English Language ArtsLevel 7 #54Ms. Walker

Today’s Objectives

Parts of Speech Review

Noun Review

Types of Nouns

Proper NounsCommon NounsConcrete NounsAbstract Nouns

Possessive Nouns

The Proper NounSince the proper noun

represents the name of a specific person, place, or thing, always write a proper noun with a capital letter. The names of days of the week, months, historical documents, institutions, organizations and religions are all proper nouns and must be capitalized.

Common Nouns

A common noun is the opposite of a proper noun. We do not capitalize common nouns unless they begin a sentence.

Non-specific persons: man, child, doctor, boy, etc.

Non-specific animals: cat, dog, rabbit, hamster, squirrel, etc.

Abstract Nouns

Abstract nouns are the opposite of concrete nouns. You cannot feel, taste, touch, smell or see abstract nouns. They are ideas. For instance, you cannot see or touch friendship, but friendship is a noun. Therefore, it is an abstract noun.

Plural NounsThe plural form of a noun

indicates simply that there are more than one of the person or thing in question. For most nouns, the plural form includes the letter "s" at the end of the word:

DogsTrees

Turtles

Plural Nouns ending in s, z, ch, sh, and x

Nouns with these letters at the end require an "es" to show more than one. This added syllable makes pronunciation easier.

beach = beachesFox = foxes

Wish = wishes

Plural Nouns Ending in “y ”

To form the plural of nouns ending in “y,” drop the “y ” and add "ies.“ This is true in most cases, but there are exceptions.

family = familiesstory = storiesbaby = babies

Pronoun Review

The Pronoun

A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun. It can be used in one of three places on the diagram, the Subject, Object, or Possessive cases.

Pronouns can also be used as adjectives.

Types of Pronouns

Personal Pronoun - I, you, he, she, it, etc..

Possessive Pronoun - mine, yours, his, theirs, ours, etc..

Reflexive Pronoun - myself, yourself, herself, himself, etc..

Types of Pronouns

Demonstrative Pronoun - this, that, these, those

Interrogative Pronoun - who, what, etc..

Relative Pronoun - who, whose, which, that, etc..

Personal Pronouns

These pronouns take the place of common and proper nouns:

He, she, you, we, they and it take the place of nouns in the sentence.

Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns stand in place of the names of people or things: I, you, he, she, it, we, they, etc. Let’s look at our diagrammed sentences:

The boy wrote a story.

Possessive Pronouns

Possessive pronouns are used to indicate possession or ownership. We do not need the apostrophe and “s” (‘S) with these pronouns to show ownership.

Verb Review

Verb Functions

Verbs Show ActionVerbs Show a State of Being Helping VerbsVerbs Show NumberVerbs Show Time

Action Verbs

RUN LAUGH

EAT EXPLODE

KICK HAMMER

The “to be” Verbs

The “to be” verbs have several uses in a sentence. They can be used as:

verbs, verbs verbs

state-of-beinghelpinglinking

State of Being Verbs

State of Being verbs are verbs that describe a state that is not an action. These can also be used as helping and linking verbs.

be,

am,

is,

are,

was,

were,

been

Helping Verbs

A helping verb is not the main verb in a sentence. It helps the main verb. Some helping verbs can stand alone. Others cannot. Have, do and be are common helping verbs.

Helping Verbs

have couldshall/will mightdo/does maywould shouldmust to be

Linking Verbs

Some words can function as either a helping verb or a linking verb, but a linking verb and a helping verb are not used the same. A linking verb stands alone as the main verb and links the subject to the predicate nominative or predicate adjective.

Linking Verb

The princess is pretty. “is” functions here as a linking verb. (princess = pretty)

princess prettyisLinkingVerb

Adjective Review

Adjectives

Adjectives are words that describe. As discussed in a previous lesson, an adjective modifies (describes) a noun. An adjective tells “what kind of,” “how much,” how many, which, etc. The Articles — a, an, and the — are adjectives.

Comparative Adjectives

The comparative adjective or adverb is the form used to compare two things. To create a comparative adjective, remember to add “-er” to the end of a short adjective or more, before longer adjectives.

Comparative Examples

Tom’s coat is newer than Bill’s. (Two things are being compared. With the shorter word “new,” add “-er.”

Many students find writing more difficult than reading. With the longer word, “difficult” add “more.”

Superlative Adjectives

Three or more things must be compared to use the superlative form. It takes the definite article (the).

Add “-est” to short adjectives. Use “most” with longer adjectives.

Superlative Examples

High, Higher, Highest Long, Longer, Longest Difficult, More Difficult, Most DifficultExpensive, More Expensive, Most Expensive

Superlative Usage Examples

Mount Everest is the highest mountain in the world. (Three or more things are being compared.)

It is the most expensive restaurant I've ever been to. (Use “most” with longer adjectives.)

Adverb Review

How?How?He ran quickly.He ran quickly.

She left yesterday.She left yesterday. When?When?

We went there.We went there. Where?Where?

It was too hot!It was too hot!To what degree or how much?To what degree or how much?

Modifies or describesa verb, an adjective,or another adverb.

Modifies or describesa verb, an adjective,or another adverb.

Answers the questions:Answers the questions:

InterrogativeAdverbsintroduce questions.

How did you break your leg?

When does your plane leave?

How often do you run?

Where did you put the mouse trap?

Conjunction Review

Conjunctions Connect

Conjunctions are words that connect words, sentences or clauses together. There are two main types of conjunctions: coordinating and subordinating.

Coordinating Conjunctions

Coordinating conjunctions join two items of equal importance. For, and, nor, but, or, yet and so are the coordinating conjunctions in English.

Coordinating Conjunctions

= for= and= nor= but= or= yet= so

O

Subordinating Conjunctions

A subordinating conjunction introduces a dependent clause, which depends on the rest of the sentence for its meaning and cannot stand alone:

Subordinating Conjunctions although, as, because, before,

if, once,

sincethan,

that,till,unless,

until, when,

whenever, where, wherever.

Subordinating Conjunction

Example:Although it was raining, we went to the park.

Before we went to the park, we had lunch.

Preposition Review

Preposition Defined

A preposition belongs to a class of words that are used before nouns, pronouns, or other substantives (words that function as nouns) to form phrases functioning as modifiers of verbs, nouns, or adjectives.

Prepositional Phrases

Examples of prepositional phrases:

In the roomon the tableby Wednesdayto the store

Articles Review

Grammar: Parts of Speech

Articles are Adjectives Which Modify Nouns

There Are Three Articles

A, AN, and THE are called articles. THE is the Definite Article which specifies a particular noun.A and AN are both used as Indefinite Articles. They are not specific.

Interjection Review

Interjection Defined

An interjection is a word or short phrase used in speech to gain attention, to exclaim, protest or command. Interjections can be used to show emotion, such as surprise or shock.

Interjections

Interjections are often found at the beginning of a sentence, especially in speech, and are commonly followed by an exclamation mark (!).

Interjections

Break

Types of Sentences

Part 2

Grammar: End-of-Sentence Punctuation Marks

Three ways to end sentences in English:

End of Sentence Punctuation Marks

Declarative and imperative sentences end with a period(.)Interrogative sentences end with a question mark. (?)Exclamatory sentences end with an exclamation point. (!)

Declarative Sentences

Make statements and end with periods:Cookies taste good.We didn’t get home until late.Dolphins can recognize their reflections.

Declarative

Declarative - A declarative sentence makes a statement. A declarative sentence ends with a period.Example: The house will be built on a hill(.)

Interrogative - An interrogative sentence asks a question. An interrogative sentence ends with a question mark(?). Example: How did you find the card?

Interrogative

Interrogative Sentences

Asks questions; ends with question marks.

Are you going home?When is the graduation?Why didn’t I take notes?

Exclamatory Sentences

Exclamatory - An exclamatory sentence shows strong feeling. An exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamation mark.(!) Exclamatory sentences often begin with interjections.

Exclamatory Sentences

Excitedly expresses emotion; ends with exclamation point (!)

The robber is escaping(!)That car is headed right for us(!)I can’t believe we won(!)

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Part 3 - The Idiom

Idioms are spoken phrases that cannot be found in the dictionary. An idiom is an expression that means something other than the literal meanings of its individual words.

Needle in a Haystack

If trying to find something is like looking for a needle in a haystack, it means that it is very difficult, if not impossible to find among everything around it.

Needle in a Haystack

I tried to find my lost key on the sandy beach, but it was like trying to find a needle in a haystack.Finding the right dress for the prom was like looking for a needle in a haystack—difficult.

Lesson Review

Today we reviewed the eight parts of speech. We also reviewed the four types of sentences: declarative, imperative, interrogatory and exclamatory.

Next Lesson

Our next lesson will be a review of fiction: the short story and the novel, Call of the Wild.