English Grammar for Persian speakers

8/12/2019 English Grammar for Persian speakers

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383


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:

8.1

2.

10

11.3

(12(.4

)(

The

have tomust

(23(.5

26.6

30.7

33.8

9.To Do36

10.

38

:Simple future tense42.11

44.12

13.tell & say47

48.14

50.15

53.16


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:54.17

55.18

Future Continuous Tense58.19

20.

:Sequence of tenses61

21.Used to62

Question tag66.22

Avoid Repatition69.23

The additions71.24

CAN73.25

26. MUST73

27.

WANT74

28.Some &any76

78.29

82.30

.31 :possesive forms84

.32 :Putting two sentences together85

86.33

34.Reflexive pronouns (self )87

35.Here & There8936. it92

9416.37

95.38

: (100(.39

(106(.40

108.41

42.

109

43. adjective111

44.The same as115

adverb118.45

:(very, too, enough)intensifiers123.46

47.Such127

tooenough129.48

Other130.49

Relative Pronouns136.50


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141.51

145.52

Conditionals146.53

54.Otherwise

149

55.Wish150

if151.56

57.It is time151

IF152.58

59.Unless153

60.Would rather154

61.as if as though156

(in Case157(.62

63.Both158

:active & passive voice159.64

:

.

.

:170.65

171.66

67.

reported speach172

Indirect speech173.68

.

:

.

:


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:

:

( gerund )181.69

70.

to184


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383

.

edu.uta.enayatpour@ce

..

htm.mynotes/hmpg/~enayatpour/edu.uta.ce-www://http


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.

TOEFL,MCHE

,IELTS

.


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:

:

TOEFLIELTS.

..

:

TOEFLIELTS

.

.

.

:

.

.

.


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12

:

+

+

+

+

..

:

I we

you you

he

she

it

they

)(.

.to,)(.

to

seeIseeto

You see

They see


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.:

thereat schoolherein the classat home

.

every dayyesterdayevery other day today

on even dayson odd days

.

.

:

1

2

thatthis3

:

booksthesebookthis PLthesethis

carsthosecarthat PLthosethat

.:

.Hassan saw: Ali

.Hassan saw him


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:

me

us

you You

him

(her(

it

them

:

my our

your your

his

her

its

their

(

to

ought toused to.

canmustshouldmay


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:

-1

2-

( )

.doesdo

Can you go?

Can you?

You can?

I can go

:?youareamIyouweI:

)(-3

.((not

.may notam not:

tCannotCan '

twonnotwill '

tmustnnotmust '

tShannotShall '

tisnnotis '

tarennotare '


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notamnotam

notmaynotmay

4

:

.:

notnot:

.

You cant go cant you go?

You can not go canyou notgo?

was-were

To be(am-is-are)

-Has-hadHave

-Does-didDo

can

could

ShallShould

WillWould

MayMight

Had to

Must

ought to


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Used to

need

Dare

Would rather

Had better

The

)(

I eat apple.

I eat theapple.

I eat theapple which is red.

"" "".

". .

."

:

am-is-arebeto have

.


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havecanIhaveI bemustIamI

havecanyouhaveyou becanYouareYou

havecanTheyhaveThey bemustheisHe

havecanwehaveWe

havecanshehasShe

Have Am

to have Is Be

Has are

:

.

1

22

3

4

5

6

.7

.8

.9

.10

.11


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1. Cant you help me here every day?2. Mustnt you teach us here every other day at 2 oclock?3. Am I not bad tempered?4. Dont they study here every day?5. Dont you listen to the teacher every day?6. Can I be polite in class?7. My father must be kind at home.8. My sisters may be lazy.9. Their parents can be here.10.My father can have lunch.11.He may have a car

((to-1

:usedought to)to-2

to(.To be(am-is-are)To havehashave

)have-has)am-is-are

.))have , be

wantpretend

likerefuse

would likeplan

hopedecide

intend

wish


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trybe going to

promisehate

dislike

prefer

ust

: have to

I(( mustgo

I have togo

)

(

tohastohave

must

.musthad to:

.has , have:

.I will havemy lunch.

.She hasa book.

have

+

has

.)has , have)to:

have

+to

has


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:

)

.1

.2

3

..4

.5

1. They want to listento the teacher every day.

Do they want to listen to the teacher every day?

They dont want to listen to teacher every day. Dont they want to listen to teacher every day?

2. I must speak English every day.3. You want to bepolite here.4. He likes to havea car.5. We decide to beclever this year.

.)

1. They Study engineering ( Plan:)

2. Most students succeed (want)

3. We understand the lesson. (Pretend: )

4. I work hard. (Promise )5. Most of the people fact/tell the truth. (refuse)6. You are very successful. (can)7. They practice sentence patterns (must)8. Many students ask questions (may)9. We are polite. (Ought to)10.I dine with you. (would like)11.We play football. (prefer)


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1. They Plan to Study engineering

2. Most students want to succeed.

3. We pretend to understand the lesson.

4. I promise to work hard.

5. Most of the people refuse to fact/tell the truth.

6. You can be very successful.

7. They must practice sentence patterns.

8. Many students may ask questions.

May they not ask questions?

May not they ask questions?

9. We ought to be polite.

Ought you to be polite? Are you ought to polite?You ought not to be polite. You arent ought to polite.

Ought you not to be polite? aren't you ought to polite?

10. I would like to dine with you.

11. We prefer to play football.


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Simple Present Tense

:

.

to:

.((ies-es-s((it-she-he.

:

1-

s

:

He works/she eats/it runs

es-2

:esz,o,x,ch,sh,s

Washes/buzzes/watches/fixes/misses/mixes

sa,e,I,o,uyy-3

.

Playsplay

yyy

.esi

Carrycarries

Studystudies


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:-4

+every

+each

+during)during the day(

+every other)every other week(

:-5

ever never always usually often sometimes

They never play golf.

.-6

.The sun sets in the west.

.does ,do:

)doesnt-ies-es:does)s

.:

He goes to school every day.


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:

.

-1

2-2

3-

-4

1. He goes to school every day.2. The teacher helps us in the class at 2 oclock on odd days.3. My father studies at home on even days.

4. His father wants to help them here every day


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.Question Words.

:who-1

2-

:whom

:what-3

:where-4

-when-5

how many-6

7-

how much

how-8

what time-9

how long-10

how often-11

12-

+whose

.an, a-13

+that ,this ,those ,these+the-14

which.

why-15

16-

how old

how far-17

how tall-18

how fast-19

what color-20


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(

wh questions)

:.-1

WhereWhen

How

Why +

What time

How often

How fast

I can answer Can you answer?

Why can you answer?

When can you answer?

How fastcan you answer?

-2

.

?you gowhereI knowWhere do you go

Why dont they studyI know whythey dont study

he is happywhyI am sure

-3

.iesess

He works

?sworkWho

?sworkWhose brother

?you workdo


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?sworkWhich teacher

?sworkWhat kind of student

:

.

:2-1

-2

-3

4-

.-5

1. I know where you play football every day at 2 oclock.2. I dont know why the students dont study at school.3. I am sure why they are tired.4. Do you know whose brother wants to speak English?5. I am not sure why they are lazy in class.


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have to

) :have to

.

-6

-7

-8

-9

-10

6. They have to speak English in class.

7. The boy has to be polite in class every day.

Does the boy have to be polite in class every day?

The boy doesnt have to be polite in class every day.

8. The girls have to be here on even days.

Do the girls have to be here on even days?

9. He has to play football every other day.

Does he have to play football every other day?.He doesnt have to play football every other day

?Doesnt he have to play football every other day

10. Ali has to be happy in class

Does Ali have to be happy in class?


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:

.

-----:

e +ing

.

subject + to be + verb + ing

ingare,is,am:be

.

.are , is , am:

are,is,am:

ing:

:

now

at present-

for the time being-

at the moment

This morning


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This year

This week

::

look!hush up

listenstop

be carefulkeep

Listen! Someones knocking the door!

Look! Someone is coming.

Be careful he is eavesdropping.!

:

.-like-know-understand-wanting-1

.ingyingy-2

Playplaying

Studystudying

Carrycarrying

ingeinge-3

bee.

Comecoming

Taketaking

Havehaving


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Bebeing

-4

.inging((a,e,i,o,u

Sit sitting

Put putting

Read reading

.ingyieingie-5

tie tying

diedying

lielying


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:

.

:.ieded

:

:

1

:)

(:see saw

-2 :)ed-ied(workworked

dodid

am , iswas

arewere

havehad

gowent

comecame

seesaw

:

did

.

iededdidntdid:

.


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.ieded-1

:-2

last dayyesterday

the other day

two days ago

+in)in 1920(

:

.

edyy:

.

playplayed

staystayed

saysaid

paypaid

yyy

.iededi

carry

carried

studystudied

trytried


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:

.

2-1

5-2

-3

1367-4

-5

-6

:

1-They helped us in the class at 2 oclock yesterday.

2-We saw you in the park at 5 oclock last week.

3- We wanted to go to school the other day.

4-We liked to be polite in the class in 1367 year.

5- We were tired yesterday.

6- The boy was lazy last year.


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:

To Do

You did. Did you do?

He does. Does he do?

Did he do? Yes he did.

..You had to go-1

Did you have to go?

You didnt have to go

.-2

He has to go.

?Does he have to go

.-3

He had to teach.

Did he have to teach?

.-4

My father was here yesterday.

.-5

Their parents were kind last year.

.-6


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I was teacher last year.

-7

They were studying when my father came in.

-8

My brother was playing the piano when his teacher rang.

.-9

Their parents werewatchingthe news when it was raining.

:

when

.


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:

you((to

.

:

please

(will you ( please)(

would you

could you

:

+would you minding

ing

+do you mind

.youyou

dont bearentyouto be-

.again

)

(dont go again)

(you dont go

(you arent((dont be again(

dont (you) ever go (again). )(


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:

.

.-1

2-

.

.-3

.-4

.-5

.-6

.-7

8-

.

.-9

.-10

.-11

.-12

:

-1 Please study here every day.

-2 Please write a letter.

-3 Would you please speak English.

-4 Would you mind listening to the teacher.

-5 Please be polite here.


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-6 Please be happy.

-7 Dont play football here again.

-8 Dont open the door again.

-9 Dont write on the black board again.

-10 Dont be lazy again.

-11 Dont be bad temper again.

-12 Dont be rude again.

.-1

I work here every day.

.here nowam workingI

.here yesterdayworkedI

.here yesterdaywas workingI

.here every dayWork

.-2

My father will buy a car tomorrow.

.-3

I will pass in the next year.

4-

.


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They will be here in three weeks.

.-5

We will win soon.

.-6

You will be clever sooner or later.

-7

Ali will study later.


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:Simple future tense

.:

+shall/will+:

.shall((will

shallwill)

(( tomorrow)

tomorrow

soon

sooner or later

three weeks

+next

+in)a week/ a year/ a month(

notshallwill:

wont.shant

.shallwill

ifunless


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whenas long as

whilesuppose

as soon as

before

afterto pass

till

until

(++before

+before)II(

You will passif you study.

If you study you will pass.

I will callyou as soon as I get home.

As soon as I get home , I will callyou.


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)(

.that

)1 +that)

1. 2. 3 that 1. 2. 3

.you comethatI know

):2

.tothat

1. 2. 3 that 1. 2. 3 1. 2. 3 to 2. 3

gotoI want yougoat youthI want you

:)3

.not tothat

.gotthat you donyouI want

.gonot toI want you

.not:

(to gonot to go)

(to be ornot to be)

Not to go )(

Not to come


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not to write

tothat:4

.

let

.I let you gogotoI let you.gothat youyouI let

make

.I make you bebetoI make you.bethat youI make you

see

It helps to prevent help

hear

watch

observe

feel

have

know

notice

that):)5

.ing

I see you that you go.I see you goinggo.

I saw you that you go.I saw you going

go.


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:

.

.-1

.-2

.-3

.-4

.-5

6-

.

1. want you not to play football here.

2. I am happy that you are lazy.

3. They like to speak English.

4. I let you laugh here every day.

5.

I saw you studying.6. I see you listening to the teacher.


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tell & say

say)(

said.

)()(

telltold.

.meantmean)()(

/

I mean you

tell:

tellsay to

.

to tell a lie

to tell a story/tale

to tell a fact

to tell a joke

to tell the time

to tell ones name

to tell the fortune

to tell the difference

to tell the news

to tell the secret


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:

1- -2

:every day:-1

::-1

usually often

alwayshardly

some times seldom

frequently generally

rarely scarely

.neverever:

4

.-1

..go therealwaysI

.-2

.

..latealwaysThey are

.playalwaysThey can


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-3

.

Do you often go there?

.

Yes I often do. - I often go there .

.-4

.)do.)(2(

I always do go.

I never did go.


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.

:

The)-(:

a-an

some

any

.penaShe has

spensomeShe has

pen?anyshe haveDose

pen?anyshe havetsnDoe

an , a:

)(((u((a)(u-1

.((an

)a(uan

auniversity


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aused car

anumbrella

anuncle

:((a((one-2

Aone story building.

Aone eyed man.

Aone celled animal.

.an((h((a((h-3

( (anhour

anhonest man

anhonor man

ahand

ahen

ahat

.---the):)1

.the):)2

The god, The sun, The earth, The moon, The sky

:The

The north

The south


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:

mine ours

yours yours

( (his

(hers(

(its(

theirs

.bookeminisitbookmyIt is


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((of

the door ofthe class

the legs ofthe table

((s

mothersAli

booksAli

((s(,)((siesess

.

parentssthe student

.((s

parentssthe children

.((s

todaysnews

tomorrowsnews


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1-of:.

One ofthe students

Five ofthe chairs

Ten ofthe cars

2-from::

Take the knife fromthe child.

Take the book fromthe desk.

I work here frommorning to / till night.

I walk fromhere to/till my house.

fromhere to my house is 2 kilometers.

to be from

to come from

3-out of:.:

I go out ofthe class.

I pulled him out ofthe pool.

, .out of sight out ofmind

.my car is out oforder

.out ofthe work

.out ofthe practice


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4-through:.

.

The river passes throughthis village.

.

I can see throughthe glass.

.

Dont look throughthe pipe.

.

The water passes throughthe pipe.

5-than:er

.more

old elder eldest ( (

old older oldest

beautiful more beautiful the most beautiful ( )

My brother is older thanme.

6-since:.

Sinceyou are my friend I want to help you.

.

Sincehe is a good worker, I want to employ him.

.

7-how:-.

Howdo you know my name?


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Howdo you know my address?

Howdo you know my telephone number?

8-to buyat.

to buyfrom.

I bought the book from Ali.

I bought the book from my father.

I bought the book from my teacher.

I bought the bread at the bakers.

sat the butcherI buy the meat


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Future Continuous Tense

willshall

.

Subject + shall /will + be + V.ing

I shall be working

I will be working

He/she/it will be working

You will be working

We shall be working

We will be working

They will be working

willshall:

.I, We

I shant be studying. you wont be going swinming.

Shall I be seeing you tomorrow?

Will you be coming here tomorrow?

Shant I be working all day?

Wont they be watching TV tonight ?

:-

.

We will be sitting in the class and studying tomorrow morning.

:-

.I will be seeing you tomorrow


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.We will be having a test next week

all day tomorrow+all

This time next session+

At 7 oclock next session

At 9 oclock tomorrow/ tonight

:

.

.-1

.-2

.-3

.-4

.-5

1- I had to be sure that that book didnt belong to you.

2- I had to do every thing that he told me.

3- He said that he couldnt help me in this time.

4- I didnt know that you wanted to bother me.

5-He thought that you might not come here.


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:

.

1-.

8-2 .

3-..3

4-.

5-.

1- Will you be working all the day tomorrow?

2- What will you be doing at 8 oclock tonight? I am watching TV.

3- I will come at three oclock good!/well! I will be waiting for you.

4- We had better go out because Reza will be playing the piano.

5- Do you think when we get there, they will be waiting for us.


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Sequence of tenses

:..

:

.-1

.saidelder brotherdo whatever hishad toHe said that he

.-2

.the right to fire met havedidnwell that heknewHe


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Used to

)(did

.He used tosmoke a lot.

.Did you use tostudy here?

.I didnt use tosee him very often.

: else where

: someone else

Used to:.

He used tobe the dean of high school but he isnt now ,again.

.wouldused to:

- used to/would

used to

else where :


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: someone else

1-

.

.to my motherwould go/I used toWhenever I needed some money,

.-2

.else whereused to workHe

3-

a car?use to haveDid your father

.-4

.late, but I get up early nowused to sleepI

.-5

.another the cityused to liveWe

6-.

.our teacherused to beSome one else

:

+to get used to//ing to be used to

To be used to)(.

To get used to)(


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: to take a nap

: to do exercises

or else :

.catsis used toShe

.her motheris used toShe

.nap after lunchaingtakis used toShe

ing

used

accustomed

:

.

duallyt worry, grain front of the class but dont used to standingarenSome of you

.get used to ityou will

:

.

.-1

.-2

3-

.


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.-4

5-.

-6 .

7-

.

1. I Dont smoke so much, or else you will get used to it.

2. Im not tired at all. Im used to working for hours.

3.He is used to doing exercises every morning.

4.At first, we werent used to this teacher but , at last we got used to him.

5.

He is used to take a nap after lunch.

6.Are you used to living in this area. No I am not (used to living here)

7.Dont worry, at last you get used to it.

8.He is used to reading book before sleeping.


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Question tag

(

:)

not-1

:

-1

We must obey the regulations , mustnt we?

2-

He can trust us , cant he?

-3

I believed what you said , didnt I?

-2

She isnt afraid of the dog,is she?

They didnt accuse him of stealing, did they?

-

You dont like to be called stupid, doyou?

am I notarent Iam not:

:


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I am faithful to ypu ,arent I?

I am faitful to you, am I not?

I am kind to the children, arent I?

:

there :

Money doesnt bring luck, does it?

.

The students are willing to stay more, arent they?

.

Ali reza is waiting outside, isnt he?

.

Thereis no class today, is there?

.

That book doesnt belong to you, does it?

.:

Hardly / Never / Barely / No / Seldom/ None/ Rarely/ Little / Scarcely / Few

.


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?does itnowadays,nowhereMoney goes

.

Leyla never tells lise, dose she?

shall we)(lets:

:

Letsgo to tell him every thing , shall we?

Letsstudy together, shall we?

:tag :

Will you- would you- can you- could you

Do me a favor, will you?

Come and see us, will you?

Dont be so stingy, will you?


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Some

some, too

any

any, either

a/an

one, too

no

none, either

Avoid Repatition

ana

no.Any & someone

none )(.

.eithertoo

I want to buy acar.

)1(

I want to buy one,too.

I like somecold drink.

)2(

I like some, too.

I dont have anychange.

)3(

I dont have any, either.

We have noclass today.

(4)

We havenone, either.


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:to know of

:to be willing

: party

.-1

I want to buy some fruit , I want to buy some too.

-2

He has a lot of good friends in this class, I have some too

-3

I have no time to answer the telephone , he doesnt have any either.

4-

.

I know of a good doctor, I know of one too

-5

They arent willing to go to that party , either.


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The additions

_

+so+

too++

+

+

neither

either++

-1

He is in a good mood today, so am I/ I am too.

-2

He used to study here, so did his brother/ his brother did too.

3-

.

He doesnt have to work with you, neither do the workers/ the workers dont either.

-4

He wont attend the class tomorrow, his friend wont either/ neither will his friend.

.-5

I thanked him, so did ali.


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-6

He didnt say hello to me, neither did his brother.

-7

He is one of my old friends , so is ali .

-8

We will have a test next week , so will they.

-9

I cant understand your words well , neither can he.


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CAN

can

.

will be able to

(will be able tocan(

(cancan(

-1

You can come with me tomorrow, provided you ask your fathers permission.

-2

My foot hurts painfully, I wont be able to play on the team tomorrow.

MUST

.must

will have to.

(Will have tomust(

(Mustmust(


74/185

74

.)(-1

.do what I say, or else I will fire youmustYou

.-2

to studywill haveIf you want to pass in the university enterance examination , you

hard.

WANT

will want

.

to be going to

.

+want+

Wantexpect+

+to be goingto intend

+willwant need

want

.


75/185

75

I will want my money next week - Im going to buy a car- I want you to pay my

money back.


76/185

76

Some &any

1-some)()

(

any

.

.I want to buy somebooks.

..somepeople say that he is crazy

.There is somecold water in the jar.

why didnt you eat anyfruit?

.

I dont want anyof you to fail.

.some:

You look thirsty , do you want some water?

:.anysome:

would you like somemore tea?

.some:

You should have a good command of english because some day, some student may

ask you some questionthat you cant answer.

)()(

.

:any

.


77/185

77

.

What would you like for lunch? Any thing you like.


78/185

78

some body

some one

some thing

some where

some place

:anyeverysome

every body

every one

every thing

every where

every place

.someno

no body

no one

no thing

no where

no place

.

some body / every body / nobody / any body works


79/185

79

elses

.s

Some body

+s+every body

+elses+no body

any body

some

no

.anyno

.Somebody knows him

..Nobody knows him

He knows somebody.

He knows nobody.

He doesntknow anybody.

.-1

Is anybody going to say anything?

.-2

Nobody told me anything yesterday.

.-3

I want every body to understand this matter.

.-4

Some bodys brother said some thing else.


80/185

80

Some body elses brother said some thing else.

.-5

We are going to visit some where else.

:some

some people some body/some one

some things

some thing

some places some where/some place

Else:other.

some other people some body else

some one elsesome other people

some thing elsesome other things

some where elsesome other places

some other places some place else

whatsome

what other people?


81/185


82/185

82

thosethesethatthis

.

s/+of++this,that,these,those

This book of Alis.

This book of mine.

1-

.

I already know this brother of yours.

-2

May I borrow those two english books of yours?

.-3

This son of Alis always bothers us.

.4

These students of ours like to write more persian sentences.

.5

One student of mine wants to know the fact.

-6

This teacher of ours sometimes doesnt listen to our words.

-7


83/185

83

Some of your classmates decide to come here next Friday.

8

This elder brother of yours can make friends with that good student or friend of mine.


84/185

84

:possesive forms

1

2

3-ofs

4own:.

..His fatherownsa factory-

.I used to owna bicycle.

.own:

?whose car is it.carmy ownthat is

.::belongto

.This fountain pen belongs to me

to?Whom does this fountain pen belong


85/185

85

Putting two sentences together

)()(keep

.whetherif

.

(( or notwhether((or not

.whether

I want to know if you will come here tomorrow on Friday.

I want to know whether you will come here tomorrow on Friday.

I want to know whether or not you will come here tomorrow on Friday.

I want to know whether you will come here tomorrow on Friday or not.


86/185

86

)

did)--(

you say.did you say

.

?Where are you going

going?are, youdid you sayWhere

? How much money do you have on you

on you?haveyoudid you sayHow much money

)

do you think

.

:

? Who is he

Who do you thinkhe is?

? How old are you

How old do you thinkI am?


87/185

87

self

-1

.

Reflexive pronouns

myself ourselves

yourself yourselves

Why didnt you introduce yourself?

.

I think she is crazy, she is talking to herself.

self-2 .


88/185

88

You told it to me, yourself.

You, yourselftold it to me.

.

They invited us themselves.

They themselvesinvited us.

all bybyself-3

.

.:

My son is old enough to go to school by himself.

.:

He is sitting at the door all by himselfand crying.

)(self-4

to

for

.

I take the books with me/ myself

she has some money on her/ herself

close the window behind you/ yourself

she made address for herself

myselftoI read the text


89/185

89

Here & There

here.there

.

Here

+

There

Here

+

There

.(Here I am(

.(Here you are(

( (Hereit is.

( (Therethey are.

)

(There are the children

( (Herecomesthe bus.

( (There goes your fathre.


90/185

90

:Help your self

:(you first(

:(after you(

:ladies first-

:please be seated

/:go on go ahead

:who is speaking

there arethere is

:.

.

There is a pen in my pocket , come and take it.

.

When I came in, there weretwo pens on my desk.

.

There issome cold water in the refrigerator.


91/185

91

:

.

-1

2-

3-

.-4

.-5

1- I want to know whether you are going to buy or rent the house.

2- Ask him if he can lend you some money.

3-

Im not sure whether he will come to the meetting with me or not.

4- He lives in this small home by him self.

5-

I wish I could see my self as others see me.


92/185

92

it

it

:

1-

Itis hot today.

Itis cold today.

.Itwas raining.

.Itis sunny.

2-:

:

..Hurry up ! itis getting late

2What time is5? it? itis five to two. .

What time is it? itis five to two.

3-:

:

..itis far

How far is itfrom here?

..itis about 5 miles5


93/185

93

:-4

.

Who is itat the door? Itmust be Ali.

5-:

.

It is easy.

It is easy to speakEnglish.

It is easy for you to speakEnglish.

6-it:

That is it: It is a pity

Be it so:

It pays well/ it is worth it:

: it is timetake it easy:

: it makes no difference

se/ Good+ ing

it is no

It isnt up to you

It is none of your business

+was / will beis /+it) ++for(+


94/185

94

16

.1I take

.2 I am taking.

( (3. I have taken.

( (4. I have been taking.

.1. I will take

.2. I will be taking

.3 I will have taken.

.4 I will have been taking.

.1 I would take.

.2 I would be taking.

.3. I would have been taking

.4. I would have taken

.1. I took

.2. I was taking

- .3. I had taken

.4. I had been taking


95/185


96/185

96

4-outside # inside:insideout side

.

.

It is hotter insidethe class than outside.

.

The door is locked from inside.

5-in # out , into # out of

in) )

out of # intoout # in.into

.

.the student are in class

.come in

.go out

come into the class.

.go out of the class

.

He jumped intothe pool with his clothes on and pulled the drowning boy out ofthe

pool.

.in:


97/185

97

in the room , in the office

in the yard , in the gardan

in the river , in the sea

.inthere , here:

.Come in here

. Dont smoke in there

to eat in.

.to eat out

.to be in

.to be out

.to let in

.to let out

.to breathe in

.to breathe out


98/185

98

6-at:)(table, desk.:

.

He is sitting atthe window and watching out.

.

Sit atyour desk and teach.

at:in:

.airportMehrabadatranTehinThe plane will land

-in:at:

.accounting departmentinoil companytheatHe works

:office:

.

.his officeinbut notthe officeatMr Jones is somewhere

7-on:.

:

.

Dont sit onthe floor ! sit onthe chair.

8-over & above:

over

.above

.under # overbelow # above


99/185

99

:1

Where should I write my name? overthe line or underit .

.:2

There are four lights aboveour heads.

:3

What is it underyour foot


100/185

100

(

:

.

:

A:.

For

.

+

+

:

.I have known him fortwo years.

.He has had this car5 forfive years.

B:

since)(.

.

++

.2:

He has been here sincetwo oclock.


101/185

101

.:

He hasnt gone to school sincelast week.

C:.)(

:

..I havent notified them

1-for:

+for

.for two weeks

+past/lastfor the

.for the last two weeks

2.since:

+inces

since yesterday


102/185


103/185

103

:

.

-1

-2

3-

-4

-5

1-

He has been very upset since his friend died.

2-

We have studied English for two terms but we cant speak.

3-

He hasnt eaten anything since morning.

4-

He has taught mathematics in this school for three years.

5- He has been here for an hour and a half.

5.recently- lately:p.p.

:

.

He has recently / latelybought a new car.

6.never-ever:----p.p

evernever


104/185

104

:

Have you everbeen to England ?

No, I havent everbeen to England.

No, I have neverbeen to England.

.7

.

So far

by now

up to now

up till now

up to the present time.

I have reviewed this lesson twice so far.

8.already:p.p

.

:

We are late , the bell has alreadygone/ rung.

9.just:

-

-

p.p

.

.

I havejustfinished my work.


105/185

105

10.yet:

not.not

:

Have you notified them yet?

.

No, I havent notified them yet.

No, I have not yetnotified them.

11.yet:

:

.dont do that yet.

.dont tell them anything yet.

12.still:---

.

.anymore/ any longerstill:

I used to study English.

Do you stillstudy English.

No , I dont study English anymore/any longer.


106/185

106

(

.:

:

A:

for

.

A:

++

++For

.:1

I had known him for two years.

.:/2

He hadnt eaten anything for three days when we took him to the doctor.

B:

)

(

.

.:/1

He said ( that ) he had notified you before.

.:/2

I thought ( that ) you had understood every thing.


107/185

107

.:

:

Subject + had + past participle

.I had gone when/ beforeyou came in

++after

.I come in afteryou had gone.

+since

.You had gone sinceI had arrived.

.

I had taken no examination since I had failed.

++when/before


108/185

108

:

.

)+()+(:

:.

)by++For+

:

.

Subject + will have been + verb + ing+ for + + by +

8:

We will have been studying for two hours by eight oclock.

10:

We will have been living in tehran for ten years by next month.

: .Will

::

+By


109/185

109

:

.

":

.

)For(

+

:

.

Subject + had been + verb + ing + for ++ before/when +

+

.-1

I had been teachingfor half an hour when you came.

2-.

I had been doingthe cooking for two hours before you called.

.had:

.before, when:


110/185

110

crowded : talkative:

taciturn : : intelligent

rich ugly: :

considerable:


111/185

111

adjective

:.

. carefulstudent

my new greenbook.

.:

++to be

++to get

++to turn

++to become

++to grow

++to make

link)(

verb :

.angrygrewMy father

.greenturnIn spring the leaves

..coldgotToday the weather

. ) .(:

Seem / Appear/ Look/ Sound/ Taste / Smell / Feel


112/185

112

::

.he looks( angrily ) angry.

..the soup tastes ( unusually ) unusual

this, that

.

:

This book These books .

That book Those books .

:.:

-1 ::

..Susanas tall asisHelen

asas

asnot so

Hellen is as tall asSusan.

Hellen is not so tall asSusan.

.:-2

:.


113/185

113

))than

er:

Hellen is tallerthanSusan.

) more).

:Mybook is moreinteresting thanyours .

.

-3 :

:.

the

:est)(

Hellen is thetalleststudent in the class .

most

My book is the most interestingbook in the library.

.estery:

happy happier than thehappiest

busy busier than thebusiest

mostmorey

.

Active / moreactive than/ the mostactive

Comic / morecomic than/ the mostcomic

:

.


114/185


115/185

115

The same as

: samethe)

:(

.streetthe sameHellen and Jane live in

.

(( er , re , le , ow:

.eresty

most , more

.

narrow morenarrow than the mostnarrow

narrow narrower than thenarrowest

simple moresimple than the mostsimple

simple simpler than thesimplest

clever moreclever than the mostclever

clever cleverer than thecleverest

obscure moreobscure than the mostobscure

obscure obscurer than theobscurest

:

yer,esthappyy-1

.i

happy happier than thehappiest


116/185

116

st , rwidee-2

.

Wide wider than thewidest

-3

esterbig

.

Big bigger than the biggest

crowded a pair of shoes

busy trousers

noisy scissors

glass ball point pen

-

cane

fountain pen

:the same

(the same asasthe same

:like)

Your shoes are the same asmine.


117/185

117

.asthe same

as++the same

the

same:

Hellen is as oldasSusan.

Hellen is the same ageas Susan.

.

tall - big size

long length

wide width

deep depth

old age

high height


118/185

118

adverb

ly

:.

sincerely sincere

quickquickly

carefulcarefully

:.

Hellen speak slowly.

Hellen apeaks English slowly.

.

:

He left the room quickly .

.lyly

Fast Hard Short Long

Little Much Late Early

Near Far Still Just

Enough Straight Soon Low


119/185

119

a nap

a shower

a test-exam

a bath

a dictation

a trip

a vehicle

Take

:

.

.-1

Hellen doesnt behave the same kind as her father .

2-.

.-3

4-.

He types the letters faster than my secretery.


120/185

120

.-5

I never get up later than my parents .

6-.

.-7

8-.

.-9

.-10

.

:

Hellen is a fasttypist.

Hellen is fast.

:

.fastHellen types

.fastlooksHellen

:ly

friendly lovely

deadly kingly

likely worldy

motherly fatherly

sily ugly

sisterly

Hellen is a friendly girl.


121/185

121

ly:

friendlyLY.

Fashion

Way

Manner

In a/ an +

.

Hellen speaks in a friendlymanner.

::

:-1

.

.

asas

asnot as/not so

Hellen types as slowly asSusan.

Hellen doesnttype so/as slowlyas Susan.

::-2

.


122/185

122

lymore thanly.

er

:

Hellen drives more slowlythanSusan.

Hellen drives fasterthanSusan.

:(-3

..

"

"

ly

the most

ly

the est :

Hellen types the most slowly.

Hellen types the fastest.

:

........... //{


123/185

123

:intensifiers

much, many

.

much

many

manymuch

.

muchmany

Has Hellen written manyletters?

Does Hellen drink muchcoffee?

Helen has not written manyletters.

Hellen doesnt drink muchcoffee.

a lot of

:

Hellen has written a lot ofletters.

Hellen drinks a lot ofcoffee.

.verytoo

/

Too

Very


124/185

124

:very:too & very

The park is very beautiful.

The teacher speaks very fluently.

too

:

It is too coldtoday.

That driver drives too slowly.

too, very:manymuch

There were too manycars in the street.

Hellen drinks too muchwater in a day.She knows very manywords.

Thank you very much.

enough ,very too.

enough+

/

.enoughrichYou are

.enoughfluentlyHe speaks

enough:

.in a monthmoneyenoughThey spend

:

Little

Few


125/185

125

all

mostmost

manymuch

somesome

several-------

a fewa little

fewlittle

no

few & little:.

I have littlemoney in my pocket.

.swordfewHe knows

((alittlefew

.

a little

a few

I drink a littlecoffee after dinner.

.in his book casesbooka fewHe has

.

a lot of a large number of plenty ofplenty of a great deal of a lot of


126/185

126

:.

She Spends little money and I spend much.


127/185

127

Such

:

.

Helen hasn't said suchwords.

Helen doesn't like suchweather.

:Such a/an

Such a child can't stay quiet.

Such

:

+

+an/Such a

I havent seen such an interesting film so far.

:soSuch

+ana

+

+So

I haven't seen so interesting a filmso far.

Very

.

+

+Very+a


128/185

128

:

.

.1

2 .

.3

.4

.5

.6

.7

.8

.9

.10


129/185

129

tooenough

.enoughtoo

.:1

+too/+to

She is too young towork.

She drives too slowly toarrive on time.

/+to+enough

1.She is rich enough to buy the house.

2.They work hard enough to earn a lot of money.

2:

.

+too/+for+to

1.The car is too expensive for me to buy.

2.You speak too fast for me to under stand.

/+for+enough+to

1.The book is easy enough for us to read.

2.You sigh beautifully enough for them to enjoy.


130/185

130

Other

:other

John has polished othershoes too.

:.another

This child wants anothertoy.

the other(

:

I don't like this hat. I like the otherhat.I don't like these shoes but I like the othershoes.

.

+another

+Other+the other

the other

.onesone

another one

the other oneother ones

the other ones

)(the otheranother

.

I don't like this hat, I like the other. Hat.

This child wants another hat.


131/185

131

)(the otherother

.((S

others

The others)(

.sotherI Like the.ike these shoesI don't l

John has polished otherstoo.

.anotherother

each other

one another

.

:

.

Ahmad and I know each other.

People must help one another.

together

to gather)(

.

Helen and jane study together.

.other

every otherdays = on alternate days

the otherday = some days ago

otherwise = or else

on the otherhand = in other words


132/185

132

otherthan = except

one after another= one by one

:

.

.1

2.

.3

4.

5

.

.6

.7

8.

9

.

10.


133/185

133

:

.

.1

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

.7

8.

9.

10

.

11.

12 .

13.

14.

15

.


134/185

134

:

.

.1

Isnt this the largest building in this area?

2.

He had picked the most beautiful flower from this garden.

3 .

Helen isn't so/as intelligent as her sister.

.4

He is supposed to take the most expensive present for his father.

.5

Mr. Smith is the fastest typist in this office.

.6

Our house is more expensive than the house that you have bought.

.7

He used to live in the smallest house in this street.

.248

I could drive the longest road in this country for 24 hours.

.9


135/185

135

I think, your shoes are cheaper than mine

10 .

This is the most interesting present that I have bought.


136/185

136

elative Pronouns

Link.

.

+)+

.

.

)(

.

.who1

The man. The man works here.

the man whoworks here.

2

whom

.

The man I know the man.

the man whom I know.

.which3

The bus The bus stops here everyday.

the bus which stops here everyday..which4

The book I study the book.

the book whichI study.

.where5

The house. they live in it.

the house wherethey live ( in ).

.where


137/185

137

.when6

The year. I was born in the year.

The year when I was born.

7

whose

.

The man his wife works with me.

The man whosewife works with me.

The dog whosename was Top the dog the name of whichwas top of.

whosewhose of which

of whichwhosewhosewhose

.

The room whose door

The room the door of which

.whose8

The thing whichThe thingwhich9

what

.

:

The thing whichyou need is fresh air.

Whatyou need is fresh air.

.why10

The reason. I study English for that reason.

.I want to go abroadthatI study English iswhyThe reason

:

The reason why

.becauseThat


138/185

138

that

that

that

that

((who

:ThoseThey

I who work hard. we who work hard

You who work hard. you who work hard

It who works hard.

.who work hardThose.works hardwhoShe

He who works hard.

.1

3

who

whom

which)

(

that

:

.works here is my unclewhoThe man

.you saw yesterday wants youwhomThe man

.is on the corner is minewhichThe house

.you bought is too expensivewhichThe house

.2

)(whichwhom

The man which you saw yesterday wants you.

The house which you bought is too expensive.

.3

.

1.((defining((necessary

:.

a writer is a person.


139/185

139

Person

:

a writer is a person who writes novel.

.none defining((unnecessary2

:

Hafez is a great poet.

(unnecessary).:

Hafez who lives in Shiraz, is a great poet.

)(((unnecessary

.

none defining:

defining.

:

.

1

.


140/185

140

.2

3.

4

.

.5

.6

.7

..8

9

.

.10


141/185

141

.

does-didto do

has-hadto have

am-is-are-was-wereto be

to need

Could

can

Might

may

must

Shouldshall

Wouldwill

used to

ought to

to be supposed to

had better

would rather

have to

((can, may, shall, will, must

(modal).

:.

would-should-might-could

.


142/185

142

:1

). (

Bob cancome tomorrow.Bob cancome now.

Bob couldcome tomorrow.Bob couldcome now.

.

Bob could come yesterday.

I knew that Bob could come.

:2

:.Should

(.be restingshouldHelen(

:

Hellen Shouldnt be resting.

.may

.It may be raining

.

:can , must , may:3

..Hellen must have seen the film

.


143/185


144/185

144

.4

5).(

6

.

7..

.8

9.

10.


145/185

145

.

:

.

++

.:

I will have graduated from high school by next year.

.5:

Reza will have returned home by five oclock.

.:

Subject + will have + Past Participle

+By((By tomorrow+1

two weeks+2

within

in

3+

4

+

by the time

+before

+as soon as

when


146/185

146

+if

Conditionals

((if clause

:((main clause

+f

)(

.

++if

.

.

:

.:1

If Helen hasmoney, she can buythe car.

..

.((Possible


147/185

147

+if

+if

.:2

If Helen hadmoney now, she could buythe car.

.

.((imaginary

.:3

If Hellen had hadmoney, she could have boughtthe book yesterday.

.

.((impossible

:

1.

If I hadmoney today, I would buythis book.

.2

If I hadmoney yesterday, I would have boughtthis car.

+

P.P+have P.P+have+


148/185

148

:

she doesn't try if she tried , she would succeed.

:

She didn't try, if she had tried , she would have succeeded.


149/185

149

Otherwise

:.if clause

.

They didnt invite me, If they had invited me, I would have gone.

:

.

.I would have gone,me; other wiset invitedidnThey

otherwise

.

:

.I would gowise,otherme,don't inviteThey

:otherwise

.used to itwill getyou,otherwise,smoketDon


150/185

150

Wish

.wishtowish

.I wish tosee them.

.I want tosee them.

wishwish

wish

:

:.wouldwish1

.me tomorrowwould callI wish they

2 .wish

..me nowcalledI wish They

:wish3

.me yesterdayhad calledI wish They

wish.

.


151/185

151

if

.if

gSuppo

Suppose

sin

oviding

ovided

conditionon

Pr

Pr

I will sign the contract providedyou give me some money.

.if

I would stay home.it rained nowSuppose

It is time

to

:.

to+s timeit

its time to finishthe job.

:.

+it is time+

its time you finished the job.


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152

IF

if))if clause

.

:.Should:)1

If I shouldsee him, I will tell him.

:ifShould

ShouldI see him. I will tell him.

ifwere:)2

.

If you werehere, I would talk to you.

Wereyou here, I would talk to you.

had:)3 if

:

if I hadgone there, I would have seen him.

HadI gone there, I would have seen him.

:

Should

if

.

If I shouldsee him now, I would tell him.

ShouldI see him now, I would tell him.


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153

Unless

.notif((if clause

You won't succeed ifyou don'ttry.

.

.

You wont succeed unlessyou try.

.ifunless

Unlessyou try, you won't succeed.

:

If not = unless

If = unless not

:

Unlessyou donttry, you willsucceed = Unlessyou try, you won'tsucceed.


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154

Would rather

Prefer

would ratherprefer:

.would rathertoPrefer)1

I prefer to stay there.

+to+Prefer

I would rather stay there.

++would rather

.would ratherPrefer)2

I prefer to go rather than to stay.

to+

rather than+

to+Prefer+

I would rather go than stay.

++would rather++than

)2(

would rather

prefer.

I prefer walking to staying.

I prefer apple to banana.

++prefer/++to/


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155

would ratherPrefer)3

.

I Prefered to go.

+to+Prefer

I would rather have gone.

have P.P+would rather+

.would ratherPrefer)4

I prefer him to go.

++prefer+to

I would rather him went.

+

+would rather+


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156

as if as though

:

.

He behaves as ifhe didnt like his wife.

as thoughtas if

.as thoughtas if

She speaks as ifshe knew the problem.

.

.as ifas thought

He walked as ifhe had had a broken leg.

.


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157

)

in Case

:..

..

I take an umbrella with me in caseit rains.

In case:.

+

{ }incase+

Helen has left the door open, in caseHer mother comes earlier.

{ }incase+

She was running fast in caseshe missed the class.


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158

Both

.

.)1

++

both

theboth

theofboth

+both of+

Both studentsstudy hard.

Both of usstudy hard.

.)2

++both The students bothstudy hard.

++both The students canbothstudy hard.

both+to be+ The students are bothstudying hard.

-both.


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159

:active & passive voice

activeVoice

passive.

passive

.

.active

) Subject).

.doer-1

:

. .Hellen studies the book

Subject-2

Sufferer:

Hellen is seen by them.

-3

:.neither doer not sufferer

Hellen is a student.

SubjectsuffererSubject

.


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160

.

participle

.

present participle

Participle

Past participle

:.ing:

living = alive

live

runningrun

.

:

ed

.

:

washedwash

fallenfall

.

:.

I go with him .


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163

.-8

9-.

10-

.

:

.

.-1

.-2

.1694-3

.-4

.-5

.-6

.-7

.80-8

.-9


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164

:-1

Helen tellsBobBob is toldby Helen.

:-2

Helene toldBob Bob was toldby Helen.

:-3

Helen will tellBobBob will be toldby Helen.

:-4

Helen is tellingBobBob is being toldby Helen.

:-5

Helen was tellingBobBob was being toldby Helen.

-6 :

Helen has toldBobBob has been toldby Helen.

-7 :

Helen will have toldBobBob will have been toldby Helen.

:-8

Helen had toldBobBob had been toldby Helen.

416

.


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165

Did Hellen studythe book ?

:

The book was studiedby Hellen .

.

Wasthe book studiedby Hellen?

:Where did Hellen take the book ?

.

Was the book taken by Helen.

) whom,who .(

Where was the book taken by Helen?

who:whom

1-whom

whom

.who

:

Whomdid Helen invite?

Whowas invitedby Helen?

:who

Who saw Helen?


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166

by whom

:

By whom was bob seen?

:

.

.-1

.-2

.-3

.-4

.-5

.-6

.-7

.-8

.-9

.-10


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168

:

.

.-1

.-2

-3

.-4

.-5

.-6

.-7

.-8

.-9

.-10

.

I write the letterto him.

..


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169

The letteris written to him by me.

Heis written the letter by me.

.

I saw Helen play.

tosubject suffer

.

Helen was seen to play.

to .

:

:

p.p+be++let

Openthe doorletthe door be opened.


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170

.

++have) ++

I havemy brother polishmy shoes.

:toget

++get+to+

I getmy brother topolishmy shoes.

:

.

.-1

.-2

.-3


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171

.-4

.-5

6-

.

.-7

.-8

.-9

.-10

.

p.p++get/have+

I have my shoes polished.


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172

reported speach

.

).1 direct speech )

.

.:Helen says, I live in Tehran-1

?:Helen says, where do you live-2

.:Helen says, open the window-3

:Helen says, what a nice car it is-4

:

I live in Tehran, Helen says.

Where do you live? Helen says.

Open the window, Helen says.

What a nice car it is! Helen says.

:

I live in Tehran, Says she.


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173

Indirect speech

.

:

:

Helen said, I live in Tehran.

.

)that(comma)

:

Helen said that

:)

Helen said that she ...

(

:

Helen said that she lived in Tehran.

)

.

:12:

:.)1

Helen said to bob, I knowyour father.

Helen told Bob that she knewhis father.

:.)2

My father said to me, I am listeningto you.

My father told me that he was listeningto me.


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174

:.)3

The boy said to the girl, I havent seenyour book.

The boy told the girl that he hadnt seenher book.

:.)4

My friend said, I have been livinghere for ten years.

My friend said that he had been livinghere for ten years.

:.)5

The man said to the woman, I will seeyou.

The man told the woman that he would seeher.

:.)6

Ahmad said, I will be workingon Friday.

Ahmad said that he would be workingon Friday morning.

:.)7

Bob said, I will have finishedthe book on April.

Bob said that he would have finishedthe book on April.

:.)8

Bob said, I will have been studyingfor two years by April.

Bob said that he would have been studyingfor two years by April.

:.)9

My father said to me, I sawyour umberella.

My father told me that he had seenmy umberella.


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175

:

:.

My father told me that he sawmy umberella.

:.)10

Bob said, I was listeningto the music.

Bob said that he had been listeningto music.

:

:.

The woman said, I had lefthome.

The woman said that she had lefthome.

Bob said, I had been playingfor two hours.

Bob said that he had been playingfor two hours.

) reporting tag)

:.tellsay to

Helen said to/told Bob, I know your father.

:.tellsay to

Helentold Bob that she knew his father


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176

:

Helen said to me, where do you live?

wh)(

:

Helen asked me whereI lived.

:

.

.-1

.-2

.2-3

.-4

.-5

6-

.

.-7

.5-8

.-9

.-10


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178

:

.

1-.

2-.

.-3

4-.

.-5

.

.-1

.-2

.-3

.-4

-5

.


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179

+The following

+next+The next

after++The

before++The

+last

+previous+The

today that daytonight that nightnow thenhere therecome gothis that

Helen said to Bob, I will meetyou next week.

Helen told Bob that she would meethim the next week.


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180

:.

What a nice car it is!

an/a+what++/+

:

+how+/+

How slowly she drives!

Helen said, how slowly the man works!

howwhat

Helen exclaimed how slowly the man worked.


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181

( ( gerund

.ing

livinglive

beingbe

:

.to-1

:

After lockingthe door, I left home.

She is afraid of tellinglies.

to-2

:

To swim here is enjoyable.

Swimminghere is enjoyable.

3-

:

avoid defer

appreciate delay

admit advise

discuss detest

consider enjoy

cant help

finish


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182

deny forgive

forbid include

imagine keep

mention

oppose

mind quit

postpone risk

practice remember

resume stop

suggest tolerate

understand

I enjoy reading the newspaper.

:((s:

.speakingherI appreciate

.speakingsI appreciate Helen

:

:

1-.

.-2

.-3

4-.

5-.


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183

:

.

.-1

.-2

.-3

.-4

.-5

:

.((s

I appreciateher working.

I appreciateHelens working.


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184

to

toplanstartprefer

.

:

Helen prefers to go.

Helen prefers going.

remember , stop

:

stopstop)

:.

.

I stop speaking to the man.

tostop

stop .

.

I stopped to speak to the man.

rememberremember)

.

.

Helen remembers locking the door.

toremember

remember)remember. not forget (

:

.

Helen remembers to lock the door.


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:

:she parked the car. She went shopping.

.(Present

prefect):

p.p+ing+Have

:

English Grammar for Persian speakers

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