English Exercises

PHILIPPINE HISTORY, GOVERNANCE AND CONSTITUTION

PRELIMS

Submitted by:Bicaldo, Elyne Gracelle S.

Syllogism ExercisesIn each of the following questions two statements are given and these statements are followed by two conclusions numbered (1) and (2). You have to take the given two statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. Read the conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the two given statements, disregarding commonly known facts.Give answer:(A) If only (1) conclusion follows(B) If sonly (2) conclusion follows(C) If either (1) or (2) follows(D) If neither (1) nor (2) follows and(E) If both (1) and (2) follow.

1. Statements: Some actors are singers. All the singers are dancers.Conclusions:1. Some actors are dancers.2. No singer is actor.

A.Only (1) conclusion followsB.Only (2) conclusion followsC.Either (1) or (2) followsD.Neither (1) nor (2) followsE.Both (1) and (2) followAnswer:OptionAExplanation:

2. Statements: All the harmoniums are instruments. All the instruments are flutes.Conclusions:1. All the flutes are instruments.2. All the harmoniums are flutes.

A.Only (1) conclusion followsB.Only (2) conclusion followsC.Either (1) or (2) followsD.Neither (1) nor (2) followsE.Both (1) and (2) followAnswer:OptionBExplanation:

3.Statements:Some mangoes are yellow. Some tixo are mangoes.Conclusions:1. Some mangoes are green.2. Tixo is a yellow.

A.Only (1) conclusion follows

B.Only (2) conclusion follows

C.Either (1) or (2) follows

D.Neither (1) nor (2) follows

E.Both (1) and (2) follow

Answer:OptionDExplanation:

4.Statements:Some ants are parrots. All the parrots are apples.Conclusions:1. All the apples are parrots.2. Some ants are apples.






Answer:OptionBExplanation:

5.Statements:Some papers are pens. All the pencils are pens.Conclusions:1. Some pens are pencils.2. Some pens are papers.






Answer:OptionEExplanation:

6.Statements:All the actors are girls. All the girls are beautiful.Conclusions:1. All the actors are beautiful.2. Some girls are actors.







7.Statements:All the windows are doors. No door is a wall.Conclusions:1. Some windows are walls.2. No wall is a door.







8.Statements:All cups are books. All books are shirts.Conclusions:1. Some cups are not shirts.2. Some shirts are cups.







9.Statements:Some cows are crows. Some crows are elephants.Conclusions:1. Some cows are elephants.2. All crows are elephants.







10.Statements:All the pencils are pens. All the pens are inks.Conclusions:1. All the pencils are inks.2. Some inks are pencils.







11.Statements:Some dogs are bats. Some bats are cats.Conclusions:1. Some dogs are cats.2. Some cats are dogs.







12.Statements:All the trucks are flies. Some scooters are flies.Conclusions:1. All the trucks are scooters.2. Some scooters are trucks.







Neither (1) nor (2) follows.13.Statements:All buildings are chalks. No chalk is toffee.Conclusions:1. No building is toffee2. All chalks are buildings.






Answer:OptionAExplanation:

14.Statements:All cars are cats. All fans are cats.Conclusions:1. All cars are fans.2. Some fans are cars.







Pronunciation DrillsVowel Practice: Monophthongsis articulated with the jaws very close together and the lips tensely spread.This is a tense vowel.seat, feel, sheep, heel, feet, leaves...This is a very relaxed sound. The tongue lies with no tension on the bottom of the mouth, thelips are relaxed, slightly spread.sit, fill, ship, hill, fit, lives,primitive, ministry, distinguishing, Mississippi, thick-skinned, British history, fish and chipsIn comparison to [i] the lips are spread more tensely and the jaws are slightly farther apart.This is a relaxed sound like [i].bed, bend, dead, guess, head, lend,....Ken, when, send, never, adventure, heavy, said, again, bury, ate, many, lemon, weather,In comparison to [e] the jaws are farther apart, and the lips are not so tensely spread, bad,band, dad, gas, had, land, Jack, crackle, sprang, Sam, understand, apple, album, palace bag,bat, cap, cat, hat, lamp, match,...The jaws are pretty far apart and the lips must not be rounded. The vowel has a "dark"quality.calf, card, cart, clerk, dark, darn, heart, glass, car, starved, France, ask, can't, father, halfart, Arthur, barn, cart, darn, far, park, partThe jaws are not quite so far apart as for [a:]. It is a little "darker" than the German vowel in"Matte". The lips are slightly more spread than for [a:]. It's a relaxed, short soundbug, but, cup, cut, hut, lump, much,... fun, cut, stuck, shut, stung, onion, honey, money,wonder, cover, rough, touch, does, floodhas the same articulation as [a:], but the lips are rounded.cough, cod, clock, dock, don, hot, boss, box, doctor, quality, Austria, problem, cloth, botherThe jaws are closer together than for the previous sound and the lips are more closelyrounded.ought, author, born, court, dawn, four, pork, port, or, roar, glory, salt, taught, daughteris more open than the previous sound and the lips are extremely relaxedgood, put, should, ......is articulated with the jaws very close together and the lips closely rounded and slightlyprotruded.do, fool, nuisance, queue, shoe, you, fuse, few, true, juice, huge, lose, who, museum,The lips must not be rounded as for the German ""-sound. The jaws must not be too far apartand must not be moving during the articulation of the vowel,bird, curl, her, murmur, purr, stir, world, ....can only occur in an unstressed syllable. The articulation is the same as for the previoussound, only much shorter,a, ago,......

Vowel - Practice : DiphthongsA diphthong is a vowel-sound containing two elements, during the articulation ofwhich the tongue, jaws and lips change their position. In all English diphthongs thefirst element is considerably stronger than the second.The first element in [ei] is produced with the jaws closer together than for themonophthong [e]eight, date, gate, late, main, mate, pain,....For the first element the jaws are farther apart than for the vowel []. Be surethat the second element is not [i:] as in "bead"[bi:], but a sound between [i] asin "bid" and [e] as in "bed" [bed]. The second element is extremely short.my, nine, reply, rise, climb, wine, arrive,....For the first element the jaws are far apart and the lips are openly rounded.For the second element see the description of [au].noise, annoying, boil, enjoy, appointment, oyster,...The first element is the same as in "bird", but shorter. For the second elementsee the description of [au]no, coast, coat, code, holy, hope, own, road, won'tFor the first element see the preceding description. Be sure that the [a] is notpronounced with a too "dark" a.now, foul, crown, brown, fountain, doubt......The first element is similar to the vowel [i] in "bid", i.e. the jaws should notbe too close together, nor the lips too tensely spread. During the articulationthe jaws open slightly.beer, cheers, dear, fear, here, peer, tear,..The first element is more open than the vowel [e] in "bed", i.e. the jaws arequite far apart and the lips are laxly spread. During the articulation of thesound the jaws open slightly. For the second element see above.bear, chairs, dare, fare, hair, pair, tear,....This diphthong is a combination of the two vowels already describedtour, sure, pure, cure, during, newer, curious,....Example of Survey

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