet, purple, magenta: ["Pom.pin] PF n. ’om-

pin (derived from ’om purple)violet, purple, magenta: [Pom] PF adj. ’omviperwolf cry, howl: ["Nu.waj] PF n. nguway

(derived from way song)viscous liquid, gel: ["k'um.paJ] PF n. kxum-

pay (derived from kxum viscous, gelatinous,thick)

viscous, gelatinous, thick: [k'um] PF adj. kx-um

vision (spiritual): [æ."i.E] PF n. äievision, (sense of) sight: [>tsE."Pa.>tswo] PF n.

tse’atswo (derived from tse’a see)visit: ["f·r

".f·En] PF vtr. frrfen

visitor, guest: ["fr".tu] PF n. frrtu

visual art: ["REl.>tsE.o] PF n. reltseo (c.w. from relimage and tseo art)

62

vivid, bright: ["t'a.na.tan] PF adj. txanatan(c.w. from txan much and atan light)

voice: ["mok.Ri] PF n. mokrivolcano: [t'Ep."Ram] PF n. txepram (c.w. from

txep fire and ram mountain)

vomit up, vomit: [·u·"EP] PF vtr., vin. ue’

vomit, vomit up: [·u·"EP] PF vtr., vin. ue’

vulgar, coarse, socially unacceptable:[ræp."tum] PF adj. räptum

W

’watch it!’, angry snarl: [o."Isss] LA intj. oìsssa wall or bank of powerful waterfalls no-

ted for its deafening roar and deadly for-ce (countable, but only rarely): [k'oR] PF n.kxor

a win, victory: [tI.jo"RaP] PF n. tìyora’ (derivedfrom yora’ win)

wait for, wait: [p·Ej] PF vin. peywait, wait for: [p·Ej] PF vin. peywake up, to wake, to waken: [tI."t'En s·i] PF

vin. tìtxen si (derived from tìtxen awakeness)walk: [t·I."R·an] PF vin. tìranwall, vertical surface: ["k'Em.jo] PF n. kxemyo

(c.w. from kxem be vertical and yo surface)want: [n·Ew] PF vtrm. newwant to know, be curious: [n·Ew."o.mum] PF

svin. newomum (c.w. from new want andomum know)

war: [>tsam] PF n. tsamwar cry: [I."lEj] LA intj. ìleywar party: [">tsam.po.Nu] PF n. tsampongu (c.w.

from tsam war and pongu party)warm: [saN] PF adj. sangwarn: [p·EN."hr

"] PF vin. penghrr (c.w. from

peng tell and hrrap danger)warn: [p·l

"."hr

"] PF vin. pllhrr (c.w. from plltxe

speak and hrrap danger)warning: [sæ.pEN."hr

"] PF n. säpenghrr (derived

from penghrr warn)warning: [sæ.pl

"."hr

"] PF n. säpllhrr (derived

from pllhrr warn)warpaint: [">tsa.mo.pin] PF n. tsamopin (c.w.

from tsam war and ’opin color)warrior: [">tsam.si.ju] PF n. tsamsiyu (derived

from tsam si make war and –yu agent suffix)wash: [j·uR] PF vtr. yurwaste: [P·al] PF vtr. ’alwasteful: [lE."Pal] PF adj. le’al (derived from

’al waste) nfp.wastefully: [nI."Pal] PF adv. nì’al (derived

from ’al waste)

wastefulness: [tI.".Pal] PF n. tì’al (derivedfrom ’al waste)

watch out, be careful: ["na.Ri s·i] PF vin. nari si(derived from nari eye)

water carrier: ["paJ.smuN] PF n. paysmung (c.w.from pay water and smung transportationdevice)

water container: ["paj.sE.na] PF n. paysena(c.w. from pay water and sähena container)

water that is aeriated while flowing amongthe rocks of a very gradually slopingstream (countable): [Ru."RuR] PF n. rurur

water’s edge, shoreline: [paj."t'Ew] PF n.paytxew (c.w. from pay water and txew ed-ge)

water, liquid: [paj] PF n. paywatery: [lE."paj] PF adj. lepay (derived from

pay water)wave (of water): [wE."op'] PF n. weopxwave-like: [lE.wE."op'] PF adj. leweopx (deri-

ved from weopx wave (of water))way of living, culture: ["REj.fja] PF n. reyfya

(c.w. from rey live and fya’o path, way)way of thinking, thought pattern: ["fpIl.fja]

PF n. fpìlfya (c.w. from fpìl think and fya’opath)

way, path, manner: ["fja.Po] PF n. fya’owe: [aw."Na] PF pn. awnga (derived from ayo-

eng we)we two, us two (dual inclusive), you and I:

["wEN] PF pn. oeng (derived from oe I)we two, us two (exclusive): ["mo.E] PF pn. moe

(derived from me+ dual and oe I)we, us (exclusive): [aj."o.E] PF pn. ayoe (deri-

ved from oe I)we, us (inclusive): [aj."wEN] PF pn. ayoeng (de-

rived from oe I) (ayoenga– base for suffix-es)

weak: [mEjp^] PF adj. meypweakling: ["mEjp.tu] PF n. meyptu (derived

from meyp weak)

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weakly, loosely: [nI."mEjp^] PF adv. nìmeyp(derived from meyp weak)

weakness: [tI."mEjp] PF n. tìmeyp (derivedfrom meyp weak)

weapon of war: [">tsam.sæ.Po] PF n. tsamsä’o(c.w. from tsam war and sä’o tool)

weather: ["ja.fkEjk^] PF n. yafkeyk (derivedfrom fkeytok exist)

weave: [t·æ."ft'·u] PF vtr. täftxuweaver: [tæ."ft'u.ju] PF n. täftxuyu (derived

from täftxu weave and –yu agent suffix)web, net: [hæn] PF n. hänWednesday: [tr

".">tsI.vE] PF n. trrtsìve (c.w. from

trr day and tsìve fourth)week: ["kin.tr

"] PF n. kintrr (derived from kinä

seven and trr day)weekend: ["mun.tr

"] PF n. muntrr (derived

from mune two and trr day)weep, cry: [">tsN·aw.v·Ik^] PF vin. tsngawvìkweight (physical) : [sJo."kup^] PF n. syokup

(derived from syo light and ku’up heavy)weird, spooky: ["snEw.sjE] PF adj. snewsye

(c.w. from snew tighten, constrict and syehabreath)

well: [nIl.">tsan] PF adv. nìltsan (derived fromsìltsan good)

well: [Ra."mu.noN] PF n. ramunongwell (conversation starter): [>tsE] PF part. tsewell done, good (of its kind): [sIl.">tsan] PF

adj. sìltsanwell-being, peace, happiness: [fpom] PF n.

fpomwhat (action): ["kEm.pE] PF inter. kempe vari-

ant of pehem (c.w. from kem action, deed)what (action): [pE."hEm] PF inter. pehem vari-

ant of kempe (c.w. from kem action, deed)what (thing): ["Pu.pE] PF inter. ’upe (c.w. from

’u thing and pe inter. marker)what (thing): [pE."u] PF inter. peu variant of

’upewhat (word, utterance): ["lI.Pu.pE] PF inter.

lì’upe variant of pelì’uwhat (word, utterance): [pE."lI.Pu] PF inter.

pelì’u variant of lì’upewhat temperature?: [pE.som."wEw] PF inter.

pesomwew (derived from somwew tempera-ture)

what temperature? (more common):[som."wEw.pE] PF inter. somwewpe (derived

from somwew temperature)what width, how wide?: [pE.slo."snEp^] PF in-

ter. peslosnep (derived from snep narrow)variant of slosneppe

what width, how wide?: [slo."snE.pE] PF inter.slosneppe (derived from snep narrow) vari-ant of peslosnep

whatever, no matter, no matter what:[kE.">tsRan] PF adj., conj. ketsran (c.w. fromke not and tsranten Matter, be of importance)

when: ["kr".pE] PF inter. krrpe variant of pehrr

(c.w. from krr time)when: [pE."hr

"] PF inter. pehrr variant of krrpe

(c.w. from krr time)when, at the time that: ["kr

".a] PF conj. krra (de-

rived from krr time)where: [pE."sEN] PF inter. peseng variant of

tsengpewhere: [">tsEN.pE] PF inter. tsengpe variant of

pesengwhere, place where: [">tsE.Na] PF conj. tsenga

(derived from tseng place)whether, or: [ft'Ej] PF conj. ftxeywhich kind: ["fnE.pE] PF inter. fnepe variant of

pefnelwhich kind: [pE."fnEl] PF inter. pefnel variant

of fnepewhile, same time as: [tEN."kr

"] PF conj. tengkrr

(c.w. from teng same, equal and krr time)whisper: [">ts·I.sy·I] PF vin. tsìsyìwhisper: [sæ."

>tsI.syI] PF n. sätsìsyì (derived

from tsìsyì whisper)whistle: ["fw·E.fw·i] PF vin. fwefwiwhite: ["tEjR.pin] PF n. teyrpin (derived from

teyr white)white: [tEjR] PF adj. teyrwhitewater rapids (countable, but only ra-

rely): [">tsEl.>tsul] PF n. tseltsulwho: [pE."su] PF inter. pesu variant of tupewho: ["tu.pE] PF inter. tupe variant of pesuwhole, totality: [wot'] PF n. wotxwhy: ["lum.pE] PF inter. lumpe variant of pelunwhy: [pE."lun] PF inter. pelun variant of lumpewide: ["slo.a] PF adj. sloawidely, pervasively: [nI."ho.Et^] PF adv. nìhoet

(derived from hoet vast, broad, expansive)width: [slo."snEp^] PF n. slosnep (derived from

snep narrow)

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wife, female spouse: [mun."t'a.tE] PF n. mun-txate (derived from muntxatu spouse)

wild, natural (something in its original, un-modified, untampered-with natural state):[jr"] PF adj. yrr

win: [j·o."R·aP] PF vtr. yora’wind: [hu."fwE] PF n. hufwewind instrument: ["sjE.Po.t'aN] PF n.

sye’otxang (c.w. from syeha breath and ’otx-ang musical instrument)

wind instrument, horn: [pawk^] PF n. pawkwing: [>tsjal] PF n. tsyalwinner: [jo."RaP.tu] PF n. yora’tu (derived from

yora’ win)wisdom: [ha."fjon] PF n. hafyonwisdom (seldom used): [tI."t'an>tslusam] PF

n. tìtxantslusam (derived from txantslusamwise)

wise: ["t'an.>tslu.sam] PF adj. txantslusam (c.w.from txan much and tsl«us»am understand)

wise: [la."fjon] PF adj. lafyon (derived from ha-fyon wisdom) ofp.

wise: [ha."fjo.NaP] PF adj. hafyonga’ (derivedfrom hafyon wisdom) nfp.

wish: ["R·a.N·al] PF vin. rangalwish (contrary to fact, with perfective or im-

perfective subjunctive): [nI."Ra.Nal] PF adv.nìrangal (derived from rangal wish)

with (accompaniment): [hu] PF adp. hu–with all heart, passionately: [nI."ft'a.vaN] PF

adv. nìftxavang (derived from ftxavang pas-sionate)

with grief, grievingly: [na."fpawN] PF adv. naf-pawng (derived from afpawng grief )

with originality, originally, in an originalway: [nI.">tsim] PF adv. nìtsim (derived fromtsim source)

with perfective or imperfective subjunctive),wish (contrary to fact: [nI."Ra.Nal] PF adv.nìrangal (derived from rangal wish)

with pleasure, pleasurably, gladly:[nI."pr

".tEP] PF adv. nìprrte’ (derived from

prrte’ pleasurable)with pride, proudly: [nI."nr

".a] PF adv. nìnrra

(derived from nrra pride)with, by means of: [fa] PF adp. fa–without: ["lu.kE] PF adp. luke–without a doubt: [am."Pa.lu.kE] PF adv.

am’aluke (derived from am’ake sure, confi-

dent)without clothing, naked: [luk."pEn] PF adj.

lukpen (c.w. from luke without and pen clot-hing (plural))

without hesitation, trustingly: [nI."mal] PF

adv. nìmal (derived from mal trustworthy)without limit, endless, boundless:

["t'Ew.lu.kE] PF adj. txewluke (c.w. from tx-ew limit, border and luke without)

without stopping, continuously, incessantly:[nIl.kE."ftaN] PF adv. nìlkeftang (c.w. fromluke without and ftang stop)

without tampering with or changing the na-ture, naturally: [nI."jr

"] PF adv. nìyrr (deri-

ved from yrr natural)without warning, suddenly: [>tsIk] PF adv. tsìkwomb: ["pr

".ku] PF n. prrku (c.w. from prrnen

baby and kelku home)wonderful, terrific, fantastic: [ko."sman] PF

adj. kosmanwonderfully: [nIk."sman] PF adv. nìksman (de-

rived from kosman wonderful)wood: [RIn] PF n. rìnwooden, of wood: [lE."rIn] PF adj. lerìn (deri-

ved from rìn wood)word: ["lI.Pu] PF n. lì’uword-play, pun: ["lI.Pu.van] PF n. lì’uvan (c.w.

from lì’u word and uvan game)words of a poem or lyrics of a song: [waj.æ aj-

lI.Pu] PF ph. wayä aylì’u (derived from waysing (ceremonial register))

work: [tI."kaN.kEm] PF n. tìkangkem (derivedfrom kem action, deed)

work: [tI."kaN.kEm "s·i] PF vin. tìkangkem si (de-rived from tìkangkem work)

work correctly or as nature intended, be well,be intact, be as it should be: [z·o] PF svin.zo

world (physical, solid): [ki."fkEj] PF n. kifkeyworm: [NawN] PF n. ngawngworrisome matter, source of worry:

["sNum.>tsim] PF n. sngumtsim (c.w. from

sngum worry and tsim source)worrisome, troubling: ["sNu.NaP] PF adj.

sngunga’ (derived from sngum worry)worry: [sNum] PF n. sngumworry: [sNum s·i] PF vin. sngum si (derived

from sngum worry)

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worryingly, fretfully: [nI."sNum] PF adv.nìsngum (derived from sngum worry)

worsen, get worse: ["fE.P·ul] PF vin. fe’ul (c.w.from fe’ bad and ’ul increase)

worsening (in the general or abstract sense):[tI."fE.Pul] PF n. tìfe’ul (derived from fe’ulworsen)

worsening (specific instance): [sæ."fE.Pul] PF

n. säfe’ul (derived from fe’ul worsen)worst: ["PE.Pal] PF adj. ’e’alworthy: [p'an] PF adj. pxanwound: [sk'iR] PF n. skxirwound: ["sk'iR "s·i] PF vin. skxir si (derived

from skxir wound)

wounded: [lE."sk'iR] PF adj. leskxir (derivedfrom skxir wound)

wow, expression of surprise and pleasure:["tEw.ti] PF intj. tewti

write: [pam."REl "s·i] PF vin. pamrel si (derivedfrom pamrel writing)

writer: [pam."rEl.si.ju] PF n. pamrelsiyu (deri-ved from pamrel writing)

writing: [pam."REl] PF n. pamrel (c.w. from pamsound and rel image)

wrong, improper, unfair, unjustified:[kEm."wi.æ] PF adj. kemwiä (c.w. from kenot and muiä proper, fair, right, justified)

wrong, incorrect, not right: [kE."jawR] PF adj.keyawr (c.w. from ke not and eyawr correct)

Y

(yearly) anniversary: [zI.sIt."sal.tr"] PF n. zìsìt-

saltrr (c.w. from zìsìt year, salew go and trrday)

year: ["zI.sIt^] PF n. zìsìtyearn for: ["P·an.l·a] PF vtr. ’anlayearning: [sæ."Pan.la] PF n. sä’anla (derived

from ’anla yearn for)yellow: [Rim] PF adj. rimyellow: ["Rim.pin] PF n. rimpin (derived from

rim yellow)yes: ["sRa.nE] PF part., intj. sraneyes (colloquial): [sRan] PF part., intj. sranyes and no, more or less, somewhat, kind

of: [sRan."kE.hE] PF part., intj. srankehe (c.w.from srane yes and kehe no)

yesterday: [tr"."am] PF adv. trram (derived

from trr day and ham previous)

yet, still, as before: [mi] PF adv. miyou: [Na] PF pn. ngayou (honorific form): [NE."Na] PF pn. ngenga

(derived from nga you)

you (pl.), you all: [aj."Na] PF pn. aynga (deri-ved from nga you)

you all, you (pl.): [aj."Na] PF pn. aynga (deri-ved from nga you)

you and I, we two, us two (dual inclusive):["wEN] PF pn. oeng (derived from oe I)

you little, little you: ["Na.>tsjIp^] PF pn. ngatsyìp(derived from nga you)

young: ["PE.wan] PF adj. ’ewanyoung of an animal, bird, fish, insect: ["li.ni]

PF n. lini

Z

zero: [kEw] PF num. kew

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English - Na’vi Dictionary 13 · English - Na’vi Dictionary v. 13.7 Compiled by Mark Miller ...

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Transcript of English - Na’vi Dictionary 13 · English - Na’vi Dictionary v. 13.7 Compiled by Mark Miller ...