English grammar

I. Introduction

Filipinos spend more than a decade of their formal studies using English as a medium and yet it has been noted that the quality of our spoken English is way below international standards.

There are many factors that are involve. Texting and chatting are two common practices that encourage the use of corrupted English. In many case, teachers and parents themselves do not have a good grasp of the English grammar. Indeed, it is not uncommon to hear Ph.D. graduates having difficulty speaking the language.

“The cowards never started and the weak died along the

way”-Anonymous

LESSON III. Sentences

A. Definition of a sentence

B. Subject and Predicate

C. Sentence FragmentD. Kinds of Sentences

a. Declarative b. Interrogativec. Imperatived. Exclamatory

“Speech is power:Speech is to

persuade, to convert,…to compel.”

-Ralph Waldo Emerson

LESSON II III. Parts of Speech A. Nouns a. Definition of Nouns b. Concrete and Abstract Nouns c. Common and Proper Nouns d. Rules on Singular and Plural Nouns

“If a man empties his purse into his head, no man can take it away from

him.An investment in knowledge always

pays the best interest.”

-Benjamin Franklin

LESSON III B. Pronouns

a. Definition of Pronouns

b. Antecedent of Pronouns

ecotypes of Pronouns .Personal Pronouns .Interrogative

Pronouns .Demonstrative

Pronouns .Indefinite Pronouns .Relative Pronouns

“Natural abilities are like natural plants

that need pruning by

study.”-Francis Bacon

LESSON IVD. Possessive PronounsE. Agreement of Pronoun and Antecedent

“Think like a man of action and act

like a man of thought.”

-Henri Bergson

LESSON V C. Verbsa. Action Verbs and Linking Verbs b. Over Phrase: Principal and Auxiliary Verbs c. Principal Parts of Verbs Present Tense Past tense Past Participled. Regular and Irregular Verbs

“For everything there is an appointed

time.” -Ecclesiastes

LESSON VI

Either Tenses: Basic FormsPresent TensePast TenseFuture TensePresent Perfect TensePast Perfect TenseFuture Perfect Tense

“To be or not to be, that is the question….”

-Shakespeare

LESSON VII Six Tenses of the Verb “to be” Six Tenses of the Regular Verb “care” Six Tenses of the Irregular Verb “eat”

“The worst bankrupt in the world is the

man who has lost his enthusiasm.”

-Gerard de Nerve

LESSON VIIIF. Tenses : Progressive Forms

Present Progressive Tense Past Progressive Tense Future Progressive Tense Present Perfect Progressive

Tense Past Perfect Progressive

Tense Future Perfect Progressive

Tense Progressive Forms of the

Verb “care”

“Action may not always bring

happiness; but there is no happiness

without action”-Benjamin Desraeli

LESSON IXG. Voice: Active and Passive

VoiceH. Mood

Indicative Imperative Subjunctive Subjunctive Forms of the Verb “to be”

“You may easily play a joke on a man

who likes to argue-agree with him.”

-Ed Howe

LESSON XI. Agreement of Subject and VerbJ. Agreement of Verbs with Collective Nouns K. Agreement of Verbs with Indefinite Pronouns

“Judge a man by his questions rather

than his answers.” -

Voltaire

LESSON XI l. Special Cases of Agreements

“And Jehovah God went on to say,’It is

not good for the man to continue by himself.I am going to make a helper

for him, as a complement of

him.’”-Genesis 2:18

LESSON XIIM. Complements* Complements of Action Verbs * Direct Objects * Transitive and Intransitive Verbs * The Indirect Object * Complements of Linking Verbs * Predicate Noun, Pronoun and adjectives

”The wisest man has something yet to learn.”

-George Santayana

LESSON XIIID. Prepositions

a. Definition b. Objects of the Preposition c. Compound or

Phrasal Prepositions

“Consider the postage stamp my son. It secures success through its ability to stick to one thing till it gets there.

-Josh Billings

LESSON XIV E.Cases of Nouns and Pronouns a. Nominative Case of Nouns and Pronouns b. Objective Case of Nouns c. Objective Case of Pronouns d.Possessive Case of Nouns e.Possessive Case of Pronouns

“For they conquer those who believe they can.”

-John Dryden

LESSON XV F. Adjectives

a. Definition b. Attributive and

Predicate Positions c. Kinds of Adjectives *Descriptive *Nouns as

Adjectives *Limiting *Pronouns as Adjectives

“A word is not a crystal, transparent and unchanged, it is the skin of a living thought and may vary greatly in color and content according to the circumstances and the time in which it is used.”

-Oliver Wendell Holmes

LESSON XVID. Comparison in Adjectives

*Positive Degree*Comparative Degree*Superlative Degree*Adjectives Not Compared

“Eloquence is the child of

knowledge.”-Benjamin Disraeli

LESSON XVIIG. Adverbs

a. Definitionb. Kinds of Adverbs

>Adverb of Manner>Adverb of Place>Adverb of

Frequency>Adverb of Time>Adverb of Degree>Interrogative

Adverbs

C. Nouns and Adjectives Used as AdverbsD. Degrees of

Comparison >Positive Degree >Comparative Degree >Superlative Degree >Adverbs Not Compared

“All wish to possess

knowledge, but few,

comparatively speaking, are

willing to pay the price.”

-Juvenal

LESSON XVIIIH. Prepositional Phrasesa. Review of Prepositionsb. Review of Objects of Prepositionsc. Prepositional Phrases>Adjective Phrases>Adverbial Phrasesd. Correct use of Prepositions

“The block of granite which is an obstacle in

the pathway of the weak becomes a

stepping-stone in the pathway of the

strong.”-Thomas Carlyle

LESSON XIXI. Conjunctions a. Definition b.Types of Conjunctions>Coordinating Conjunctions>Correlating Conjunctions>Subordinating Conjunctions J. Interjections

K. Concluding the Study of the Simple Sentence

“A house is not a home unless

it contains food and fire for the mind as well as

the body.”-Margaret Fuller

LESSON XXREVIEW

“Knowledge is power.”-Francis Bacon

LESSON XXI

IV. Clauses A.Definition

B.Types of Clauses a.Main or

Independent Clause

b.Subordinate or Dependent

Clause >Adverbial Clauses

“Language, as well as the faculty of speech, was the immediate gift of

God.”-Noah Webster

LESSON XXII >Adjective Clauses+Restrictive and Nonrestrictive

>Noun Clauses

“The Difficult is that which can be

done immediately; the Impossible that which takes a little longer.”-George Santayana

LESSON XXIII V. Classifying Sentences Based on Clauses A. Simple Sentence B. Compound Sentencea. Comma Faultb. Run on Error C. Complex Sentence D. Compound-Complex Sentence

“An action, to be effective,

must be directed to

clearly defined ends.”

-Jawaharlal Nehru

LESSON XXIVVI. VerbalsA. Participlesa. Present Participlesb. Past Participlesc. Perfect Participlesd. Dangling Participles

“A man who gives his children

habits of industry provides for them

better than by giving them a

fortune.”-Richard Whately

LESSON XXVB. Gerundsa. Definitionb. Dangling GerundC. Infinitivesa. Infinitives as Nounsb. Infinitives as Adverbsc. Infinitives as Adjectivesd. Omitted Sign of the Infinitivee. Split Infinitives

“That is a good book which is opened with

expectation and closed in profit.”

-Amos Bronson Alcott

LESSON XXVIVII. PunctuationsA. PeriodB. Question MarkC. Exclamation PointD. Quotation MarkE. Apostrophe

“Even if you’re in the right

track-you’ll get run over if you just sit there.”

-Arthur Godfrey

LESSON XXVIIF. CommaG. ColonH. SemicolonI. ParenthesisJ. Dash

“Aim at perfection in everything though in

most things it is unattainable.

However, they who aim at it, and

persevere, will come much nearer to it than those whose

laziness and despondency make them give it up as

unattainable.”-Lord Chesterfield

LESSON XXVIII

K. Capitalization