English, French, and the worlds languages Dik Bakker Lancaster University.

English,French,

and the world’slanguages

Dik BakkerLancaster University

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Speaker of a language

“Everyone in this room speaks ENGLISH”

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Some: English is their only language mother tongue

4




?

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Some: English + other language(s):

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> both are mother tongue multilingual

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> both are mother tongue multilingual?

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> second language

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> 2nd language: SOUND (bad / bat; that / sat)

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> 2nd language: SOUND WORDS (colinder ‘thing’)

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> 2nd language: SOUND WORDS WORD ORDER (I have it seen)

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“Everyone in ENGLAND speaks ENGLISH”

Either as a first or a second language

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“Everyone in ENGLAND speaks ENGLISH”

Either as a first or a second language

The same English everywhere in England ?

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English

England

ENGLISH

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English

England Lancashire

ENGLISH LANCASHIRE DIALECT

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English

England Lancashire Lancaster

ENGLISH LANCASHIRE LANCASTER DIALECT ACCENT

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Dialects

Dialects:

English

Lancashire:

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Dialects

Dialects:

English

Lancashire:

‘That were me brother what went to America’

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Dialects

Dialects:

English

Lancashire:


was my who

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Dialects

Dialects:

English

Lancashire:


was my who

?

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Dialects

Dialects:

English

Lancashire:


was my who Standard English

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Dialects

English in the UK = around 45 dialects

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Dialects


NORTH: Lancashire Cumbrian

Geordie Tyke

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Dialects


NORTH: LancashireCumbrian

Geordie TykeMIDDLE: Scouse

Brummie

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Dialects




BrummieSOUTH: Cockney

RP

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Dialects





Received Pronunciation (‘BBC English’)

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Dialects


NORTH: LancashireCumbria



Received Pronunciation (BBC English)

STANDARD:Different,Not Better

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Dialects


NORTH: LancashireCumbria



Received Pronunciation (BBC English)

STANDARD:Writing

EducationRadio/TV

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Dialects

English = LancashireCumbrian

Geordie Tyke

ScouseBrummieCockneyRP ( = standard)…

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WesternEurope

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English

Spanish

Portuguese

French

Dutch

DanishIcelandic

Italian

German

WesternEurope

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English

Spanish

Portuguese

French

Dutch

DanishIcelandic

German

Italian

Year2009

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English?

Spanish?

Portuguese?

French?

Dutch?

Danish?Icelandic?

German?

Italian?

Year100 BC

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-

Year100 BC

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Celtic

Year100 BC

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Celtic Germanic

Year100 BC

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Celtic Germanic

?????

Year100 BC

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Celtic Germanic

Latin

Year100 BC

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Celtic Germanic

Latin

Year100 BC

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Year100 BC

Celtic

42

Year50 BC

CelticJulius Caesar

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Year50 BC

CelticRomanLegions

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Year50 BC

CelticRomanLegions

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Year0

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Year0

Latin?

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Year0

VulgarLatin

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Year0

VulgarLatin

=dialects

+2nd language

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Year0

‘Romance’

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Year0

Celtic

Romance

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Year100 AD

Celtic

Romance

+

52

Year150 AD

Celtic

Romance

+

“Lingua Franca”

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Year200 AD

Celtic

Romance

Bilingual

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Year250 AD

Celtic

Romance

Bilingual

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Year300 AD

Celtic

Romance

Monolingual

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Year350 AD

Romance

Monolingual

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Year400 AD

RomanceLegions

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Year450 AD

Romance

Germanic:Franks

Visigoths

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Year600 AD

Franks

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Year600 AD

French

Germanic

RomanceCeltic

+

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French

Germanic

RomanceCeltic

+

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Celtic Germanic

Latin

Year100 BC

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Year600 AD

Portuguese

Spanish

ItalianFrench

Rumanian

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Portuguese

Spanish

ItalianFrench

Rumanian

Romance

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Portuguese

Spanish

ItalianFrench

Rumanian

Romance Language Family

66

Year100 BC

GermanicCeltic

Latin

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Year400 AD

Celtic

Germanic

Angels

Romance

68

Year800 AD

German

Celtic

Romance

DutchEnglish

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Year600 AD

French

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Year800 AD

French

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Year1000 AD

French

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Year1066 AD

French

?

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Year1066 AD

French

Battleof

Hastings

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1100-1300:

French =

CourtLanguage

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Language Contact > Change

ENGLISH (1100 AD)

changed to

(FR)ENGLISH (1300 AD)

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ENGLISH changed to (Fr)english:

English English

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English EnglishCLIMB ASCEND

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English EnglishCLIMB ASCENDLOVE ADORE

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English EnglishCLIMB ASCENDLOVE ADOREQUICK RAPID

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English EnglishCLIMB ASCENDLOVE ADOREQUICK RAPID SHEEP MUTTON

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English EnglishCLIMB ASCENDLOVE ADOREQUICK RAPIDSHEEP MUTTONDEER VENISON

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English EnglishCLIMB ASCENDLOVE ADOREQUICK RAPIDSHEEP MUTTONDEER VENISONPIG PORC

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English EnglishCLIMB ASCENDLOVE ADOREQUICK RAPIDSHEEP MUTTONDEER VENISONPIG PORC- VEGETABLE, CABBAGE

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?

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?

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Year1000 AD

French

88

Year1500 AD

French

89

Year2000 AD

French

90

Romance Languages

91

“She always closes the window before having dinner.”

Romance Languages

92

Latin: claudit semper fenestram antequam cenat she-closes always window before she-eats

Romance Languages

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Romance Languages

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Latin: claudit semper fenestram antequam cenat she-closes always - window before she-eats

Romance Languages

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Latin: claudit semper fenestram antequam cenat she-closes always - window before she-eats

Romance Languages

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Italian: chiude sempre la finestra- prima di cenare

Romance Languages

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Italian: chiude sempre la finestra prima di cenare

Spanish: siempre / cierra la ventana- antes de cenar

Romance Languages

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Italian: chiude sempre la finestra prima di cenare

Spanish: siempre cierra la ventana antes de cenar

French: elle ferme toujours la fenêtre- avant de dîner

Romance Languages

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Year2000 AD

French

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Dialects:BourguignonChampenoisOrleanaisGasconLanguedocProvençalJersiais…

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Dialects:BourguignonChampenoisOrleanaisGasconLanguedocProvençalJersiais…

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StandardFrench

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Breton(Celtic)

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Breton(Celtic)

Flemish (Germanic)

Alsatian (Germanic)

105

Breton(Celtic)

Flemish (Germanic)

Alsatian (Germanic)

Corsican (Romance)

Catalan (Romance)

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Breton(Celtic)

Flemish (Germanic)

Alsatian (Germanic)

Corsican (Romance)

Catalan (Romance)

Basque

107

Breton(Celtic)

Flemish (Germanic)

Alsatian (Germanic)

Corsican (Romance)

Catalan (Romance)

Basque

English

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Language Families

ROMANCE

FRE ITA SPA

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Language Families

ROMANCE GERMANIC

FRE ITA SPA ENG DUT GERM

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Language Families

ROMANCE GERMANIC CELTIC

FRE ITA SPA ENG DUT GERM WEL GAE MANX

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Family Relations

English: mother three

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Family Relations

English: mother threeDutch:German:

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Family Relations

English: mother threeDutch: moederGerman: mutter

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Family Relations

English: mother threeDutch: moeder drieGerman: mutter drei

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Family Relations


Latin:French:Spanish:

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Family Relations


Latin: materFrench: mèreSpanish: madre

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Family Relations


Latin: mater tresFrench: mère troisSpanish: madre tres

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Family Relations



Gaelic:Welsh:Manx:

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Family Relations



Gaelic: màthairWelsh: mamManx: moir

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Family Relations



Gaelic: màthair trìWelsh: mam tairManx: moir tree

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Family Relati




?

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Language Families



‘EUROPEAN’

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Language Families



‘EUROPEAN’

2000 AD

0

2000 BC

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European

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Language Families

SANSKRIT HINDI GUJARATI

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Language Families

SANSKRIT HINDI GUJARATI

?

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Indic


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Indic

English: mother

Sanskrit:Hindi:Gujarati:

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Indic

English: mother

Sanskrit: mataHindi: maataaGujarati: ma

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Indic


Sanskrit: mataHindi: maataaGujarati: ma

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Indic


Sanskrit: mata trayaHindi: maataa tinaGujarati: ma traan

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Indic



136

Language Families


FRE ITA SPA ENG DUT GERM WEL GAE MNX SANS HIN GUJ

‘EUROPEAN’ ‘INDIC’

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Indic

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Indic + European





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Indic + Euro





140

Indic + Euro





141

Indic + Euro





?

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Language Families


FRE ITA SPA ENG DUT GERM WEL GAE IRI SANS HIN GUJ

‘EUROPEAN’ ‘INDIC’

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Language Families


FRE ITA SPA ENG DUT GERM WEL GAE IRI SANS HIN GUJ

EUROPEAN INDIC

INDO-EUROPEAN

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Indo-European

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Indo-European

146

Not Indo-European


147

Not Indo-European


Turkish: anna üç

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Not Indo-European


Turkish: anna üç

Arabic: umm tlata

149

Not Indo-European


Turkish: anna üç

Arabic: umm tlata

Japanese: okasan mittsu

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Not Indo-European


Turkish: anna üç

Arabic: umm tlata


Samoan: tinā tolu

151

Not Indo-European


Turkish: anna üç

Arabic: umm tlata


Samoan: tinā tolu

Maya: na’ óox

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Not Indo-European


Turkish: anna üç

Arabic: umm tlata


Samoan: tinā tolu

Maya: na’ óox

?

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Other languages and families

Indo-European: 200 languages

How many in the world???

?

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Languages:

Currently spoken: 7,000

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Languages:

Currently spoken: 7,000

(ONLY 3% Indo-European!!!)

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Languages

Languages:Currently spoken: 7,000Extinct (known): 500

159

Languages

Languages:Currently spoken: 7,000Extinct (known): 500 (Latin,

Etruscan, Hittite, Babylonian, Old Egyptian, …)

160

Languages

Languages:Currently spoken: 7,000Extinct (known): 500 (Latin,

Etruscan, Hittite, Babylonian, Old Egyptian, …

1 more every week

161

Languages

Languages:Currently spoken: 7,000Extinct: 500Language families: 100

162

Language families

AUSTRONESIAN 1200 languages

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Austronesian

164

Austronesian

165

Language families

AUSTRONESIAN 1200…AMERICAN INDIAN 600

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Austric

American Indian

167

Austric

American Indian

> 1492

FRENCH

SPANISH

PORTUGUESE

ENGLISH

168

Language families

AUSTRONESIAN 1200…AMERICAN INDIAN 600…INDO-EUROPEAN 200

169

Language families

AUSTRONESIAN 1200…AMERICAN INDIAN 600…INDO-EUROPEAN 200…ESKIMO 10

170

Eskimo-Aleut

171

Language families

AUSTRONESIAN 1200…AMERICAN INDIAN 600…INDO-EUROPEAN 200…ESKIMO 10 …ISOLATES

172

Language families

AUSTRONESIAN 1200…AMERICAN INDIAN 600…INDO-EUROPEAN 200…ESKIMO 10 …ISOLATES ?

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Isolates

174

Isolates

Basque

175

Isolate: Basque

mother haurdun

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Isolate: Basque

mother haurdun

sun eguzki

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Isolate: Basque

mother haurdun

sun eguzki

nose sudur

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Isolate: Basque

mother haurdun

sun eguzki

nose sudur

bicycle txirringa

179

Isolate: Basque

mother haurdun

sun eguzki

nose sudur

bicycle txirringa

football … ?

180

Isolate: Basque

mother haurdun

sun eguzki

nose sudur

bicycle txirringa

football futbol

181

Isolate: Basque

mother haurdun

sun eguzki

nose sudur

bicycle txirringa

football futbol SPANISH

182

Isolate: Basque

mother haurdun

sun eguzki

nose sudur

bicycle txirringa

football futbol SPANISH

ENGLISH

183

?

184

?

English, French, and the worlds languages Dik Bakker Lancaster University.

Documents

Transcript of English, French, and the worlds languages Dik Bakker Lancaster University.