english for research purpose

8/16/2019 english for research purpose

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Information Element Example

Establishing a territory- via Topic

Generalization.

- Meanwhile, a small number of

stuies on benthic invertebrates in

!ubuo were carrie out by the

former Ministry of "cience an

Technology #$%&%', (o #)**%', an the

(orea Marine Environment

Management +orporation #)*$*'

Inicating a Gap - owever, most of the stuies

reporte only on the ominant

species, an no ata were reporte

on the overall iversity of benthic

invertebrates that inhabit !ubuo.

- owever, there is still a lac of

research on the iversity an

istribution features of the benthic

invertebrates of !ubuo.

ing to what is nown - This accounte for the change in the

seimentary composition of the

!ubuo area.

nnouncing the /ecent /esearch - 0urthermore, many bir researchers

are continuously monitoring an

stuying migratory birs at !uboo

#(ang et al )*$*1 an )*$$, )*$)1

ur et al )*$$'.

2resenting /esearch 3uestions or

ypothesis

- The iversity in the mu4at

structure a5ects the benthicinvertebrate habitat in !ubuo, an

such iversity in the habitat

environment has isplaye a close

relationship to the istribution of


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benthic invertebrate fauna.

"tating the 6alue of the 2resent

/esearch

- +onse7uently, the purpose of this

stuy is to verify the bioiversity of

the benthic invertebrates living in the

islan intertial zones an to use it as

funamental ata for research on the

changes in istribution of benthic

invertebrate fauna in accorance to

the mu 4at seimentary structure.

8utlining the "tructure of the

/esearch 2aper



Generalization.

- lthough only a few stuies have

been carrie out to investigate the

e5ects of these lan-use changes on

the 4oral an faunal communities

aroun the 9egombo estuary in

general, their impacts on the avian

iversity have never been aresse.

- few stuies that assess estuarine

avian communities have alreay been

carrie out in "ri :ana. 0or example,

;ellio an (ingsfor #)*$


3/19

communities.

Inicating a Gap - owever, the irect impacts of

urbanization on estuarine avian

iversity in "ri :ana have not yet

been aresse.

ing to what is nown - In many parts of the worl human

activities aroun estuaries

signi=cantly a5ect bir communities,

their behavior, an existence.

nnouncing the /ecent /esearch - Therefore, the present stuy was

carrie out to assess the changes of

the avifaunal iversity in relation tolan-use patterns aroun this estuary

in "ri :ana.


ypothesis

- Therefore, it is important to focus on

this particular aspect with regar to

estuaries with varying egrees of

urbanization among i5erent lan-use

patterns associate with them.


/esearch


/esearch 2aper



Generalization.

- pre-vious stuy has emonstrate

that temperature has impact

onaromatase, serum E) an

testosterone #T' levels in 2. fulviraco

#:iu et al., )*$$'.


4/19

- 2revious stuies have reporte that

primorial gonasof 2. vachelli can

i5erentiate into sexual organs

#ovaries or testes'on the )


5/19


/esearch 2aper



Generalization.

- The use of freshwaterli7ui

a7uaculture waste for crop prouction

has been shown toincrease plant

biomass, an freshwater a7uaponic

systems are useto lessen the

environmental riss of foo

prouction #+astro et al.,)**C1 Ghaly

et al., )**>1 Turcios an 2apenbroc,

)*$D'.

Inicating a Gap - owever,little research has

investigate the fertilization potential

of wasteeuent from marine

a7uaculture systems.

- 0urthermore, there are limitations

tomarine a7uaponics associate with

either a relatively low emanfor the

crop anFor the negative e5ects of

salinity #;oxman et al.,)*$>'.

ing to what is nown - 7uaculture waste streams typically

contain ammonia, nitrate, an

phosphorus #argreaves, $%%&',

which are essentialfor plant growth,

suggesting that a7uaculture euent

may be aviable nutrient source for

plant prouction.

nnouncing the /ecent /esearch - "everal stuies suggest that marine


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waste euent can be suc-cessfully

use to irrigate salt-tolerant crop

species #ufault an(ormaz, )***1

ufault et al., )**$1 McIntosh an

0itzsimmons,)**


7/19

2M without external power supply.

Inicating a Gap owever, external energy #e.g.

electricity, light an ultrasonic wave'

input causes extra operating cost.

ing to what is nown /ecent avances mae in the

improvement of conventional 0enton

technology have le to various 0enton-

lie systems with high eciency, such as

electron 0enton by applying external

voltage, ultraviolet #J6'Fphoto-

nnouncing the /ecent /esearch this pro?ect aims at exploring thefeasibility of enhance 2M egraation

by an M0+-0enton system


ypothesis


/esearch

Khile generally safe for use at the

recommene ose, even small

overoses may lea to fatal liver

amage LC. Kith its wiesprea

application in pharmaceutical inustriesan aily life, 2M is becoming a ey

environmental research topic.

8utlining the "tructure of the /esearch

2aper

To better unerstan the stepwise

egraation of 2M, the pathway of bio-

electrochemical reaction was

investigate an inetic mechanisms

were propose base on the

intermeiates ienti=e.


8/19



Generalization.

8ur results show that 9 fertilization i

not only ecrease microbial respiration,

but also microbial + uptae, inicating

that less + was intracellularly processe

in the 9 fertilize soils. The reason for

reuce + uptae an increase +JE in

the 9-fertilization treatments is liely an

inhibition of oxiative enzymes involve

in the egraation of aromatic

compouns by 9 in combination with a

reuce energy re7uirement for

microbial 9 ac7uisition in the fertilize

soils

Inicating a Gap owever, little is nown about theturnover time of the microbial biomass,

which is in part ue to a lac of suitable

methos to access the microbial biomass

turnover time in soil.

ing to what is nown we stuie microbial +JE an microbial

biomass turnover time in soils of a long-

term fertilization experiment in a

temperate grasslan comprising =vetreatments #control, 2(, 9(, 92, 92('.

Microbial +JE an the turnover of

microbial biomass were etermine

using a novel substrate-inepenent

metho base on incorporation of $&8

from labele water into microbial 9

nnouncing the /ecent /esearch the stuy shows that 9 availability can

control soil + cycling by a5ecting

microbial +JE, while plant community-

meiate changes in organic matterinputs an 2 an ( availability playe no

important role for + partitioning of the

microbial community in this temperate


ypothesis

=rst, that nitrogen #9' fertilization

increases microbial +JE because the

aition of 9 allows microorganisms to


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allocate less + to 9 ac7uisition an more

+ to growth. "econ, we hypothesize

that phosphorus #2' an potassium #('

o not a5ect microbial +JE because they

are not critical for microbial nutrition in

temperate grasslans. Thir, wehypothesize that the turnover time of

microbial biomass is ecrease by 9

fertilization, because it reuces the +

costs for nutrient ac7uisition.


/esearch

8utlining the "tructure of the /esearch

2aper

ll plots are mown three times a year,

an the mown biomass is collecte an

ivie into legume an non-legume

biomass. ;ase on the three

abovegroun biomass harvests, the

annual net primary prouction #922' is

calculate.



Generalization.

Microbial lipi an bio-ethanol were co-

generate by an integrate process

using corn cob bagasse as raw material.

fter pretreatment, the aci hyrolysate

was use as substrate for microbial lipi

fermentation, while the soli resiue was

further enzymatic hyrolysis for bio-

ethanol prouction

Inicating a Gap owever, the lignocellulosic ethanolprocesses were not economic

competitive ue to the high capital cost

#:imayem an /ice, )*$)'. In aition,

wil "accharomyces cerevisiae, the

primary yeast use in inustry, coul not

metabolize xylose, the egraation from

hemicelluloses, leaing to low ethanol


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yiel form raw materials. Thus, further

a5ect the feasibility of secon

generation ethanol inustrialization

#"ingh et al., )*$*1 Nhu et al., )*$D1 :i et

al., )*$D'.

ing to what is nown nother strategy to e5ectively utilize

xylose in the hemicelluloses hyrolysate

is proucing high value proucts such as

furfural, xylitol an chitosan along with

cellulose base ethanol prouction

base on the biore=nery concept #"ingh

et al., )*$*1 !u et al., )*$)1 +ai et al.,

)*$


11/19


Establishing a territory- via TopicGeneralization.

, some researchers pointe out thatbioelectrochemical systems have the

ability to promote carbon oxiation on

anoe an in-site +8) capture an

reuction on cathoe, thus proviing

aitional +D formation in an integrate

system L%,$*

Inicating a Gap is typically limite by the initial steps of

complex organic matter egraation,

leaing to a limite M2/ ue to sluge

fermentation spee of soli particles

ing to what is nown

nnouncing the /ecent /esearch . In this stuy, a novel microbial

electrolysis reactor #ME-' was use

to accelerate methane prouction for

energy recovery from K"


ypothesis


/esearch

to convert complex organic compouns

into suitable substrates for

methanogenesis, in raw sluge L.

+ommonly, it taes from )* to


12/19

electrons in the circuit of the ME-

system. Moreover, functional

communities #on ey positions' were

analyze by means of high throughput

se7uencing, to illustrate microbial

electrolysis stimulation.

/esult

IE Move

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Move

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Move

<

Move

<

Move

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Move

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Total

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Types of

Infor

mati

on

Elem

emts

Esta-

;lishi

ng a

Territ

ory-

6ia

Topic

Gene

-

raliz

ation

Inic

ating

a

Gap

i

ng to

Khat

is

(no

wn

nno

unci

ng

the

2res

ent

/ese

arch

2res

entin

g

/ese

arch

3ues

tion

8r

3uet

ion

nno

unci

ng

2rinc

ipal

8utc

ome

"tati

ng

the

6alu

e of

the

2res

ent

/ese

arch

8utli

ning

the

"turc

ture

of

/ese

arch

2ape

r

/ $ $ ) $ $ $ $ * P C

/ ) ) $ $ $ $ * * C >

/ < ) $ $ * $ $ * C >


13/19

/ D $ ) $ $ $ $ * P C

/ > $ $ $ $ $ * * > >

/ C $ $ $ $ * $ * > >

/ P $ $ $ $ $ * * > >

/ & $ $ * $ * $ $ > >

ll

/s

$* $* P P C > $ DC D)

9o.

8f

2ape

rs

- -



Generalization.

- Meanwhile, a small number of

stuies on benthic invertebrates in

!ubuo were carrie out by the

former Ministry of "cience an

Technology #$%&%', (o #)**%', an the

(orea Marine Environment

Management +orporation #)*$*'

Inicating a Gap - owever,little research has

investigate the fertilization potential

of wasteeuent from marine

a7uaculture systems.

ing to what is nown - 7uaculture waste streams typically

contain ammonia, nitrate, an

phosphorus #argreaves, $%%&',

which are essentialfor plant growth,


14/19

suggesting that a7uaculture euent

may be aviable nutrient source for

plant prouction.

nnouncing the /ecent /esearch . In this stuy, a novel microbial

electrolysis reactor #ME-' was

use to accelerate methane

prouction for energy recovery from

K" #/ &Q)'


ypothesis

=rst, that nitrogen #9' fertilization

increases microbial +JE because the

aition of 9 allows microorganisms

to allocate less + to 9 ac7uisition an

more + to growth. "econ, we

hypothesize that phosphorus #2' an

potassium #(' o not a5ect microbial

+JE because they are not critical for

microbial nutrition in temperate

grasslans. Thir, we hypothesize

that the turnover time of microbial

biomass is ecrease by 9

fertilization, because it reuces the +

costs for nutrient ac7uisition. #/

PQ$**'


/esearch

- erein, we reare the ?uveniles of 2.

fulviraco, 2. vachelli an thehybris

from 2. fulviraco #@' A 2. vachelli #B'

at C water temperaturelevels to

explore the e5ect of watertemperature on sex ratio angrowth

rate.


/esearch 2aper

in this stuy, a couple system was

teste, by putting a microbial

electrolysis #ME' system into an


15/19

system, for raw waste activate

sluge treatment at mil

environmental conitions. The

microbial electrolysis system was

enriche in ME+s an the anoic

bio=lm was subse7uently use to set

up the ME- reactor. The

performance of the methane

prouction rate was evaluate, base

on current electrons in the circuit of

the ME- system. Moreover,

functional communities #on ey

positions' were analyze by means of

high throughput se7uencing, to

illustrate microbial electrolysis

stimulation. #/ &Q DP'

Introuction

/esearch articles is a paper written by an investigator to escribe a research

stuy that he or she has complete. The purpose of the research article is to explain

to others in the =el what the ob?ectives, methos, an =nings of the stuy were.

/esearch articles may be publishe in a professional ?ournal an istribute by a

research institution or publishing company, or it may be written in the form of athesis or issertation. In Marine "cience there are several publications of research

paper in various ?ournal with entries from all aroun the worl. There is also a form

stanarization for writing of these scienti=c reports.


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"trictly speaing about the writing of report introuction, there has been several

research one leaing to the formation of several outline for the introuction part.

0or example, three part movement fro writing report introuction where the =rst

movement is to establishe a territory followe by the secon movement to

establish a niche an last movement to occupy a niche #"wales et al., )**D'.

nother example is three part movement which is to =rst establish a territory,

followe by either the inication a gap in the research or to inicate of aing more

into the research, followe by the announcement of the research one, stating the

7uestion pose by the research hypothesis or 7uestion an lastly to state the value

of the research one followe the by the general escription of the research paper

#:im et al., )*$)'.

;asicly, the typical sections for the scienti=c report consists of bstract,Introuction, Metho, /esults an iscussion. In Marine "cience stuies =el, many

information not yet been iscover especially in our country. Therefore, we nee for

more research. The aim of this pro?ect paper is to stuy several scienti=c pro?ect

paper follow the given structure outline which we learne in this courses. The

stuy conucte in this particular branch of science is very broa with many

researcher all over the worl an there are also ?ournals in which this genre of

report is publishe with varying egree of stanarization. ue to this, we cannot

say that the researcher not following the format of scienti=c paper by "wales an:im. These pro?ect paper is follow the IM/F+ style.

Methods

This research is one to stuy the information elements in the introuctory sections

of research papers in the marine science =els. This is to etermine whether the

researchers who wrote the reports is writing their introuctions base on the outline

escribe by :im #)*$)'. total of & ?ournal were collecte from ranom sources of

the =els an all of this ?ournal is restricte to ones publishe in the year of )*$>-


17/19

)*$C. There are few limitation in orer to obtain the ?ournal since most of them

canRt be obtain without paying it because it come from a non-free source websites.

nother limitation is the lac of experience in collecting an =ning the ?ournal by

the researchers themselves. The samples was obtaine from i5erent sources of

website from the Jniversity Malaysia "abah atabase so that the ata collecte

from this sample are more reliable an all of the sample collecte were taen base

on the marine science =el. 0urthermore the ?ournal is analyse to ientify any

introuction information element propose by :im #)*$)' in the introuction of the

?ournal. fter that, a fre7uency table is constructe about the information element

that can be foun in the samples an it contain the best example of the element

that can foun in the samples.

To mae the table, all the samples are labelle from /$ to /& an the analysis of the information elements in the samples component is one by two people. The

analysis of information element in the table contain the establishment of territory,

inicating a gap, aing to what is nown, announcing the present research,

presenting research 7uestions or hypothesis, announcing principal outcomes,

stating the value of the present research an outlining the structure of the research

paper. Then the samples component is tabulate in the fre7uency table an a

secon table is create for the best example of each components from the sample

to be place accoring to its information element. The variable of this research is thesource of the research reports which are publishe in i5erent ?ournals an the

i5erence in the experience of writing research reports of the authors. "tatistical

treatment use is only fre7uency comparison of the occurrence of the introuctory

component between each research article as well as the sum of these fre7uencies


18/19

iscussion

The main of ob?ective of this pro?ect paper which was state as to

etermine whether or not these article in context of Marine "cience 0iels

following the format that we learne from this courses. :ooing at the result,it seen that only SEstablishing a Territory via Topic Generalization an

SInicating a Gap are containe in all articles while for the S8utlining the

"tructure of /esearch 2aper only one article contain these information

element.

The possible reason to this isparity may be because topic generalization

an inicating a gap the most essential component in an introuction for

article that associate with many fact. These because many researchers trie

to solve the problem or gap for their experiment. Then, after all the problem

has been answere, the solution become a fact. Khile the lac of outlining

the structure of research paper in our research articles, is probably because

most of the research one is on new leaing topics that has not been one

before, thus the researchers not exactly now the proper way how to conuct

the experiment since most of the articles where collecte between the years

)*$> an )*$C.

ccoring to the "wales an :im, as the number of types of elements perarticles which only contains at most > components an missing )

components, these problem may ue to the lac of awareness of an

appropriate structure for writing this article. owever, we cannot say that

the research pro?ect not goo or no oing in proper ways, sometimes there

are things we can inclue of our scienti=c paper but sometimes there also

lac of information or research paper before this.

Therefore, the hypothesis which is most of the articles of speci=c stuies

not follow the structure given by "wales an :im. owever, the iscussion

above coul not be consiere conclusive as there is a lac of many other

variables to =x such as ata on whether or not the research article writers

have been expose to research writing courses prior to publishing their wor.

nother thing we nee to consier which prevent us to maing a general


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conclusion is that the sample article which we i only & research articles

may to be small an not enough evience to mae some conclusion.

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