English for Grade 10-12

Compiled by

S.Mbasana

Steps to WRITING

Bahasa Inggeris

Form 1

Sentence Construction

Every sentence must have a subject dan a

verb. Subject – a noun / a pronoun A sentence with one subject (S)

and verb (V) is a simple sentence.

Examples: Basirah plays the piano.( S ) ( V )

Malek likes rambutan.( S ) (V )

Simple sentence

Singular subjects must have a singular verb

Plural subjects must have a plural verb.

Example : She plays the piano.

Peter washes the car.

Mother sweeps the floor.

The verbs for a singular subject has an ` S `ending

Singular subject + singular verb

The Desired SituationPlural subjects must have a plural verb.

Example :• They play the piano.• Peter and Kamal wash the car.• Mother and sister sweep the floor.

– The verbs for a plural subject does not ` S `ending

Plural subject + plural verb

Compound sentenceTwo simple sentence joined together become a compound sentence.

Example :• Siti likes seafood but Hanim hates it.• Peter.

Basirah plays the piano and Maya plays the violin.

The verb (V) and the object (O) of the verb usually go together.

Basirah plays the piano on Sunday.

Basirah plays on Sunday the piano

Keena likes very much chocolates.

Keena likes chocolate very much.

Place (P) should come before time (T).

– Early morning, Pe Yin cycle s to school.– On Sunday we are going to Kelantan

Pe Yin cycles to school every morning.P T

Ellin goes to bed early every night.P T

1. Salmi walk every morning to school.2. Elisha play very well the piano.3. Late we went to the movie last night.4. Wei Lian speak English very well.5. She study every night in the library.6. Kamala like very much seafood but her sister

like to eat vegetables.7. Wati watch all the time television.8. I bought some interesting things from the pasar

malam last night.

Use the words given to write simple sentence.

1. Washes - car2. Book - thick - thin• Plays - doll• Bakes - cake - Sonny`s birthday1. Watch - television 2. Cry - milk

Rules 1

The table below shows you how to make simple sentence s with the Auxiliary Verbs in the Simple Present Tense ( am, is, are )

Subject Noun Phrase

Verb ` to be`Present Tense

ComplementNoun Phrase

I am a student

He / She / Ali / The girl

Is

You (singular) are

We/They /You (p) / The girls

are students

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Ravi plays cricket.

Priya likes books.

I am taking lunch.

He will come to your house tomorrow.

She completed the task.

He has finished the assignment.

A good sentence answers some or all of the following questions:

Each sentence

must contain at least

who and what,

If you

Write sentence in order of who + what + why + when + where you'll always write a perfect sentence!

IMPORTANT

Who What Why When Where

My dog

A business

person

The school

principal

The singer

Priya

ran away

sang

asked

telephoned

came

for a raise

about a job

for fee

for charity

for business

last Saturday

two years ago

on Wednesday

yesterday

in the

morning

In Delhi

from our home

at work

in the arena

on the coast

EXAMPLES:• My dog ran away on Wednesday from our home.

• The school principal telephoned for fee yesterday.

• The Singer sang for charity last Saturday in the arena.

• Priya asked for a raise two years ago in Delhi.

• A businessperson came for business in the morning at work.

PunctuationIn the English language

Main types of punctuation marks

 End Punctuation: Periods, Question Marks, and Exclamation Points

Commas

Semicolons

Colons

Dashes

Hyphens

Let’s examine these one by one

Commas

The most popular mark of punctuation, the comma(,) is also the least law-abiding. In Greek, thekomma was a "piece cut off" from a line of verse--what in English today we'd call a phrase or a clause. Since the 16th century, comma has referred to the mark that sets off words, phrases, and clauses.

Using the comma

1. Use a comma before a coordinator (and, but, yet, or, nor, for, so) that links two main clauses:

"The optimist thinks that this is the best of all possible worlds, and the pessimist knows it.“

2.  Use a Comma to Separate Items in a Series

"It is by the goodness of God that in our country we have three unspeakably precious things: freedom of speech, freedom of conscience, and the prudence never to practice either of them.“

3. Use a comma after a phrase or clause that precedes the subject of the sentence

"When you get to the end of your rope, tie a knot and hang on.“

4. Use a pair of commas to set off words, phrases, or clauses that interrupt a sentence:

"Literature is all, or mostly, about sex."

How NOT to use the comma

Do not use a comma to separate the subject from its predicate:

[WRONG] Registering for our fitness programs before September 15, will save you thirty percent of the membership cost.

Do not misuse a comma after a co-ordinating conjunction:

[WRONG] Sleet fell heavily on the tin roof but, the family was used to the noise and paid it no attention.

Do not use a comma before the first item or after the last item of a series:

[WRONG] You should practice your punches, kicks and foot sweeps, if you want to improve in the martial arts.

Semicolon

A mark of punctuation ( ; ) used to connect independent clauses and show a closer relationship than a period does.

Using the semicolon.Examples

"Happiness isn't something you experience; it's something you remember.“

"Volleyball games resume on the sand flat; someone fires up the sauna; in the long dusk, at eleven o'clock, half a dozen beach fires people the shore.“

"Management is doing things right; leadership is doing the right things.“

Colon

A mark of punctuation ( : ) used after a statement (usually anindependent clause) that introduces a quotation, an explanation, an example, or a series.

Using the colon.Examples

"I have never made but one prayer to God, a very short one: 'O Lord, make my enemies ridiculous.' And God granted it."

"There are three choices in this life: be good, get good, or give up."

"It is by the goodness of God that in our country we have those three unspeakably precious things: freedom of speech, freedom of conscience, and the prudence never to practice either of them."

Dash

A mark of punctuation (—), technically known as an em dash, used to set off a word or phrase after an independent clause or to set off words, phrases, or clauses that interrupt a sentence.

(!)Don't confuse the dash (—) with the hyphen (-).

Using the dash.Examples

"My cow turned out to be a very large one. The first time I led her out I felt the way I did the first time I ever took a girl to the theater—embarrassed but elated.“

"A hypocrite is a person who—but who isn't?"

"A dash is a mark of separation stronger than a comma, less formal than a colon, and more relaxed than parentheses."

Hyphen

A short horizontal mark of punctuation ( - ) used between the parts of a compound word or name or between the syllables of a word when divided at the end of a line.

(!)Don't confuse the hyphen (-) with the dash (—).

Using the hyphen.Examples

"The hyphen is the most un-American thing in the world."

"New truth is always a go-between, a smoother-over of transitions."

"I'm part of the blame-America-last crowd."

Conclusion

Remember:Punctuation is being governed two-thirds by rule and one-third by personal taste :)

And don't forget that proper punctuation is 5% of your IELTS score

WRITING AN ESSAYIN TEN EASY STEPS

STEP 2: GENERATE IDEAS

Brainstorm

Make a mind map

Make Lists

Facts

Beliefs

Questions

Step 4: WRITE AN OUTLINE

Topic

Main idea

Key points

Supporting evidence

Opinions (if they apply)

STEP 5: INTRODUCTION

Write a clear thesis statement

Hook your reader

Outline essay in 3-4 sentences

STEP 6: BODY

Three paragraphs, 4-6 sentences each

Each paragraph should explain one idea

Flesh out ideas with facts, statistics, quotes (and sometimes opinions)

Think visually

Write as if you were speaking

STEP 7: CLOSING / CONCLUSION

Summarize your essay

Make a strong statement

End on a quote, possible action or leave the reader with a question

STEP 8: CHECK YOUR WORK

Check Spelling and Grammar

Cite your sources***

Use another set of eyes

STEP 9: REVISE

Get notes and feedback

Correct errors

Do more research if necessary

Rewrite based on feedback and new information

Get MORE notes and feedback

STEP 10: THE FINAL DRAFT

Repeat step nine

Pay attention to language

Create a title page

Create a works cited page

Turn in work that you are PROUD of

Narrative Paragraphs

What makes a paragraph?

What is unique about narrative paragraphs

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Three elements of all paragraphs

Topic sentence which has a main idea and a controlling idea. This is usually the first sentence in a paragraph. Topic sentence is the sentence that will let you know what the paper is going to be about.

Body of a paragraph uses facts, details, and examples to develop and support the main idea of the paragraph. In your body it is common to have things in a specific order.

Conclusion which is one sentence that goes back to the main idea. The conclusion also sums up the main idea

Features of Narrative Writing

Mysterious Yesterday when I was on my way to the grocery store I saw a very strange man.  He had on a brown trench coat, red hat and was carrying a purple umbrella.  I'm sure he was some kind of investigator.  As he began walking I noticed he was just peeking over the top of his coat and I could only see his eyes. He was very sneaky looking.   I'm sure he was watching somebody, I just wonder who!

 Frightening As a baseball let me tell you I have some pretty frightening experiences.  Imagine being hit by a hard bat.  OUCH, I want to scream every time someone hits me. Then for the flight through the air.  You can't believe how scary that is.  I am always asking myself three questions. Will someone catch me?  Will I fly over the fence and land with a hard thud?  Or will I just go bouncing across the field? The next time you are frightened, stop a  minute and think about how I feel. That is the true meaning of frightened!

Point of ViewWhen  a writer begins a new story he must decide:"Who will tell my story?"  

An author can tell a story from the first-person point of view.OR    

The author can use the third-person point of view

First-person Point of View

•A character in the story is the narrator. This character is telling the story.  The narrator uses the pronouns I, me and  we.•In first-person point of view, readers learn about events as the

narrator learns about them.

Third-person Point of View

•The story is being told by an outside observer - someone who is not in the story.  The author uses the pronouns he, she, and they.•In third-person point of view, the author can tell about the thoughts, actions, and feelings of the other

characters.  

First - Person Point of ViewI walked home from school today with my friends. We stopped for ice cream.  I had vanilla. It's my favorite. When I got up this morning I brushed my  teeth. Then I got dressed and ate my breakfast. 

Third - Person Point of View

Ted plays on a baseball team.  He loves to play with his team.  He has a game next week.  His coach thinks he's a good baseball player.   

The princess was locked in the tower.  She had no way to escape.  She hoped that a prince would rescue her.  Her wish came true.  He came and took her to his castle.

Read each group of sentences.  Decide if it is written in first person or third person point of view.

The hunter had a cottage in the woods.  He lived there all alone.

I ride the bus to each every day. I like to sit with my friends.

My friends and I went camping. I toasted marshmallows over the fire.

Joey likes to go swimming.  Sometimes he asks his  friend Sam to go with him.  He brings his ball to play with.

Frosty the snowman had a hat on his head.  He also had a pipe and a carrot nose.  He held a shovel in his hand.

Point of View

The role of the narrator is vital as her or his bias can affect the way the story develops.

Retell Little Red Riding Hood from two of these points of view:

• grandma

• Red Riding Hood’s mother

• the wolf

• the wood cutter

Use the first person “I” when you write your two or three paragraphs.

Narrative Writing

In a good narrative, the reader relates closely to the story, feels involved with the plot and often identifies with the characters. A good story is hard to put down and the reader feels a sense of loss when it ends. The features of a narrative are:

the plot this is what happens

characters the people or animals in the story

the setting where the narrative takes place

theme the aurthors message

Planning your Narrative

Brainstorm your ideas. This does not need to take to long and can be added to.

Plan the path your writing will take. This plan is in a flow-chart form.

Plot

A plot starts with an introduction to the narrative. A plot will include problems or crises and how these are solved, and the conclusion to the narrative. If it is a good plot, there will be situayions which happen throughout the narrative thaat will make you want to read on.

What happens in a novel has been carefully planned by the author. Some authors use a flow chart to plan their work. Others might write a brief overview of events noting each crisis, climax or problem and how each will be resolved.

Improve your PlotWho are your story’s main characters?

What are their main needs?(motives)

Who or what tries to stop or thwart them from achieving their needs? (conflict)

Do the characters succeed or fail in achieving their goals?

How do they succeed or fail? (resolution)

Planning a Setting

Things to think aboutThese settings all paint a picture for the reader. Think carefully about which style of scene setting appeals to you.

Do you prefer to be given a clear description?

Do you prefer imagery where the writer’s use of words lets you use your imagination?

Do you prefer a character in the text to help establish the mood of the setting by talking about it?

Writing your Narrative Paragraph – Points to remember Have a voice/ tone –

frightened, angry, surprised, exhilarated

Point of view – who is telling the story

Setting, problem, characters, solution, theme

Varying sentence lengths

Strong Verbs

Replace overused words

Create a picture

Make every word count

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Sources

Steps to writing:

http:/slideshare.net/hamillia/sentence-5483086

How to construct sentences in English:

http://www.slideshare.net/06021954/how-to-construct- sentences-in-english?qid=77b77adb-5515-4d37-921c-f52f3c1f7c8d&v=qf1&b=&from_search=9

Punctuation:

http://www.slideshare.net/OKate321/punctuation-7512035

http://www.slideshare.net/OKate321/punctuation-7512035

Writing an essay

http://www.slideshare.net/jensotham/writing-an-essay-19461049?qid=4135ec0a-2d2f-4b28-9564-eb4f7c5dbb4f&v=qf1&b=&from_search=1

Narrative point of view:

http://www.slideshare.net/AShank1964/writing-narratives-25875681?qid=cf990cb1-a134-4804-9224-bee1b25735a6&v=qf1&b=&from_search=12